New Worlds: The Americas & Oceania Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High.
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Transcript of New Worlds: The Americas & Oceania Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High.
New Worlds: The Americas & OceaniaMr. ErmerWorld History APMiami Beach Senior High
Colliding Worlds1492: Europeans brings great change to Americas &
Oceania Taino people of Caribbean first to encounter Europeans Island of Hispaniola becomes Spanish base of operations
1498: Santo Domingo becomes capital of Spanish Caribbean
Spanish seek to mine gold, labor provided through encomienda Tainos forced to work in mines, encomenderos look after
workers 1518: Smallpox arrives in Caribbean, Tainos decimated Discovery of gold and silver in Mexico & S. America shifts
focus English, French, & Dutch come to Caribbean, start
plantations Lack of indigenous labor causes plantations to import
African slaves Caribbean society made of small European
administrative class ruling over large African slave population farming cash crops
Spain in the AmericasSpanish focus on mainland after discovery of gold &
silverCortes & Pizarro conquer Mexico & Peru
Establish control on own authority, give power to soldiers Spanish monarchy eventually establishes control over
lands Bureaucrats take control of governance from
conquistadores
Viceroyalties of New Spain (Mexico) & New Castile (Peru) Capital of New Spain at Tenochtitlan, New Castile’s at
Lima New Spain stretches from Mexico City to St. Augustine, FL
(1565) New Castile from Panama (1519) to Concepcion (1550) &
B.A. (1536) Viceroys answered to Spanish king, rule vast territories
Audiencias check power of the viceroys, administer rule of small area
Portugal in the Americas
Treaty of Tordesillas gives Portugal small area of Americas Named Brazil after the brazilwood trees found on coast
Pedro Alvares de Cabral finds Brazil in 1500, does not stay French and Dutch explore Brazilian coast, Portuguese lay
claim Portuguese king grants land to nobility to colonize Portuguese nobility copy success of African sugar
plantationsAmazon remains mostly indigenous, no food/mineral
surplus
North AmericaSpanish explore north of Florida, establish missions
English, French, & Dutch fishermen dislodge SpanishFrench settle in Nova Scotia (1604) and Quebec (1608)
French migrants settle in eastern Canada Explore/trade along St. Lawrence, Ohio, Mississippi rivers
Build forts along rivers all the way down to Gulf of Mexico
English settle in Jamestown, VA (1607) & Massachusetts (1630)
Dutch settle New Amsterdam (1623), English seize in 1664
French & English Colonial Models
Private investors take lead in French & English colonies Investors provide money for establishment, retain more control English colonies establish legislatures, councils, gov’t institutions
Still under loose royal rule, but responsible for self government Virginia House of Burges
French & English do not enslave indigenous peoples Large number of migrants displace natives from hunting lands
Indentured Servants English, French, Dutch, German, & Irish migrants est. farms English lay legal claim to farmlands through treaties with natives
Natives raid English farms, English retaliated violently
Native population of N. America severely diminished
Colonial Society In Latin America
Creoles: European whites born in AmericaAs small number of whites, mix with
indigenous majority, then Africans, new races/ethnicities emerge Mestizos: mixed white and native Mulattos: mixed white and black Castas
English & French North America
English & French colonization takes place later Europe wealthier, not religiously united Colonization by companies, not military
Jamestown, tobacco, men brought to work Indentured servants House of Burgesses
Slave labor
Division of the Carolinas, North from VA, South from Caribbean (Barbados) New England settled by religious Puritan pilgrims
Skills based economy, settled by families
Mid-Atlantic colonies become commercial hub New Netherlands’s (NY) treaty with Iroquois Confederacy Penn’s open market, Philly surpasses Boston as largest city
New France’s fur trade protected by loose network of forts
Changes In The Colonies
Bourbon kings reorganize Spanish gov’t Pop. of Spanish Empire booms Shift from mining economy to cattle Rebellions, increased militarization to face
EnglishEngland limits colonial trade and production
Bad for business back home Expensive wars against France and Spain paid
for by colonies, colonists do not like increased royal control
Europeans in Oceania
Australia: terra australis incognita 1500-1600s: Dutch chart Australia Dutch make limited landfalls, encounters with people 1770: Captain Cook charts the eastern shore
English establish a penal colony on the continent Migrants continue throughout nineteenth and twentieth centuries
Spanish mariners explore the Pacific (Magellan) Spanish colonize Philippines and Guam
1778: Captain Cook stops in Hawaii while looking for NWP Recognizes Hawaiians as Polynesians, conducted trade Crew transmits V.D. to Hawaiians, conflicts rise
1800s: Europeans and Euro-Americans found throughout Pacific