Patterns of Physical Geography

Use the Unit Atlas to add to your knowledgeof Europe. As you look at the maps and charts,notice geographicpatterns and specificdetails about the region.For example, the chartgives details about therivers and mountains of Europe.

After studying thegraphs and physical mapon these two pages, jotdown answers to thequestions below in yournotebook.

Making Comparisons1. Compare Europe’s size

and population to that ofthe United States. Basedon that data, how mightthe population densitiesof the two compare?

2. Compare Europe’slongest river, the Danube,to the Mississippi. Howmuch difference is therein the lengths?

3. Which countries havemany mountains? Howmight those mountainsaffect human life there?

262 UNIT 4

Mt. Everest Nepal-Tibet 29,035 feet

Mont Blanc France-Italy15,771 feet

Monte Rosa Switzerland-Italy 15,203 feet

Dom Switzerland14,913 feet

World’s Tallest U.S. TallestMt. McKinleyUnited States20,320 feet

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Nile4,160 miles

Mississippi2,357 miles

Danube1,776 miles

Rhine820 miles

Elbe724 miles

Length (in miles)

Europe

1,888,688 sq mi

ContinentalUnited States

3,165,630 sq mi

Comparing Data

Landmass

Rivers

Mountains

Population

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

United States281,422,000

Europe510,898,860

Population (in millions)

World’s LongestU.S. Longest

For updated statistics on Europe . . .

DATA UPDATECLASSZONE .COM

262-267-Unit 4 Opener 10/16/02 10:48 AM Page 262

Ebro R.

Rhô

ne R

.

Po R.

Danube R.

Danube R.

Oder R.

Elbe R.

Rhine

R.

Se ine R.

Vistula R.

Loire R.

Tag us R.

NORTHERN EUROPEANPLAIN

CARPATHIAN

MT

S.

B A L K A N M TS.

A P E N

NI N

ES

PYRENEES

Jutland

CapeSt. Vincent

MASSIF

CENTRAL

MESETA

IJSSELMEER

BLAC

K F

ORE

ST

HIGHLANDS

PELOPONNESUS

Land's End

Cape Finisterre

A L P S

Balearic Is.

Hebrid

es

Shetland Is.

Faroe Is.

OrkneyIs.

Channel Is.

Majorca Minorca

Sardinia

Corsica

BRITISHISLES

Sicily

Elba

Crete

Rhodes

Cyclades

Öland I.

Gotland

ICELAND

UNITEDKINGDOM

IRELAND

SPAIN

FRANCE

ANDORRA

ITALY

GERMANY

BELGIUM

LUXEMBOURG

POLAND

CZECH REPUBLIC

SLOVAKIA

HUNGARY

CROATIA

BOSNIA &HERZEGOVINA

AUSTRIA

SLOVENIA

YUGOSLAVIA

ALBANIA

GREECE

ROMANIA

BULGARIA

MOLDOVA

UKRAINE

RUSSIA

RUSSIA

BELARUS

NORWAY

SWEDEN

FINLAND

ESTONIA

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

MONACO

LIECHTENSTEIN

NETHERLANDS

SANMARINO

VATICANCITY

MALTA

PORTUGAL

SWITZERLAND

MACEDONIA

DENMARK

ALGERIATUNISIA

LIBYAEGYPT

TURKEY

Mt. Blanc15,771 ft.

(4,807 m.)

Mt. Etna10,902 ft.

(3,323 m.)

English Channel

Norwegian Sea

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

N o r t hS e a

Bayof

Biscay

TyrrhenianSea

Strait ofGibraltar

BlackSea

Baltic

Sea

Adriatic

Sea

Aegean

Sea

Gulf ofBothnia

M e d i t e r r a n e a n

S e a

40°N

50°N

60°N

Arctic Circle

20°E

20°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E10°W

Elevation

Mountain peak

(4,000 m.)(2,000 m.)

(500 m.)(200 m.)

(0 m.)Below sea level

13,100 ft.6,600 ft.1,600 ft.

650 ft.0 ft.

Glacier

0

0 250 500 kilometers

250 500 miles

Azimuthal Equidistant Projection

N

S

EW

Europe: Physical

EUR

OP

E

263

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Canary Is.(Sp.)

Madeira Is.(Port.)

Patterns of Human Geography

264 UNIT 4

After World War I(1914–1918), the politicalmap of Europe changedradically. Empiresdisappeared, and newcountries were born.Study the political mapsof Europe in 1914 andEurope today to see whatchanges took place in the20th century. Thenanswer these questionsin your notebook.

Making Comparisons1. Which nations appear on

the map of Europe todaybut don’t appear on the1914 map?

2. Which nations existed in1914 but no longer existtoday?

3. Which nations are largernow than they were in1914?

4. Which nations are smallerthan they were in 1914?

Norwegian Sea

A T L A N T I CO C E A N N o r t h

S e a

Bayof

Biscay

BlackSea

Baltic

Sea

Adriatic

Sea

M e d i t e r r a n e a n

S e a

40°N

50°N

30°W 20°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E10°WArctic Circle

Madrid

Rome

Paris

Athens

Bucharest

Sofia Constantinople

Lisbon

Bern

Tiranë

London

StockholmPetrogradChristiania

Vienna

Luxembourg

Brussels

AmsterdamBerlin

Copenhagen

Belgrade

U N I T E D K I N G D O M

SPAIN

F R A N C E

ITALY

GERMANYBELGIUM

LUXEMBOURG

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

SERBIA

ALBANIA

MONTENEGRO

GREECE

ROMANIA

BULGARIA

R U S S I A

NORWAY

SWEDENFINLAND

(Rus.)

ICELAND(Den.)

NETHERLANDS

PORTUGAL

SWITZERLAND

DENMARK

OTTOMANEMPIRE

0

0 250 500 kilometers

250 500 miles

Azimuthal Equidistant Projection

N

S

E

W

Europe, 1914

This map shows the nations of Europe in1914, before the outbreak of World War I.

262-267-Unit 4 Opener 10/16/02 10:48 AM Page 264

Bordeaux

Naples

Hamburg

Marseille

Seville

Barcelona

Milan Venice

Göteborg

Poznan

Tampere

Trondheim

Graz

Bergen

Portsmouth

Nantes

Cork

Glasgow

EdinburghBelfast

Frankfurt

´

Madrid

Rome

Paris

Athens

Budapest

Bucharest

Sofia

Lisbon

Bern

Ljubljana

Sarajevo

Tiranë

Zagreb

London

Stockholm

Helsinki

Dublin

Reykjavík

Oslo

Vienna

Warsaw

Prague

Bratislava

Luxembourg

Brussels

AmsterdamBerlin

Copenhagen

Belgrade

Skopje

Valletta

FaroeIslands(Den.)

Shetland Is.(Br.)

Corsica(Fr.)

Crete(Gr.)

Sardinia(It.)

Balearic Islands(Sp.)

Sicily(It.)

ICELAND

UNITEDKINGDOMIRELAND

SPAIN

FRANCE

ANDORRA

ITALY

GERMANYBELGIUM

LUXEMBOURG

POLAND

CZECH REPUBLIC

SLOVAKIA

HUNGARY

CROATIABOSNIA &

HERZEGOVINA

AUSTRIA

SLOVENIA

YUGOSLAVIA

ALBANIA

GREECE

ROMANIA

BULGARIA

MOLDOVA

UKRAINE

RUSSIA

RUSSIA

BELARUS

NORWAY

SWEDEN

FINLAND

ESTONIA

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

MONACO

LIECHTENSTEIN

NETHERLANDS

SANMARINO

MALTA

PORTUGAL

SWITZERLAND

MACEDONIA

DENMARK

MOROCCOALGERIA

TUNISIA

LIBYA EGYPT

TURKEY

VATICANCITY

English Channel

Norwegian Sea

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

N o r t hS e a

Bayof

Biscay

TyrrhenianSea

BlackSea

Baltic

Sea

Adriatic

Sea

Aegean

Sea

Gulf ofBothnia

M e d i t e r r a n e a n

S e a

40°N

50°N

60°N

Arctic Circle

20°E10°E

20°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E10°W

N

S

EWNational capital

Other city

0

0 250 500 kilometers

250 500 miles

Azimuthal Equidisant Projection

265

Europe: Political

EUR

OP

E

262-267-Unit 4 Opener 10/16/02 10:49 AM Page 265

Norwegian Sea

A T L A N T I CO C E A N

N o r t hS e a

BlackSea

Bayof

Biscay

Balt ic

Sea

Adriatic

Sea

M e d i t e r r a n e a n

S e a

40°N

50°N

60°N

Arctic Circle

40°W 30°W 20°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E10°W

Semiarid

Mediterranean

Marine west coast

Humid subtropical

Humid continental

Subarctic

Tundra

Highland

0

0 250 500 kilometers

250 500 miles

Azimuthal Equidistant ProjectionN

S

EW

266 UNIT 4

Regional Patterns

These two pages containa pie graph and threethematic maps. The piegraph shows the religionsof Europe. The mapsshow other importantfeatures of Europe: itsgenerally mild climate,its diversity of languages,and its high populationdensity. After studyingthese two pages, answerthe questions below inyour notebook.

Making Comparisons1. Where are the coldest

climates to be found inEurope? Is the populationdensity high or low inthose areas? Givepossible reasons for that pattern.

2. What do you notice aboutthe number of languagesin Europe? Do theybelong to one languagegroup or several? Explainwhether the pattern oflanguages would be more likely to increase or decrease conflict in the region.

* Does not include Andorra, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, San Marino, or the Vatican SOURCE: CIA World Factbook, 1999

Other 15%

Judaism 0.2%

Islam 2.2%

Eastern Orthodox 8.8%

Protestant 18.8%

Roman Catholic 55%

Major Religions of Europe*

Climates of Europe

262-267-Unit 4 Opener 10/16/02 10:49 AM Page 266

Norwegian Sea

A T L A N T I CO C E A N

N o r t hS e a

Bayof

Biscay

Black Sea

Baltic

Sea

AdriaticSea

Mediterranean

Sea

Icelandic

Norwegian

Swedish

Sami

Finnish

Polish

CzechAlsatian

German

Slovak

HungarianRomanian

Bulgarian

Greek

Italian

French

DutchEnglish

WelshEnglish

English

Faeroese

IrishGaelic

ScotsGaelic

Frisian

Breton

Galician

Catalan

ProvençalBasque

SpanishPortuguese

Danish

MacedonianAlbanian

Serbo-Croatian

Slovene

Germanic

Romance

Slavic

Celtic

Hellenic

Illyrian

Finno-Ugric

Major Indo-European Branches

Other Indo-European Branches

Uralic Language Family

Basque

Areas with significantconcentrations of otherlanguages (usuallyadjacent national languages)

Spoken language

Other Languages

French

0

0 250 500 kilometers

250 500 miles

Azimuthal Equidistant Projection

N

S

E

W

Madrid

Rome

Paris

Athens

Budapest

Bucharest

SofiaLisbon

BernLjubljana

Sarajevo

Tiranë

Zagreb

London

Stockholm

Helsinki

Dublin

Reykjavík

Oslo

Vienna

Warsaw

Prague

Bratislava

Luxembourg

Brussels

AmsterdamBerlin

Copenhagen

Belgrade

Skopje

Valletta

Norwegian Sea

A T L A N T I CO C E A N

N o r t hS e a

Bayof

Biscay

Black Sea

Baltic

Sea

Adriatic

Sea

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

30°E

30°N

40°N

40°N

50°N

60°N

Arctic Circle

20°E10°E0°10°W20°W

Personsper

sq mi

Personspersq km

Over 520260–519130–259

25–1291–24

0

Over 200100–19950–9910–491–90

0

0 250 500 kilometers

250 500 miles

Azimuthal Equidistant Projection

N

S

E

W

Languages of Europe

Population Density of Europe

267

EUR

OP

E

262-267-Unit 4 Opener 10/16/02 10:49 AM Page 267

268 UNIT 4

Study the charts on thecountries of Europe. Inyour notebook, answerthese questions.

Making Comparisons1. Make a list of the top

five European countriesin GDP. Where are eachof these countrieslocated, relative to therest of Europe? Whatpattern do you notice?

2. Look at Albania’s lifeexpectancy, infantmortality, and number of doctors. Judging from these statistics,does Albania have good health care?

3. Use the map on page 265to choose a country inEastern Europe. Howmany televisions and carsdoes it have per 1,000people? How does thatcompare to the UnitedStates?

(continued on page 270)

Notes:a A comparison of the prices of the

same items in different countries is used to figure these data.

b Includes water, when figures areavailable.

Regional Data File

Country Country/ Population Life Expectancy Birthrate Infant MortalityFlag Capital (2000) (years) (per 1,000 pop.) (per 1,000 live births)

(2000) (2000) (2000)

Albania 3,431,000 71 19 41.3Tiranë

Andorra 67,000 83 11 6.4Andorra la Vella

Austria 8,094,000 78 10 4.9Vienna

Belgium 10,246,000 78 11 5.6Brussels

Bosnia & Herzegovina 3,809,000 73 13 25.2Sarajevo

Bulgaria 8,152,000 71 8 14.9Sofia

Croatia 4,600,000 73 11 8.2Zagreb

Czech Republic 10,275,000 75 9 4.6Prague

Denmark 5,330,000 77 12 4.7Copenhagen

Finland 5,177,000 78 11 4.2Helsinki

France 59,353,000 79 13 4.8Paris

Germany 82,141,000 77 9 4.7Berlin

Greece 10,596,000 78 10 6.7Athens

Hungary 10,020,000 71 9 8.9Budapest

Iceland 281,000 80 15 4.0Reykjavík

Ireland 3,795,000 76 15 6.2Dublin

Italy 57,820,000 78 9 5.5Rome

Liechtenstein 33,000 73 14 5.1Vaduz

Luxembourg 438,000 77 13 5.0Luxembourg

VIRTVS VNITA FORTIOR

For updated statistics on Europe . . .

DATA UPDATECLASSZONE .COM

268-271-Unit 4 Opener 10/16/02 10:50 AM Page 268

Doctors GDP a Import/Export a Literacy Rate Televisions Passenger Cars Total Areab

(per 100,000 pop.) (billions $US) (billions $US) (percentage) (per 1,000 pop.) (per 1,000 pop.) (square miles)(1990–1998) (1999) (1996–1999) (1991–1998) (1996–1998) (1996–1997)

129 5.6 0.9 / 0.2 83 161 10 11,100(1990)

253 1.2 1.0 / 0.6 100 315 552 174(1996)

302 190.6 69.9 / 62.9 100 516 468 32,378

395 243.4 172.8 / 187.3 99 510 434 11,787

143 6.2 3.0 / 0.5 86 94 23 19,741

345 34.9 5.3 / 3.8 98 366 202 42,822

229 23.9 7.6 / 4.5 98 267 160 21,830

303 120.8 29.0 / 26.9 99 447 428 30,448

290 127.7 43.9 / 49.5 100 585 339 16,637

299 108.6 30.7 / 43.0 100 640 378 130,560

303 1,373.0 280.8 / 304.7 99 601 437 212,934

350 1,864.0 587.0 / 610.0 100 580 504 137,830

392 149.2 24.9 / 12.4 97 466 223 50,950

357 79.4 25.1 / 22.6 99 437 222 35,919

326 6.4 2.4 / 1.9 100 356 489 39,768

219 73.7 39.6 / 66.0 100 456 292 27,135

554 1,212.0 206.9 / 242.6 98 486 540 116,320

100 0.730 0.9 / 2.5 100 371 592 62(1993)

272 14.7 8.6 / 7.5 100 619 515 999

Europe 269

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270 UNIT 4

Making Comparisons(continued)4. Europe has several coun-

tries with populationsunder 100,000 people.Which of these has thesmallest total area?

5. Use the map on page265 to identify the two countries on theScandinavian Peninsula.For each of those coun-tries, calculate per capitaGDP by dividing totalGDP by population.Which country has thehigher per capita GDP?

Sources:Europa World Year Book 2000Human Development Report 2000,

United NationsInternational Data Base, 2000, U.S.

Census Bureau onlineMerriam-Webster’s Geographical

Dictionary, 1997Stateman’s Yearbook 20012000 World Population Data Sheet,

Population Reference Bureauonline

WHO Estimates of Health Personnel,World Health Organization online

World Almanac and Book of Facts2000

World Factbook 2000, CIA onlineN/A = not available

Notes:a A comparison of the prices of the

same items in different countries is used to figure these data.

b Includes land and water, whenfigures are available.

Regional Data File

Country Country/ Population Life Expectancy Birthrate Infant MortalityFlag Capital (2000) (years) (per 1,000 pop.) (per 1,000 live births)

(2000) (2000) (2000)

Macedonia 2,033,000 73 15 16.3Skopje

Malta 390,000 77 12 5.3Valletta

Monaco 34,000 79 20 5.9Monaco

Netherlands 15,921,000 78 13 5.0Amsterdam

Norway 4,487,000 79 13 4.0Oslo

Poland 38,648,000 74 10 8.9Warsaw

Portugal 10,013,000 76 11 6.0Lisbon

Romania 22,432,000 70 11 20.5Bucharest

San Marino 27,000 80 11 8.8San Marino

Slovakia 5,401,000 73 11 8.8Bratislava

Slovenia 1,968,000 75 9 5.2Ljubljana

Spain 39,466,000 78 9 5.7Madrid

Sweden 8,866,000 80 10 3.5Stockholm

Switzerland 7,142,000 80 11 4.8Bern

United Kingdom 59,750,000 77 12 5.7London

Vatican City 860 N/A N/A N/AVatican City (1999)

Yugoslavia 10,662,000 73 11 10.4Belgrade

United States 281,422,000 77 15 7.0Washington, D.C.

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268-271-Unit 4 Opener 10/16/02 10:50 AM Page 270

Doctors GDP a Import/Export a Literacy Rate Televisions Passenger Cars Total Areab

(per 100,000 pop.) (billions $US) (billions $US) (percentage) (per 1,000 pop.) (per 1,000 pop.) (square miles)(1990–1998) (1999) (1999) (1991–1998) (1996–1998) (1996–1997)

204 7.6 1.6 / 1.2 89 250 132 9,927

261 5.3 2.7 / 1.8 91 518 321 124

664 0.9 Included in figures 100 690 548 0.6for France

251 365.1 152.0 / 169.0 100 543 372 16,033

413 111.3 38.6 / 47.3 100 579 399 125,050

236 276.5 40.8 / 27.8 99 413 195 124,807

312 151.4 34.9 / 25.0 91 542 295 35,514

184 87.4 9.6 / 8.4 98 226 106 92,042

252 0.5 Included in figures 99 346 955 23(1997) for Italy

353 45.9 11.2 / 10.1 100 402 185 18,923

228 21.4 9.7 / 8.4 99 356 343 7,819

424 677.5 137.5 / 112.3 97 506 384 195,363

311 184.0 67.9 / 85.7 100 531 417 173,730

323 197.0 99.0 / 98.5 100 535 460 15,942

164 1,290.0 305.9 / 271.0 100 645 434 94,548

N/A N/A N/A 100 N/A N/A 0.17

203 20.6 3.3 / 1.5 98 27 173 39,448

251 9,255.0 820.8 / 663.0 97 847 489 3,787,319

Europe 271

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