New Technologies in Business

8/14/2019 New Technologies in Business

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JIM Dharmendra Arora

New Technologies in Business

Artificial IntelligenceNeural Networks

Expert Systems

Note:- All these are various kinds of

logics/algorithms, code snippets etc. ,basically software to process complexproblems


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Attributes of Intelligent Behavior

Think & reason.

Use reason to solve problems.

Learn or understand from experience.

Acquire and apply knowledge.

Exhibit creativity and imagination.

Deal with complex or perplexing situations.

Respond quickly and successfully to new situations.

Recognize the relative importance of elements in a

situation.Handle ambiguous, incomplete, or erroneousinformation.


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Artificial Intelligence

AI is an attempt to duplicate the abovementioned capabilities in computer basedsystem.

The goal of AI is to develop computers that canthink, see, hear, walk, talk and feel.

AI is a field of science and technology based ondisciplines such as computer science, biology,psychology, linguistics, mathematics and

problem solving.

The term Artificial Intelligence was coined byJohn McCarthy at MIT in 1956.


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Domain of AI

A IA I

CognitiveCognitive

ScienceScience

ApplicationsApplications

RoboticsRobotics

ApplicationsApplicationsNaturalNatural

InterfaceInterface

ApplicationsApplications


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Cognitive Science Applications

This area of AI is based on research inbiology, neurology, psychology,mathematics and many allieddisciplines.

It focuses in researching how humanbrain works and how humans think &learn.

Results of such human informationprocessing are provide basis to developmany computer based applications in AI.


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Applications in Cognitive Science

Expert Systems

Learning Systems

Fuzzy Logic System

Genetic Algorithms

Neural Networks

Intelligent Agents


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Expert Systems - add a knowledge base & somereasoning capability to information systems eg.Help in Ms-Office.

Learning Systems- that can modify their

behaviors based on information they acquire asthey operate. Eg. Chess playing systems.

Fuzzy Logic Systems- can process data that areincomplete or ambiguous, i.e. fuzzy data. Thusthey can solve unstructured problems with

incomplete knowledge by developing probableanswers & answers. Eg. Auto complete and spellcheck feature in Ms-Office.


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Genetic Algorithms- software uses Darwinian (survivalof the fittest), randomizing, and other mathematicalfunctions to simulate evolutionary processes that cangenerate increasingly better solutions to problems.

Neural Network- software can learn by processing

sample problems and their solutions. As neural netsstart to recognize patterns, they can begin to programthemselves to solve such problems on their own.

Intelligent Agents- use expert system and other AItechnologies to serve as surrogates for a variety of end

user applications. Eg. Wizards in Ms applications etc.


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Robotics Applications

AI, engineering and physiology are the basicdisciplines of robotics.

This technology produces robot machines withcomputer intelligence and computer controlled,

humanlike physical capabilities-The SteelCollar Workers.

In this area applications are developed to giverobots Visual Perception-powers of sight;Tactile Capabilities-touch; Dexterity-skill inhandling and manipulation; Locomotion-physical ability to move; Navigation-intelligence to properly find ones way todestination


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Natural Interface Applications

Development of natural interfaces tofacilitate natural use of computers byhumans.

Eg. Natural Programming Languages,Speech recognition software,Multisensory Interfaces and VirtualReality.

This involves research & development inlinguistics, psychology, computerscience and other disciplines


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Break of 10 Minutes


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Neural Networks

Computing systems modeled afterneurons- brains mesh like network ofinterconnected processing elements.

Interconnected processors operate inparallel and interact dynamically witheach other.

Thus it learns from the data it

processes. It learns to recognizepatterns and relationships in the data itprocesses


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Example-Neural Networks

High SalaryHigh Salary

Medium SalaryMedium Salary

Owns HomeOwns Home

Less than 3 yrs. on jobLess than 3 yrs. on job

Prior BankruptcyPrior Bankruptcy

Owns a DogOwns a Dog

ProfitableProfitableCustomerCustomer

DefaultDefault

CustomerCustomerBeforeT

rain

ing


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Example-Neural Networks

High SalaryHigh Salary

Medium SalaryMedium Salary

Owns HomeOwns Home

Less than 3 yrs. on jobLess than 3 yrs. on job

Prior BankruptcyPrior Bankruptcy

Owns a DogOwns a Dog

ProfitableProfitableCustomerCustomer

DefaultDefault

CustomerCustomerAft

erTr

aini

ng


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Neural Networks

Special software and hardware (circuits,processors) are available to implementneural networks on microcomputers and

other computer systems.Eg. Infoseek (search engine) searchbased advertisements.


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Expert Systems-Application of AI

in Business

An Expert System is basically a KnowledgeBased Information System (KBIS).A KBIS adds a knowledge base to the majorcomponents of computer based informationsystems.An Expert System is a knowledge basedinformation system that uses its knowledgeabout a specific, complex application areato act as an Expert consultant to end users.It provides answers to questions in a veryspecific problem area. It must also be able toexplain there reasoning process and conclusionto the user.


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Components of an Expert System

Components include a knowledge base &software modules that perform inferences onthe knowledge and communicate answer to ausers questions.

Knowledge Base- facts about a specific subject area;heuristics that express the reasoning procedures.

Software Resources- interface engine & otherprograms for refining knowledge and communicatingwith others. Interface engine is a program that

processes the knowledge related to a specificproblem.


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User

Interface

Programs

Interface

Engine

Program

Expert Management

Software

KnowledgeBase

Expert System

Knowledge

Acquisition

Program

Expert Advise

WorkstationUser

Knowledge

Engineering

Workstation

Expert /

Knowledge

Engineer

Expert System Development

New Technologies in Business

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