Next Generation HVAC Systems Smarter, Smaller, and more ...
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Next Generation HVAC Systems Smarter, Smaller, and more Adaptive Go Process Intensification Michael Ohadi Program Director July 10, 2019
Transcript of Next Generation HVAC Systems Smarter, Smaller, and more ...
Next Generation HVAC Systems
Smarter, Smaller, and more Adaptive
Go Process
IntensificationMichael Ohadi
Program Director
July 10, 2019
Air Conditioners Consume a LOT of Energy!
‣ Consumes 6.6 Quads of
electricity worldwide
‣ Demand to reach 16.3 Quads
in 2050
‣ Increased global ownership
affects load profiles and
demand0
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4
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2018 2050G
lob
al E
lect
rici
ty C
on
sum
pti
on
(Q
uad
s)
Global Residential and Commercial Air-Conditioning Electricity Consumption
9% of global electric consumption
13% of global electric consumption
+146%
Source: Air Conditioning Heats up Electricity Demand, BloombergNEF 2019
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Source: Air Conditioning Heats up Electricity Demand, BloombergNEF 2019
Total: 6.6 Quads (2018)
More than 100 million-units
sold per year (globally)
Today’s Global Electricity Demand for Air Conditioning
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0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
India
China
Saudi Arabia
S. Korea
U.S.
Japan
Share of Ownership
Source: IEA – 2018 data
Refrigerants Are Not Benign
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Sources: IPCC (2014), World Bank (2014), EPA (2012), Xiang et al. (2014)
1 10 100 1000 10000
Propane
HFO1234yf
R32
R22 (phased out)
R410A
Global Warming Potential
GWP of few common refrigerants(Ref. CO2 = 1)
Compressor:15% of the charge (dissolved in oil)
http://penncontrols.com/refrigeration-cycle
Condenser:30 – 60% of the charge
Evaporator:20 – 25% of the charge
Liquid line, can contain a high proportion of the charge
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Where Is The Charge?
The Opportunity & The ARPA-E Hard Challenges
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Substantially reduce the refrigerant charge requirement
Substantially shrink the system weight/volume
Increase the COP (energy efficiency)
Reduce system capital and operational cost
Enable prognostic health management and operational optimization
The Philosophy: Process Intensification
Smaller & More Efficient
Innovative Materials
Innovative Designs
Innovative Manufacturing
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New eco-friendly refrigerants are
> 10X more expensive
Size reduction highly rewarding
State of the Art Heat Exchangers For Chillers
EVAPORATOR
WATER COOLED CHILLER
CONDENSER
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Case Example on Refrigerant Charge Reduction
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Refrigerant is fed on the surface of the tube.
Jacket designed to intensify the evaporation process
Nucleation/Evaporation Intensification
Inlet
After 4
passes
liquid flow 4 kg/min and gas flow 6 liters/minute
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Convective Heat Transfer (Single Phase)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 50000
10000
20000
30000
40000
Manifold Reynolds number (-)
HT
C (
W/m
2-K
)
A
B
CD (Plain tube)
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Intensify Heat
Transfer!
M3HX vs State of the Art:
Lower Refrigerant Charge for Higher Heat Transfer & Efficiency
40
10
50
115
100 100 100 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Size Charge Cost System efficiency
%
M3HX State of the art
*All values are relative
(i.e. highest number is given a value of 100)
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Your thoughts?
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Category 1:
Transformation improvements
in existing systems
Category II:
New transformative approaches
to achieve human comfort and
optimum built environment
