New Vehicle Buyer’s Guide · 2018. 9. 17. · pressed natural gas (CNG) or gasoline . These...

Natural Gas

Propane

Electric

Hybrid

Ethanol Flex-Fuel

Biodiesel

Vehicle Buyer’s Guide

Clean Cities 2013

Today’s auto manufacturers offer hundreds of light-duty vehicle models that take advantage of alternative fuels and advanced technologies in order to help drivers and fleets reduce petroleum use, cut emissions, and save on fuel costs. This guide features a comprehensive list of such vehicles set to arrive in Model Year 2013.

ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4About This Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Compressed Natural Gas . . . . . 6Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10All-Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Plug-In Hybrid Electric . . . . . . . 16Hybrid Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Ethanol Flex-Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Biodiesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Vehicle Buyer’s Guide

Clean Cities

2013

Disclaimers

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government . Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights . Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof . The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof .

The Clean Cities 2013 Vehicle Buyer’s Guide and the information contained therein are not endorsed by Chrysler Group LLC .

Photos on this page and front cover from iStock 19592995

Clean Cities 2013 Vehicle Buyer’s Guide

4

Petroleum is the dominant energy source in U .S . transportation today, and that has significant implications for our economy, our environment, and our energy security . But consumers and vehicle fleets have access to a growing assortment of technologies and fuels that reduce our reli-ance on petroleum and cut emissions . The fuel economy of conventional vehicles is on the rise, as is the number of vehicle models that can take advantage of alternative fuels like biodiesel, natural gas, electricity, ethanol, and propane .

Among the new offerings in Model Year (MY) 2013 are bi-fuel vehicles that have two separate fuel systems, enabling them to run on com-pressed natural gas (CNG) or gasoline . These vehicles take advantage of the many benefits of CNG, while offering the convenience of gasoline operation to extend vehicle range and increase flexibility for refueling .

Vehicles that employ electric-drive technologies are more widely avail-able in MY 2013 than they ever have been . Nearly every major manufac-turer now produces at least one model of hybrid electric vehicle, with more than 30 models to choose from this year . U .S . roadways are now home to more than 30,000 all-electric vehicles, and three manufacturers now offer plug-in hybrid electric vehicles .

Alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) of all types can take advantage of an expanding network of fueling and charging infrastructure in the United States . In September 2012, the number of publicly accessible alterna-tive fueling and charging stations surpassed 10,000 . And because fuel availability is the most important factor in choosing an AFV, this growth opens up new possibilities for fleets and consumers .

Introduction

Photo from iStock 19431754; p. 5 photo from iStock 21668756


5

About This Guide This guide features a comprehensive list of MY 2013 light-duty alternative fuel and advanced vehicles, grouped by fuel and technology . The guide provides model-specific information on vehicle specs, manufacturer suggested retail price (MSRP), fuel economy, energy impact, and emissions . You can use this information to identify your options, compare vehicles, and help inform your buying decisions .

Fuel Economy

This guide includes city and highway fuel economy estimates from the U .S . Envi-ronmental Protection Agency (EPA) . The estimates are based on laboratory tests conducted by manufacturers in accordance with federal regulations . EPA retests about 10% to 15% of vehicle models to confirm manufacturer results . For some types of AFVs listed in this guide, fuel economy estimates are expressed in miles per gal-lon of gasoline-equivalent (mpge), representing the number of miles a vehicle can travel using a quantity of fuel with the same energy content as a gallon of gasoline . For some new vehicle models, EPA data were not available at the time of this guide’s publication; in these cases, manufacturer estimates are provided, if available . Fuel economy estimates are also available on FuelEconomy .gov .

Energy Impact Scores

Energy Impact Scores allow buyers to compare vehicles’ annual estimated petro-leum consumption . These scores represent the number of barrels of petroleum a vehicle will likely consume each year . The scores are based on 45% highway driving, 55% city driving, and 15,000 annual miles . One barrel equals 42 gallons .

Smog Scores

Smog Scores, determined by EPA, reflect vehicle tailpipe emissions that contribute to local and regional air quality problems and related health issues . Scores range from 1 to 10, where 10 is best .

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Scores

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Scores reflect tailpipe emissions of carbon dioxide and other GHGs, which contribute to climate change . Scores range from 1 to 10, where 10 is best . The GHG Scores in this guide do not reflect emissions related to the produc-tion or distribution of fuels or vehicles .

FuelEconomy.gov


6

Compressed Natural Gas

Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles

Compressed natural gas vehicles have low fuel costs.

Compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles are powered by the same fuel used for cooking and heating in many homes . Domestic natural gas supplies are plentiful, and some producers even capture renewable natural gas from landfills, sewage treatment facilities, or agricultural waste . CNG usually costs less than gasoline does, and the resulting savings can help offset the purchase price of CNG vehicles . CNG vehicles, including some conversions, may be eligible for a state incentive (see page 13) .

Manufacturers are providing more CNG options.

In 2013, three dedicated CNG vehicles are available directly from original equipment manufacturers (OEMs): the Honda Civic Natural Gas, the natural gas General Motors Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana, and the Vehicle Production Group (VPG) MV-1 . General Motors and Chrysler are both offering direct-from-OEM bi-fuel vehicles, which can run on CNG or gasoline: The Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 2500HD and the Ram 2500 CNG operate on natural gas and then automatically switch to gasoline operation when the CNG cylinders are empty .

Ram 2500

- 5 .7L 8 cyl engine - MSRP, fuel economy, and emissions data not available

Photo from Chrysler Group LLC

Honda Civic Natural Gas

- 1 .8L 4 cyl engine - 27 mpge city, 38 mpge highway

- MSRP and emissions data not available

Courtesy of American Honda


7


VPG MV-1

- 4 .6L 8 cyl engine - 11 mpge city, 16 mpge highway - MSRP and emissions data not available

Photo from the Vehicle Production Group

Get More Information on Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles

Clean Cities’ Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) provides information, data, and tools to help fleet managers and other transpor-tation decision makers find ways to reduce petroleum consumption . Learn more about the properties of ethanol . Broaden your understanding of natural gas fueling infrastructure . Create a customized plan to reduce your fleet’s petroleum use . It’s all online at afdc.energy.gov .

Biodiesel Electricity Ethanol Hydrogen Natural Gas PropaneNatural Gas

Ford offers CNG and propane prep packages for its E-150, E-250, and E-350 cargo and passenger vans (5 .4L V-8); its F-250 and F-350 Super Duty pickups (6 .2L V-8 and 6 .8L V-10); and its Transit Connect (2 .0L 4-cylinder) . A qualified system retrofitter can con-vert these vehicles to run on CNG or propane for delivery through a Ford dealership .

Fueling infrastructure is an important factor when considering CNG vehicles.

If you are considering the purchase of a CNG vehicle or converting a conventional vehicle to run on CNG, it’s important to first determine whether you have access to CNG fueling infrastructure . In February 2013, there were more than 500 publicly accessible CNG fueling stations across the country . See page 11 for information about finding stations in your area .

www.afdc.energy.gov

Converting Vehicles to Run on Alternative Fuels

An increasing number of alternative fuel and advanced vehicles are available from major manufacturers, but vehicle conversions provide additional options . Many conventional vehicles can be converted to run on natural gas, propane, electricity, or other alternative fuels, with little effect on horsepower, towing capacity, or fac-tory warranty . All conversions must meet emissions and safety standards instituted by EPA, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and all relevant state agencies . Conversions must be performed by an authorized technician associated with a manufacturer that holds all relevant emissions-related certifications and tampering exemptions .

In general, new and used conventional vehicles can be converted to run on CNG or propane at a cost of about $8,000 to $12,000 per vehicle .


8


Ford E-Series Van Photo from Ford Motor Co.

Dodge Avenger Photo from Chrysler Group LLC

Chevrolet Silverado Photo from General Motors

The table below lists conversion companies that offer certified CNG or propane con-version systems for various MY 2012 and MY 2013 vehicles . Most conversion compa-nies provide up-to-date information online about vehicle models and powertrains their systems are compatible with . The lists of systems certified by EPA and/or the California Air Resources Board are updated regularly . Visit epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/altfuels/altfuels.htm and arb.ca.gov/msprog/aftermkt/altfuel/altfuel.htm for the most current lists of certified systems for vehicles of all model years . Find out more about vehicle conversions at afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/conversions.html .


9


Conversion Fuel System

Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)

Conversion Fuel System Manufacturer

Dedicated CNG

Ford Motor Company

Altech-Eco Corporation

BAF Technologies

IMPCO Technologies, Inc .

Landi Renzo USA Corporation

PowerFuel CNG Conversions, LLC

General Motors IMPCO Technologies, Inc .

Chrysler NatGasCar LLC

Bi-Fuel CNG/Gasoline

Ford Motor Company

Altech-Eco Corporation

BAF Technologies

IMPCO Technologies, Inc .

Landi Renzo USA Corporation

PowerFuel CNG Conversions, LLC

Westport Light Duty Inc .

General MotorsIMPCO Technologies, Inc .,

The CNG Store, LLC (dba Auto Gas America)

Chrysler NatGasCar LLC

Dedicated Propane

Ford Motor Company

Roush Industries, Inc .

Yellow Checker Star Transportation

Bi-Fuel Propane/ Gasoline

Ford Motor Company

American Alternative Fuel

Icom North America, LLC

IMPCO Technologies, Inc

General MotorsIcom North America, LLC

IMPCO Technologies, Inc

www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/altfuels/altfuels.htm

www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/altfuels/altfuels.htm

www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/aftermkt/altfuel/altfuel.htm

www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/conversions.html


10

Propane

Propane is widely used in vehicles throughout the world.

Propane is a clean-burning gaseous fuel that’s been used in transportation for decades . Also known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), propane is the most com-monly used alternative motor fuel in the world . Propane is nontoxic, safe to handle, and presents no threat to soil, groundwater, or surface water when spilled or leaked . Propane is available at more than 2,500 stations throughout the country . See page 11 for information on finding propane fueling stations in your area .

Choose your path to propane.

In 2013, General Motors is offering dedicated propane options for the Chevrolet Ex-press and GMC Savana 3500 and 4500 cutaway vans equipped with 6 .0L V-8 engines . These vehicles can be ordered directly through a General Motors dealership .

Ford offers CNG and propane prep packages for its E-150, E-250, and E-350 cargo and passenger vans (5 .4L V-8); its F-250 and F-350 Super Duty pickups (6 .2L V-8 and 6 .8L V-10); and its Transit Connect (2 .0L 4-cylinder) . A qualified system retrofit-ter can convert these vehicles to run on CNG or propane for delivery through a Ford dealership . See page 8 for more information about converting conventional vehicles to run on propane .

Propane VehiclesChevrolet Express 3500/4500 GMC Savana 3500/4500

- 6 .0L 8 cyl engine - Emissions data, fuel economy, and MSRP not available

Photo from Ford Motor Co.

Chevrolet Express Cutaway Van . Photo from General Motors

Ford Transit Connect

- 2 .0L 4 cyl engine - Emissions data, fuel economy, and MSRP not available


11

Propane

Find an Alternative Fuel Station or Electric Charging Station

Thousands of fueling sites across the country provide alternatives to gasoline and diesel fuel . The AFDC’s Alternative Fueling Station Locator (afdc.energy.gov/stations) helps drivers navigate to stations that provide propane, biodiesel blends of 20% (B20) or greater, natural gas, electric charging, E85, and hydrogen . Users can also download the data into a spreadsheet, determine the number of stations in a given geographic area, and plan a route with stations identified along the way . There’s even a mobile version at afdc.energy.gov/stations/m .

Photo from iStock 20405726

Ford Super Duty F-250 available with LPG prep package . Photo from Ford Motor Co.

www.afdc.energy.gov/stations

www.afdc.energy.gov/stations/m


12

All-Electric

Chevrolet Spark EV

- 100 kW electric motor; 20 kWh battery - Emissions data, fuel economy, and MSRP not available

Scion IQ EV

- 47 kW electric motor; 12 .0 kWh battery

- MSRP not available - 138 mpge city, 105 mpge highway

- Smog Score: 10 - GHG Score: 10 - Energy Impact Score:

0 .2

All-electric vehicles can yield significant emissions benefits.

An all-electric vehicle (EV) uses batteries to store electrical energy, which powers one or more motors . EV batteries are charged by plugging into an off-board electri-cal power source . They can also be charged in part through regenerative braking, which generates electricity from some of the energy normally lost when braking . EVs produce no tailpipe emissions, but there are emissions associated with the major-ity of electricity production in the United States . In many geographic regions of the country, EVs have substantial well-to-wheels emissions benefits, based on the mix of fuels used to generate electricity .

Most currently available EVs travel 60 to 100 miles on a single charge, depending on the model . And EV drivers are now benefitting from a growing network of charging stations . In February 2013, there were more than 5,500 publicly accessible charging locations across the country . See page 11 for information about finding stations in your area .

Currently available EVs are more expensive than similar conventional and hybrid electric vehicles, but some costs may be recovered through fuel savings, a federal tax credit, or state incentives . See page 13 for information about finding incentives .

All-Electric Vehicles

Photo from General Motors

Photo from Scion


13

All-Electric

Fiat 500e

- 83 kW electric motor; 24 kWh battery - 116 mpge city, 100 mpge highway - Emissions data and MSRP not available

Incentives for Investments in Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles

A transition to alternative fuels or advanced vehicles usually entails upfront costs . But in many cases, such expenditures can be offset by lower operating costs and by federal, state, and local tax exemptions, rebates, grants, or other incentives . Visit afdc.energy.gov/laws to browse and search a database of state and federal laws and incentives related to alternative fuels and vehicles, air quality, fuel efficiency, and other transportation topics . Be sure to consult with your tax advisor to determine your eligibility for any tax incentive .


Photo from CODA Automotive

CODA

- 100 kW electric motor; 31 kWh battery - Starting MSRP: $37,250 - 77 mpge city, 68 mpge highway - Smog Score: 10 - GHG Score: 10 - Energy Impact Score: 0 .2


www.afdc.energy.gov/laws


14

All-Electric

Ford Focus Electric


Honda Fit EV

- 92 kW electric motor; 20 kWh battery - $389/month, limited lease - 132 mpge city, 105 mpge highway - Smog Score: 10 - GHG Score: 10 - Energy Impact Score: 0 .2

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles

A hydrogen fuel cell vehicle combines hydrogen gas with oxygen from the air to produce electricity, which drives an electric motor . Fuel cell vehicles produce no harmful tailpipe emissions . These vehicles are not yet commercially available to a broad market, but some manufacturers produce them in very limited num-bers for lease or sale in select locations .



Honda FCX Clarity . Courtesy of American Honda


15

All-Electric

Tesla Model S


Toyota RAV4 EV

- 115 kW electric motor; 41 .8 kWh battery - Starting MSRP: $49,800 - 78 mpge city, 74 mpge highway - Smog Score: 10 - GHG Score: 10 - Energy Impact Score: 0 .3

smart fortwo electric drive

- 55 kW electric motor; 17 .6 kWh battery - MSRP not available - 88 mpge city, 90 mpge highway - Smog Score: 10 - GHG Score: 10 - Energy Impact Score: 0 .2

Mitubishi i-MiEV


Photo from Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc.

Photo from Tesla Motors

Photo from Mercedes-Benz USA

©, 2012 Nissan. Nissan, Nissan model names, the Nissan logo are registered trademarks of Nissan

Nissan Leaf


Photo from Mitsubishi Motor Company


16

Plug-In Hybrid Electric

Ford Fusion Energi

- 2 .0L 4 cyl engine - Starting MSRP: $38,700 - Emissions data and fuel economy not available

Plug-in hybrids provide flexibility in fueling and charging.

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use batteries to power an electric motor and use another fuel, such as gasoline or diesel, to power an internal combustion engine . The batteries can be charged from an off-board electrical power source, through re-generative braking, or by the internal combustion engine . Powering the vehicle with electricity some or all of the time significantly reduces operating costs, petroleum use, and tailpipe emissions .

PHEVs don’t have to be plugged in before driving . They can be fueled solely with gasoline, like a conventional hybrid . However, they will not achieve maximum fuel economy or take full advantage of their all-electric capabilities without charging .

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid

- 1 .8L 4 cyl engine; 38 kW electric motor

- Starting MSRP: $32,000 - 95 mpge (electric + gasoline, combined city/hwy)

- 51 mpg city, 49 mpg highway (gasoline)

- Smog Score: 7 - GHG Score: 10 - Energy Impact Score

4 .7


Photo from Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc.


17

Plug-In Hybrid Electric

Plug-In Vehicles and EPA Labels

EPA labels for all-electric vehicles (EVs) display fuel economy estimates expressed in kilowatt-hours per 100 miles and in miles per gallon of gasoline-equivalent (mpge) . Mpge represents the number of miles a vehicle can travel using a quantity of fuel with the same energy content as a gallon of gasoline (33 kilowatt-hours) . For PHEVs, EPA labels display separate fuel economy es-timates for electric-only and gasoline-only modes . Estimates for gasoline-only operation are expressed in miles per gallon and in gallons per 100 miles . All this information allows for comparisons across different types of vehicles and fuels . For more information, visit fueleconomy.gov/label .

EPA plug-in vehicle labels also contain information about GHG emissions and air pollution . This information reflects tailpipe emissions only . It does not account for emissions associated with the production of electricity, gasoline, or any other fuel that powers the vehicle . For information on comparing well-to-wheel emissions of conventional and plug-in vehicles, visit afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_emissions.php .

Chevrolet Volt

- 1 .4L 4 cyl engine; 111 kW electric motor - Starting MSRP: $39,145 - 100 mpge (electric + gasoline, combined city/hwy)

- 35 mpg city, 40 mpg highway (gasoline) - Smog Score: 8 - GHG Score: 10 - Energy Impact Score: 3 .1


Ford C-MAX Energi

- 2 .0L 4 cyl engine - Starting MSRP: $32,950 - 100 mpge (electric + gasoline, combined city/hwy)

- 44 mpg city, 41 mpg highway (gasoline) - Smog Score: 7 - GHG Score: 10 - Energy Impact Score: 4 .2


www.fueleconomy.gov/label

www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_emissions.php

www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_emissions.php


18

Hybrid Electric

Hybrid technologies can boost fuel economy.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are powered by an internal combustion engine and an electric motor that uses energy stored in a battery . HEVs run on gasoline or an al-ternative fuel and can’t be plugged in to recharge the battery: The battery is charged by the internal combustion engine and through regenerative braking . The extra power provided by the electric motor allows for a smaller engine, resulting in better fuel economy without sacrificing performance .

Some HEVs achieve fuel economy ratings of 40 to 50 miles per gallon (mpg) . And they generally produce lower levels of air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions than similar conventional vehicles .

Hybrid configurations vary among models.

HEVs range from mild to full hybrids . Full hybrids can run on battery power alone at idle and low speeds . When speeds increase, the electric motor works with the gaso-line engine to provide power . Full hybrids are 25% to 40% more fuel efficient than comparable conventional vehicles .

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Acura ILX

- 1 .5L 4 cyl engine - Starting MSRP: $28,900 - 39 mpg city, 38 mpg highway - Smog Score: 7 - GHG Score: 9 - Energy Impact Score

8 .7

Lexus RX 450h FWD/AWD


11 .0Photo from Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc.



19

Hybrid Electric

Get More Info on Fuel Economy

FuelEconomy .gov provides information, data, and tools that can support your efforts to improve fuel economy . Find and compare conventional and alternative fuel vehicles with FuelEconomy .gov’s Find a Car tool . It offers extensive information on fuel economy ratings, emissions, energy impacts, annual fuel costs, and more for vehicles of current and past model years .

Chevrolet Silverado 1500 2WD/4WD GMC Sierra 1500 2WD/4WD


15 .7

Mild hybrids use a battery and electric motor to help power the vehicle, allowing the engine to shut off when the vehicle stops at traffic signals and in stop-and-go traffic, thus improving fuel economy . But electricity alone cannot propel the vehicle . These vehicles may cost less than full hybrids, but they provide more modest increases in fuel economy .

Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Photo from General Motors


20

Hybrid Electric

Hyb

rid E

lect

ric V

ehic

le M

odel

Engi

ne

Size

Ener

gy Im

pact

Sco

re*

(bar

rels

of p

etro

leum

per

yea

r)Sm

og

Scor

e**

GH

G

Scor

e**

Fuel

Eco

nom

y

(mpg

) Ci

ty/H

wy

Star

ting

MSR

P

Acu

ra IL

X H

ybrid

1 .5L

4 cy

l8 .

7

79

39 /

38

$28,

900

Aud

i Q5

Hyb

rid2 .

0L

4 cy

l12

.7

57

24 /

30

$50

,90

0

BM

W A

ctiv

eHyb

rid 3

3 .0

L 6

cyl

11 .8

5

725

/ 3

3$4

9,30

0

BM

W A

ctiv

eHyb

rid 5

3 .0

L 6

cyl

12 .7

5

723

/ 3

0$6

1,10

0

BM

W A

ctiv

eHyb

rid 7

3 .0

L 6

cyl

13 .2

5

622

/ 3

0$8

4,0

00

Che

vrol

et T

ahoe

2W

D/A

WD

C

adill

ac E

scal

ade

2WD

/AW

D

GM

C Yu

kon/

Den

ali 2

WD

/AW

D6 .

0L

8 cy

l15

.7

55

20 /

23

$52,

295

Che

vrol

et S

ilver

ado

150

0 2W

D/4

WD

GM

C Si

erra

150

0 2W

D/4

WD

6 .0

L 8

cyl

15 .7

5

520

/ 2

3$3

9,89

0

Ford

C-M

AX

Hyb

rid2 .

0L

4 cy

l7 .

0

710

47 /

47

$25,

200

Ford

Fus

ion

Hyb

rid2 .

0L

4 cy

l7 .

0

710

47 /

47

$27,

200

Hon

da C

ivic

Hyb

rid1 .5

L 4

cyl

N/A

N/A

N/A

44 /

44‡

N/A

Hon

da C

R-Z

Spor

t Hyb

rid1 .5

L 4

cyl

N/A

N/A

N/A

36 /

39†

$19,

975

* A

ssum

ing

15,0

00

mile

s dr

iven

per

yea

r. *

* 10

= B

est.

† M

anuf

actu

rer e

stim

ate.

‡ M

Y 20

12 d

ata.


21

Hybrid Electric

Hyb

rid E

lect

ric V

ehic

le M

odel

Engi

ne

Size

Ener

gy Im

pact

Sco

re*

(bar

rels

of p

etro

leum

per

yea

r)Sm

og

Scor

e**

GH

G

Scor

e**

Fuel

Eco

nom

y

(mpg

) Ci

ty/H

wy

Star

ting

MSR

P

Hon

da In

sigh

t1 .3

L 4

cyl

7 .8

7

1041

/ 4

4$1

8,50

0

Hyu

ndai

Son

ata

Hyb

rid2 .

4L 4

cyl

N/A

N/A

N/A

34 /

39†

$25,

850

Infin

iti M

35h

Hyb

rid3 .

5L 6

cyl

11 .4

5

827

/ 3

2$5

4,20

0

Kia

Opt

ima

Hyb

rid2 .

4L 4

cyl

N/A

N/A

N/A

34 /

39‡

N/A

Lexu

s C

T 20

0h

1 .8L

4 cy

l7 .

8

710

43 /

40

$31,8

50

Lexu

s ES

30

0h

2 .5L

4 c

yl8 .

2

710

40 /

39

$38,

850

Lexu

s LS

60

0h

L5 .

0L

8 cy

l16

.5

85

19 /

23

$119

,910

Lexu

s G

S 45

0h

3 .5L

6 c

yl10

.6

78

29 /

34

$58,

950

Lexu

s R

X 45

0h

FWD

/AW

D3 .

5L 6

cyl

11 .0

7

832

/ 2

8$4

5,91

0

Linc

oln

MK

Z H

ybrid

2 .5L

4 c

yl7 .

3

710

45 /

45

$35,

925

Mer

cede

s-B

enz

S40

0 H

ybrid

3 .5L

6 c

yl15

.7

65

19 /

25

$92,

350

Pors

che

Cay

enne

S H

ybrid

3 .0

L 6

cyl

15 .7

5

520

/ 2

4$6

9,85

0

* A

ssum

ing

15,0

00

mile

s dr

iven

per

yea

r. *

* 10

= B

est.

† M

anuf

actu

rer e

stim

ate.

‡ M

Y 20

12 d

ata.


22

Hybrid Electric

Hyb

rid E

lect

ric V

ehic

le M

odel

Engi

ne

Size

Ener

gy Im

pact

Sco

re*

(bar

rels

of p

etro

leum

per

yea

r)Sm

og

Scor

e**

GH

G

Scor

e**

Fuel

Eco

nom

y

(mpg

) Ci

ty/H

wy

Star

ting

MSR

P

Pors

che

Pana

mer

a S

Hyb

rid3 .

0L

6 cy

l13

.2

56

22 /

30

$96,

150

Toyo

ta P

rius

c1 .5

L 4

cyl

6 .6

N

/A10

53 /

46

$18,

950

Toyo

ta P

rius

1 .8L

4 cy

l6 .

6

N/A

1051

/ 4

8$2

3,21

5

Toyo

ta P

rius

v1 .8

L 4

cyl

7 .8

N

/A10

44 /

40

$26,

650

Toyo

ta A

valo

n H

ybrid

2 .5L

4 c

yl8 .

2

N/A

1040

/ 3

9$3

5,55

5

Toyo

ta C

amry

Hyb

rid2 .

5L 4

cyl

8 .0

N

/A10

43 /

39

$26,

140

Toyo

ta H

ighl

ande

r Hyb

rid3 .

5L 6

cyl

11 .8

7

728

/ 2

8$3

9,97

0

Volk

swag

en J

etta

Hyb

rid1 .4

L 4

cyl

7 .4

7

1042

/ 4

9$2

4,99

5

Volk

swag

en T

ouar

eg H

ybrid

3 .0

L 6

cyl

15 .7

5

520

/ 2

4$6

2,0

55

* A

ssum

ing

15,0

00

mile

s dr

iven

per

yea

r. *

* 10

= B

est


23

Hybrid Electric

Calculate Your Costs and Emissions

A vehicle’s price tag is only part of its true cost . Use the AFDC’s Vehicle Cost Calculator to determine total lifetime ownership costs, including fuel use and maintenance . The easy-to-use online tool, available at afdc.energy.gov/calculator, compares the thousands of vehicles on the market today . It also allows users to evaluate a vehicle’s emissions benefits, providing side-by- side comparisons of models that use conventional fuels, alternative fuels, and electricity .

To stay updated on the prices of alternative fuels and how they compare to gasoline and diesel prices, see the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report, available online at afdc.energy.gov/fuels/prices.html .

www.afdc.energy.gov/calculator

www.afdc.energy.gov/calculator

www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/prices.html


24

Ethanol Flex-Fuel

Flex-fuel vehicles can operate on gasoline or E85.

Flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) are able to run on gasoline, E85, or any combination of the two . E85 is a blend of gasoline and ethanol, with the ethanol content ranging be-tween 51% and 83%, depending on geographical location and season .* According to EPA estimates, the fuel economy of today’s FFVs is 25% to 30% lower when running on E85, because ethanol contains less energy per gallon than gasoline . However, E85 is a high-octane fuel, so drivers typically experience better power and performance on E85 than on gasoline . An FFV is often distinguished by a symbol on the back of the vehicle, and many FFVs have yellow fuel caps .

Today, E85 is available at more than 2,200 publicly accessible locations . See page 11 for information about finding E85 stations near you .

Ethanol Flex-Fuel Vehicles

* The E85 fuel economy estimates presented in this section are based on tests with blends containing 85% ethanol.

Chrysler 300 FWD/AWD

- 3 .6L 6 cyl engine - Starting MSRP: $29,845 - 14 mpg city, 23 mpg highway (E85) - 19 mpg city, 31 mpg highway (gasoline)

- Smog Score: 5 - GHG Score: 6 (E85), 6 (gasoline) - Energy Impact Score (E85/gasoline)

4 .4 14 .3


Ford Focus

- 2 .0L 4 cyl engine - Starting MSRP: $16,200 - 20 mpg city, 28 mpg highway (E85) - 27 mpg city, 38 mpg highway (gasoline) - Smog Score: 6 - GHG Score: 8 (E85), 8 (gasoline) - Energy Impact Score (E85/gasoline)

3 .3 10 .6



25

Ethanol Flex-Fuel

E15 and Intermediate Blends

EPA has approved the use of ethanol-gasoline blends up to E15 for use in all MY 2001 and newer vehicles . Fuel containing more than 15% ethanol is only approved for use in FFVs . This includes various intermediate blends now available from stations with ethanol blender pumps . Using blends higher than E15 in non-FFVs may result in maintenance, safety, or performance problems .

E15 is not approved for use in motorcycles; vehicles with heavy-duty engines; off-road vehicles, such as boats and snowmobiles; off-road equipment, such as lawnmowers and chainsaws; or any vehicles of MY 2000 or older . For more information, visit epa.gov/otaq/regs/fuels/additive/e15/e15-faq.htm .

Mercedes-Benz C350


4 .4 14 .3

Buick Verano


4 .2 13 .2

Photo from Mercedes-Benz USA


www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/fuels/additive/e15/e15-faq.htm


26

Ethanol Flex-Fuel

Flex

-Fue

l Veh

icle

Mod

elEn

gine

Si

ze

Ener

gy Im

pact

Sco

re*

(bar

rels

of p

etro

leum

per

yea

r)

Gas

olin

e

E85

Smog

Sc

ore*

*

GH

G S

core

**

Gas

olin

e/E8

5

Fuel

Eco

nom

y (m

pg)

Star

ting

MSR

PG

asol

ine

City

/Hw

yE8

5Ci

ty/H

wy

Aud

i A4

2 .0

L 4

cyl

13 .7

4 .7

5

6 /

620

/ 2

914

/ 2

0$3

2,50

0

Aud

i A5

2 .0

L 4

cyl

13 .7

4 .7

5

6 /

620

/ 2

914

/ 2

0$3

7,85

0

Aud

i A5

Cab

riole

t 2 .

0L

4 cy

l13

.7

4 .

7

56

/ 6

20 /

29

14 /

20

$43,

350

Aud

i Allr

oad

Qua

ttro

2 .0

L 4

cyl

14 .3

4 .7

5

6 /

520

/ 2

714

/ 18

$39,

600

Aud

i Q5

2 .0

L 4

cyl

14 .3

4 .7

5

6 /

520

/ 2

814

/ 19

$35,

900

Ben

tly C

ontin

enta

l Fly

ing

Spur

6 .0

L 12

cyl

23 .5

7 .5

5

2 /

211

/ 19

8 /

13N

/A

Ben

tly C

ontin

enta

l GT

6 .0

L 12

cyl

23 .5

7 .5

5

2 /

212

/ 19

8 /

14N

/A

Ben

tly C

ontin

enta

l GTC

6 .0

L 12

cyl

23 .5

7 .5

5

2 /

211

/ 19

8 /

13N

/A

Ben

tly C

ontin

enta

l Sup

ersp

orts

6 .0

L 12

cyl

23 .5

7 .5

5

2 /

212

/ 19

8 /

14N

/A

* A

ssum

ing

15,0

00

mile

s dr

iven

per

yea

r. *

* 10

= B

est.


27

Ethanol Flex-Fuel

Flex

-Fue

l Veh

icle

Mod

elEn

gine

Si

ze

Ener

gy Im

pact

Sco

re*

(bar

rels

of p

etro

leum

per

yea

r)

Gas

olin

e

E85

Smog

Sc

ore*

*

GH

G S

core

**

Gas

olin

e/E8

5

Fuel

Eco

nom

y (m

pg)

Star

ting

MSR

PG

asol

ine

City

/Hw

yE8

5Ci

ty/H

wy

Bui

ck R

egal

2 .4L

4 c

yl14

.3

4 .4

6

6 /

619

/ 3

115

/ 2

2$3

2,0

45

Bui

ck R

egal

2 .0

L 4

cyl

15 .0

5 .

0

65

/ 5

18 /

29

13 /

20

$30

,635

Bui

ck V

eran

o2 .

4L 4

cyl

13 .2

4 .

2

66

/ 6

21 /

32

15 /

23

$23,

080

Bui

ck L

aCro

sse

FWD

/AW

D3 .

6L 6

cyl

15 .7

5 .

0

65

/ 5

21 /

32

15 /

23

$35,

285

Cad

illac

SR

X 2W

D/A

WD

3 .6L

6 c

yl17

.3

5 .3

6

4 /

5 17

/ 2

713

/ 19

$37,

155

Cad

illac

ATS

RW

D/A

WD

3 .6L

6 c

yl15

.0

4 .7

6

5 /

619

/ 2

814

/ 2

1$4

1,195

Cad

illac

Esc

alad

e; E

scal

ade

ESV

; Es

cala

de E

XT

2WD

/AW

D

GM

C Yu

kon;

Yuk

on X

L;

Yuko

n D

enal

i 2W

D/A

WD

6 .2L

8 c

yl20

.6

6 .2

5

3 /

314

/ 18

10 /

15$6

3,17

0

Che

vrol

et Im

pala

3 .6L

6 c

yl15

.0

4 .7

6

5 /

618

/ 3

013

/ 2

2$2

5,28

0

* A

ssum

ing

15,0

00

mile

s dr

iven

per

yea

r. *

* 10

= B

est.


28

Ethanol Flex-Fuel

Flex

-Fue

l Veh

icle

Mod

elEn

gine

Si

ze

Ener

gy Im

pact

Sco

re*

(bar

rels

of p

etro

leum

per

yea

r)

Gas

olin

e

E85

Smog

Sc

ore*

*

GH

G S

core

**

Gas

olin

e/E8

5

Fuel

Eco

nom

y (m

pg)

Star

ting

MSR

PG

asol

ine

City

/Hw

yE8

5Ci

ty/H

wy

Che

vrol

et C

aptiv

a FW

D/A

WD

2 .4L

4 c

yl

3 .0

L 6

cyl

14 .3

4 .

2

66

/ 6

20 /

28

15 /

22

$23,

755

Che

vrol

et E

quin

ox F

WD

/AW

D

GM

C Te

rrai

n FW

D/A

WD

2 .4L

4 c

yl

3 .6L

6 c

yl12

.7

4 .2

6

7 /

622

/ 3

215

/ 2

2$2

3,75

5

Che

vrol

et A

vala

nche

150

0;

Subu

rban

150

0;

Taho

e 15

00

2WD

/4W

D

GM

C Yu

kon

150

0; Y

ukon

XL

2WD

/4W

D

5 .3L

8 c

yl19

.4

5 .8

5

4 /

415

/ 2

111

/ 16

$35,

980

Che

vrol

et C

apric

e Po

lice

Patr

ol &

D

etec

tive

Vehi

cle

3 .6L

6 c

ylN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/A

Che

vrol

et Im

pala

Pol

ice

&

Und

erco

ver V

ehic

le3 .

6L 6

cyl

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Che

vrol

et T

ahoe

Pol

ice

Patr

ol &

Sp

ecia

l Ser

vice

Veh

icle

5 .3L

8 c

ylN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/A

Che

vrol

et E

xpre

ss P

rison

er

Tran

spor

t Van

4 .8L

8 c

ylN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/A

Che

vrol

et E

xpre

ss 15

00

2WD

/AW

D

GM

C Sa

vana

150

0 2W

D/A

WD

5 .3L

8 c

yl22

.0

6 .8

6

3 /

313

/ 18

10 /

13$3

0,3

70

* A

ssum

ing

15,0

00

mile

s dr

iven

per

yea

r. *

* 10

= B

est.


29

Ethanol Flex-Fuel

Flex

-Fue

l Veh

icle

Mod

elEn

gine

Si

ze

Ener

gy Im

pact

Sco

re*

(bar

rels

of p

etro

leum

per

yea

r)

Gas

olin

e

E85

Smog

Sc

ore*

*

GH

G S

core

**

Gas

olin

e/E8

5

Fuel

Eco

nom

y (m

pg)

Star

ting

MSR

PG

asol

ine

City

/Hw

yE8

5Ci

ty/H

wy

Che

vrol

et E

xpre

ss 2

500/

350

0

GM

C Sa

vana

250

0/35

00

4 .8L

8 c

yl

6 .0

L 8

cyl

25 .3

7 .

5

2

2 /

211

/ 17

8 /

12$2

6,82

5

Che

vrol

et S

ilver

ado

150

0 2W

D/A

WD

GM

C Si

erra

150

0 2W

D/A

WD

4 .8L

8 c

yl

5 .3L

8 c

yl

6 .2L

8 c

yl

20 .6

6 .

2

53

/ 3

14 /

1910

/ 14

$27,

950

Chr

ysle

r 20

03 .

6L 6

cyl

15 .0

4 .

7

66

/ 5

19 /

29

14 /

21

$18,

995

Chr

ysle

r 30

0 FW

D/A

WD

3 .6L

6 c

yl14

.3

4 .4

5

6 /

619

/ 3

114

/ 2

3$2

9,84

5

Chr

ysle

r Tow

n &

Cou

ntry

3 .6L

6 c

yl16

.5

5 .3

6

5 /

517

/ 2

512

/ 18

$29,

995

Dod

ge A

veng

er3 .

6L 6

cyl

15 .0

4 .

7

65

/ 6

19 /

29

14 /

21

$18,

995

Dod

ge C

harg

er F

WD

/AW

D3 .

6L 6

cyl

15 .7

5 .

0

55

/ 5

18 /

27

13 /

19$2

5,79

5

Dod

ge G

rand

Car

avan

3 .6L

6 c

yl16

.5

5 .3

6

5 /

517

/ 2

512

/ 18

$19,

995

* A

ssum

ing

15,0

00

mile

s dr

iven

per

yea

r. *

* 10

= B

est.


30

Ethanol Flex-Fuel

Flex

-Fue

l Veh

icle

Mod

elEn

gine

Si

ze

Ener

gy Im

pact

Sco

re*

(bar

rels

of p

etro

leum

per

yea

r)

Gas

olin

e

E85

Smog

Sc

ore*

*

GH

G S

core

**

Gas

olin

e/E8

5

Fuel

Eco

nom

y (m

pg)

Star

ting

MSR

PG

asol

ine

City

/Hw

yE8

5Ci

ty/H

wy

Dod

ge D

uran

go 2

WD

/AW

D3 .

6L 6

cyl

17 .3

5 .

3

64

/ 4

16 /

23

12 /

17$2

8,99

5

Dod

ge J

ourn

ey F

WD

3 .6L

6 c

yl16

.5

5 .0

6

5 /

517

/ 2

512

/ 18

$36,

395

Dod

ge C

harg

er P

olic

e Pu

rsui

t3 .

6L 6

cyl

15 .7

5 .

0

55

/ 5

18 /

27

13 /

19N

/A

Dod

ge D

uran

go P

olic

e Sp

ecia

l Se

rvic

e Ve

hicl

e3 .

6L 6

cyl

17 .3

5 .

3

64

/ 4

16 /

23

12 /

17N

/A

Ford

Foc

us2 .

0L

4 cy

l10

.6

3 .3

6

8 /

827

/ 3

820

/ 2

8$1

6,20

0

Ford

Tau

rus

3 .5L

6 c

yl14

.3

4 .7

5

6 /

519

/ 2

913

/ 2

1$2

6,60

0

Ford

Pol

ice

Inte

rcep

tor

3 .5L

6 c

ylN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/A

Ford

Pol

ice

Inte

rcep

tor U

tility

3 .7L

6 c

ylN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/A

Ford

Exp

lore

r 2W

D/A

WD

3 .5L

6 c

yl16

.5

5 .0

5

5 /

517

/ 2

413

/ 18

$28,

870

* A

ssum

ing

15,0

00

mile

s dr

iven

per

yea

r. *

* 10

= B

est.


31

Ethanol Flex-Fuel

Flex

-Fue

l Veh

icle

Mod

elEn

gine

Si

ze

Ener

gy Im

pact

Sco

re*

(bar

rels

of p

etro

leum

per

yea

r)

Gas

olin

e

E85

Smog

Sc

ore*

*

GH

G S

core

**

Gas

olin

e/E8

5

Fuel

Eco

nom

y (m

pg)

Star

ting

MSR

PG

asol

ine

City

/Hw

yE8

5Ci

ty/H

wy

Ford

Exp

editi

on 2

WD

/AW

D5 .

4L V

820

.6

6 .2

2

3 /

314

/ 2

010

/ 14

$36,

930

Ford

E15

0/E2

504 .

6L V

8,

5 .4L

V8

22 .0

7 .

5

23

/ 2

13 /

179

/ 12

$28,

930

Ford

E35

05 .

4L V

825

.3

7 .5

2

2 /

212

/ 16

9 /

12$3

2,26

0

Ford

F15

0 2W

D/4

WD

3 .7L

V6,

5 .

0L

V8

17 .3

5 .

3

64

/ 4

17 /

23

12 /

17$2

3,67

0

Ford

Sup

er D

uty

F250

/F35

06 .

2L V

8N

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/A$2

9,38

5

Jeep

® G

rand

Che

roke

e 2W

D/F

WD

3 .6L

V6

17 .3

5 .

3

65

/ 4

17 /

23

13 /

17$2

7,49

5

Linc

oln

Nav

igat

or 2

WD

/4W

D5 .

4L V

820

.6

6 .2

2

3 /

314

/ 2

010

/ 14

57,7

75

Mer

cede

s-B

enz

C30

0 4M

atic

3 .5L

V6

15 .0

4 .

7

N/A

5 /

620

/ 2

714

/ 2

0$3

8,95

0

Mer

cede

s-B

enz

C35

0 Se

dan/

Cou

pe3 .

5L V

614

.3

4 .4

5

6 /

620

/ 2

915

/ 2

1$4

1,40

0

* A

ssum

ing

15,0

00

mile

s dr

iven

per

yea

r. *

* 10

= B

est.


32

Ethanol Flex-Fuel

Flex

-Fue

l Veh

icle

Mod

elEn

gine

Si

ze

Ener

gy Im

pact

Sco

re*

(bar

rels

of p

etro

leum

per

yea

r)

Gas

olin

e

E85

Smog

Sc

ore*

*

GH

G S

core

**

Gas

olin

e/E8

5

Fuel

Eco

nom

y (m

pg)

Star

ting

MSR

PG

asol

ine

City

/Hw

yE8

5Ci

ty/H

wy

Mer

cede

s-B

enz

E350

Sed

an/

Cou

pe/4

Mat

ic3 .

5L V

614

.3

4 .4

5

6 /

620

/ 2

815

/ 2

1$5

1,00

0

Mer

cede

s-B

enz

ML3

503 .

5L V

616

.5

5 .0

N

/A5

/ 5

18 /

23

13 /

17$4

7,27

0

Nis

san

Arm

ada

2WD

/4W

D5 .

6L V

822

.0

6 .8

N

/A3

/ 3

12 /

199

/ 13

$39,

870

Nis

san

Tita

n 2W

D/4

WD

5 .6L

V8

22 .0

6 .

8

N/A

3 /

313

/ 18

9 /

13$2

8,82

0

Ram

150

0 2W

D/4

WD

3 .6L

V6,

4 .

7L V

816

.5

5 .3

6

5 /

517

/ 2

512

/ 17

$22,

590

Ram

C/V

3 .6L

V6

16 .5

5 .

3

65

/ 5

17 /

25

12 /

18$2

2,46

5

Toyo

ta T

undr

a 4W

D5 .

7L V

822

.0

6 .8

5

3 /

313

/ 18

9 /

13$3

0,5

50

Toyo

ta S

equo

ia 4

WD

5 .7L

V8

23 .5

7 .

5

52

/ 3

13 /

179

/ 13

$45,

180

Volk

swag

en R

outa

n3 .

6L V

616

.5

5 .3

6

5 /

417

/ 2

512

/ 18

$27,

020

* A

ssum

ing

15,0

00

mile

s dr

iven

per

yea

r. *

* 10

= B

est.


33

Improve Your Fuel Economy

Driving behaviors significantly impact fuel economy . To get the most out of each gal-lon (or kilowatt-hour), follow these tips:

• Don’t drive aggressively: Avoid jack-rabbit starts, hard braking, and swift acceleration .

• Remove excess weight: Don’t keep unnecessary items in your vehicle .

• Keep tires properly inflated: Check the sticker inside your door or glove box for the proper pressure .

• Don’t speed: Fuel economy generally decreases at speeds above 50 mph .

• Remove rooftop boxes and racks when not in use: Increased drag lowers fuel economy .

• Avoid idling: Turn off your engine when parked .

• Keep the engine tuned: Delaying main-tenance can impact fuel efficiency .

• Combine trips: Several short trips from cold starts use more fuel than one multi-purpose trip .

For more tips and information, visit fueleconomy.gov/feg/drive.shtml.

Ethanol Flex-Fuel


www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/drive.shtml


34

Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a renewable option for diesel vehicles.

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel produced from a wide range of vegetable oils and animal fats . B100 is pure biodiesel, but consumers typically buy biodiesel blends ranging from B5 (5% biodiesel, 95% diesel fuel) to B20 (20% biodiesel, 80% diesel fuel) . The use of biodiesel blends in place of conventional diesel can reduce tailpipe emissions, such as particulate matter and hydrocarbons . Relative to conventional die-sel fuel, biodiesel can reduce life cycle emissions of carbon dioxide by more than half .

B20 has been shown to perform well in diesel vehicles, even in cold weather and in older engines . All manufacturers have approved B5 for use in all diesel engines, and current ASTM standards allow conventional diesel fuel to contain up to 5% biodiesel . More than 300 publicly accessible fueling stations across the country offer biodiesel blends of B20 or above . The following vehicles are currently approved by their manufacturers for B20 use:

• Chevrolet Silverado 2500/3500 HD Pickups and Express 2500/3500 Vans, equipped with the 6 .6L V-8 Duramax Turbo Diesel

• GMC Sierra 2500/3500 HD Pickups and Savana 2500/3500 Vans, equipped with the 6 .6L V-8 Duramax Turbo Diesel

• Ford Super Duty F-250, F-350, and F-450, equipped with the 6 .7L V-8 Powerstroke Turbo Diesel

• Ram 2500/3500 HD Pickups, equipped with the 6 .7L V-8 Cummins High Output Turbo Diesel (fleet calibration only) .

Straight vegetable oil is not biodiesel.

To produce biodiesel, vegetable oils or animal fats are filtered to remove water and contaminants . The fats and oils are then mixed with alcohol and a catalyst to produce biodiesel . B100 must be produced to strict specifications (ASTM D6751) to ensure proper performance of any blend level . Straight vegetable oil is not registered for legal use in vehicles, and its use can void vehicle warranties .

Biodiesel

Chevrolet Express 2500/3500 GMC Savana 2500/3500

- 6 .6L 8 cyl engine - Starting MSRP: 38,750 - Smog Score: 1 - Fuel Economy, GHG, and Energy Impact Scores not available .

GMC Savana Van . Photo from General Motors


35

Clean Cities advances the nation’s economic, environmental, and energy security by supporting local actions to reduce petroleum use in transportation . A national network of nearly 100 Clean Cities coalitions brings together stakeholders in the public and private sectors to deploy alternative and renewable fuels, idle-reduction measures, fuel economy improvements, and emerging transportation technologies .

For more information, visit:

• cleancities.energy.gov• fueleconomy.gov• afdc.energy.gov

* Connecticut Clean Cities Include: – Norwich – New Haven – Connecticut Southwestern Area – Capitol Clean Cities of Connecticut

SacramentoEast Bay

Silicon Valley

Antelope Valley

Central Coast

Los AngelesLong Beach

San Diego Region

San Francisco

Southern California

San JoaquinValley

EasternSierra

Honolulu

Tucson

Valley ofthe Sun Land of

Enchantment

Southern Colorado

Denver

Northern Colorado

Western Riverside County

Coachella Valley Region

Western Washington

Columbia-Willamette

Rogue Valley Treasure Valley

Las Vegas

Utah

Yellowstone-Teton

North Dakota

CentralOklahoma

Dallas/Ft. Worth

Wisconsin SE Area

Winnipeg

Twin Cities

Iowa Chicago

South Shore

Alamo Area

St. Louis

Lansing

Lone Star Houston/Galveston

Tulsa

KansasCity

NE OhioDetroit

Baton Rouge

Southeast Louisiana

Arkansas

Greater Indiana CleanFuels Ohio

MiddleTennessee

Kentucky

East Tennessee

AnnArbor

Atlanta

Empire

Genesee Region

Western New York

Central New York

Capital District

Central Florida

CentralinaTriangle

Virginia

Granite State

West Virginia

Pittsburgh

Gold Coast

PalmettoState

Land of Sky

Washington DC

DelawarePhiladelphia

NewJersey Long Island

Vermont

Ocean StateConnecticut*

Maine

Massachusetts

State of Maryland

Alabama

www.cleancities.energy.gov

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/

www.afdc.energy.gov

DOE/GO-102013-3717 February 2013

Prepared by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), a national laboratory of the U .S . Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; NREL is operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC .

Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste .


Clean Cities Technical Response [email protected]

To view this and other Clean Cities publications online, visit cleancities.energy.gov/publications.

mailto:technicalresponse%40icfi.com?subject=

cleancities.energy.gov/publications

New Vehicle Buyer’s Guide · 2018. 9. 17. · pressed natural gas (CNG) or gasoline . These...

Documents

Transcript of New Vehicle Buyer’s Guide · 2018. 9. 17. · pressed natural gas (CNG) or gasoline . These...