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Striding infantryman, China.

India and China Establish Empires,400 B.C.– A.D. 550

India and China establish powerful empires and develop strong, vibrant cultures.

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India and China Establish Empires,400 B.C.– A.D. 550

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SECTION 2

SECTION 3

India’s First Empires

Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture

Han Emperors in China

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Section 1

India’s First Empires The Mauryas and the Guptas establish empires, but neither unifies India permanently.

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The Mauryan Empire Is Established

India’s First Empires

Chandragupta Maurya Seizes Power• In 321 B.C., Chandragupta Maurya seizes power,

starts Mauryan Empire

Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India• Chandragupta defeats Seleucus I; north India

united for first time• Chandragupta uses taxes to support his large army

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1

Running the Empire• Chandragupta’s chief adviser is Kautilya, a priest• Chandragupta creates bureaucratic government• He divides the government to make it easier to rule

Continued . . .

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continued The Mauryan Empire Is Established

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1

Life in the City and the Country• A Greek ambassador writes glowing praise of the

empire• Chandragupta’s son rules from 301 to 269 B.C., 32

years• Asoka—Chandragupta’s grandson, brings the

empire to its height

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Asoka Promotes Buddhism• After a bloody war with Kalinga, Asoka promotes

Buddhism and peace• Preaches religious toleration—accepting people of

different religions• Builds roads, with wells along them

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A Period of Turmoil

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1

The Breakup of the Mauryan Empire• Asoka dies in 232 B.C.; kingdoms in central India

soon break away• The Andhra Dynasty dominates central India for

centuries• Northern India receives immigrants from Greece,

other parts of Asia• Tamils—a people living in southern India—

remain separate and frequently war with rival peoples

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The Gupta Empire Is Established

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1

Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire• Chandra Gupta marries into kingship in north

India in A.D. 320• Starts Gupta Empire—India’s second empire;

flowering of Indian civilization, especially Hindu culture

• His son Samudra Gupta expands empire with conquest

Continued . . .

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Daily Life in India• Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family

raises crops together• Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest

male• Farmers have to contribute work to government

and pay heavy taxes• Some Tamil families are matriarchal—led by

mother rather than father

continued The Gupta Empire Is Established

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1

Continued . . .

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Height of the Gupta Empire• Chandra Gupta II rules from A.D. 375–415• He defeats the Shakas and adds western coast

to empire• Gupta Empire sees flourishing of arts, religion,

and science• After Chandra Gupta II dies, the empire declines

continued The Gupta Empire Is Established

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1

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Indian religions, culture, and science evolve and spread to other regions through trade.

Section 2

Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture

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Buddhism and Hinduism Change

Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture

Traditional Hindu and Buddhist Beliefs• Hinduism blends Aryan and other beliefs; belief in

many gods• To Buddhists, desire causes suffering but suffering

can be overcome

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2

Continued . . .

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continued Buddhism and Hinduism Change

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2

A More Popular Form of Buddhism• Belief in bodhisattvas develops—potential

Buddhas who save humanity• Mahayana sect—Buddhists accepting new

doctrines of worship, salvation• Theravada sect—Buddhists who follow original

teachings of Buddha• Wealthy Buddhist merchants build stupas—

stone structures over relics

Continued . . .

Image

Image

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continued Buddhism and Hinduism Change

A Hindu Rebirth• Hinduism is remote from people by time of Mauryan

Empire• Hinduism moves toward monotheism; gods part of

one divine force• Chief gods:

Brahma—creator of the worldVishnu—preserver of the worldShiva—destroyer of the world

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2

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Achievements of Indian Culture

Literature and the Performing Arts• Kalidasa—poet and dramatist, one of India’s

greatest writers • His skillful and emotionally stirring plays still

popular• Madurai writing academies create literature;

2,000 Tamil poems survive• Drama and dance troupes gain popularity and

travel widely

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2

Continued . . .

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continued Achievements of Indian Culture

Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine• Ocean trade leads to advances in astronomy• Indian astronomers in Gupta Empire prove that world

is round• Mathematicians develop idea of zero and decimal

system• Doctors write medical guides and make advances in

surgery

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2

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The Spread of Indian Trade

India’s Valuable Resources• India has spices, diamonds, precious stones, and

good quality wood Overland Trade, East and West• Trade routes called Silk Roads connect Asia and

Europe• Indians build trading posts to take advantage of

the Silk Roads

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Sea Trade, East and West• Indian merchants carry goods to Rome by sea• Merchants trade by sea with Africa, Arabia,

China, Southeast Asia

Continued . . .

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continued The Spread of Indian Trade

Effects of Indian Trade• Increased trade leads to rise of banking• Bankers lend money to merchants, careful of degree

of risk• Increased trade spreads Indian culture to other

places• Trade brings Hinduism, Buddhism to other lands

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2

Interactive

Section 3

Han Emperors in China The Han Dynasty expands China’s borders and develops a system of government that lasts for centuries.

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The Han Restore Unity to China

Han Emperors in China

Troubled Empire• In Qin Dynasty peasants resent high taxes and harsh

labor, rebel

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3

Continued . . .

Liu Bang Founds the Han Dynasty• Liu Bang defeats Xiang Yu, a rival for power, and

founds Han Dynasty• Han Dynasty—begins in 202 B.C., lasts 400 years• Han Dynasty has great influence on Chinese people,

culture• Liu Bang establishes centralized government—a

central authority rules• Liu Bang lowers taxes and reduces punishments to

keep people happy

Interactive

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The Empress Lü• Liu Bang dies in 195 B.C.; wife Lü seizes control

of empire• Empress Lü rules for her young son, outlives him• Palace plots and power plays occur throughout

Han Dynasty

continued The Han Restore Unity to China

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3

The Martial Emperor• Liu Bang’s great-grandson Wudi rules from 141 to

87 B.C.• “Martial Emperor” Wudi defeats Xiongnu

(nomads) and mountain tribes• Colonizes Manchuria, Korea, and as far south as

what is now Vietnam

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A Highly Structured Society

Emperor’s Role• Chinese believe their emperor has authority to

rule from god• Believe prosperity reward of good rule; troubles

reveal poor rule

Structures of Han Government• Complex bureaucracy runs Han government• People pay taxes and supply labor, military service• Government uses peasant labor to carry out public

projects

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3

Chart

Continued . . .

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Confucianism, the Road to Success• Wudi’s government employs 130,000;

bureaucracy of 18 ranks of jobs• Civil service jobs—government jobs obtained

through examinations• Job applicants begin to be tested on knowledge

of Confucianism• Wudi favors Confucian scholars, builds school to

train them• Only sons of wealthy can afford expensive

schooling• Civil service system works well, continues until

1912

continued A Highly Structured Society

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3

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Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture

Technology Revolutionizes Chinese Life• Invention of paper in A.D. 105 helps spread

education• Collar harness, plow, wheelbarrow improve

farming

SECTION

3

Image

Agriculture Versus Commerce• As population grows, farming regarded as important activity• Government allows monopolies—control by one

group over key industries• Techniques for producing silk become state secret

as profits increase

Chart

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The Han Unifies Chinese Culture

Bringing Different Peoples Under Chinese Rule• To unify empire, Chinese government encourages

assimilation• Assimilation—integrating conquered peoples into

Chinese culture• Writers encourage unity by recording Chinese history

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3

Women’s Roles—Wives, Nuns, and Scholars• Most women work in the home and on the farm• Some upper-class women are educated, run shops,

practice medicine

Image

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The Fall of the Han and Their Return

The Rich Take Advantage of the Poor• Large landowners gain control of more and more land• Gap between rich and poor increases

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3

Wang Mang Overthrows the Han• Economic problems and weak emperors cause

political instability• In A.D. 9, Wang Mang seizes power and stabilizes

empire• Wang Mang is assassinated in A.D. 23; Han soon

regain control

The Later Han Years• Peace restored, Later Han Dynasty lasts until A.D. 220

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