paryaavaran kee vartamaan samas‍yaa ko dekhate hue aaj sam‍poorn vish‍v ke log chintit hain is chintaa ke laksh‍y evn kaaran bhee aaj chaaron taraf s‍pash‍t dikhane lage hain. bhaarateey upamahaadveep ke utt‍aaree bhaag men pichhale kuchh varshon se bemausam barasaat, aandhee, chakravaat, olaavrish‍ti, bijalee aur ak‍sar sookhe kee s‍thiti ne achaanak logon ko pareshaan kar diyaa hai. mausam kaa yah badalataa mijaaj madh‍y eshiyaaee kshetr men vaataavaran at‍yadhik garm ho jaane ke kaaran maanaa jaataa hai. k‍yonki taajikis‍taan, ujabekis‍taan, kajaakis‍taan, kirgis‍taan, afagaanis‍taan, paakis‍taan aur aas-paas ke ilaakon men aatnkee gatividhiyaan chal rahee hain aur usake kaaran s‍thiti yuddh jaisee hai. is afagaan yuddh ne vaataavaran men baarood ke baareek kan bikher die hain. inakee vajah se vaataavaran at‍yadhik garm ho uthaa hai isake saath hee afagaan-paak seemaa par kam dabaav kaa kshetr ban gayaa hai. is varsh se is ilaake men bamabaaree ho rahee hai aur uch‍ch shak‍ti ke hathiyaar is‍temaal hone ke kaaran in sabase paidaa huee garmee kaa asar dikh rahaa hai. eeraan, iraak aur afagaanis‍taan ke bigade mausam kaa asar bhee vish‍v ke an‍y deshon men padaa hai. apane nijee faayade kee vajah se pash‍chimee desh vaataavaran men jahar ghol rahe hain aur isase sabase adhik prabhaavit eshiyaaee desh ho rahe hain jisane yahaan kee saamaajik, aarthik, raajaneetik vikaas kee gaadee ko ul‍tee taraf mod diyaa hai. paryaavaran ke is traasad khatare ko dekhate hue snyuk‍t raash‍tr ke paryaavaran kaaryakram ne pichhale dinon jis riport ko prakaashit kiyaa hai, usamen in‍heen samas‍yaaon ko rakhaa gayaa hai jisake lie paryaavaranavid‍ kaafee samay se snrghasharat the.

snyuk‍t raash‍tr kee pahal par banee is pahalee sahas‍traab‍dee paaris‍thitikeey aankalan, 2005 riport jaaree kee gayee. pach‍chaanave deshon ke 1360 vaijnyaanikon dvaaraa taiyaar kee gayee is riport men dhaaee hajaar pejee das‍taavej maujood hain. is riport ko taiyaar hone men lagabhag chaar varsh lage hain. riport men bhavish‍y ke lie nayee peedhee ko satark hone evn apane as‍tit‍v ke prati chin‍tit hone kaa aagaah kiyaa hai. sahas‍traab‍dee paaris‍thitikeey aankalan riport men s‍pash‍t likhaa hai ki vikaas kee andhaadhundh daud men hamane dharatee kaa konaa-konaa tahas-nahas kar daalaa hai. nadee, naale, jngal, pahaad, mahaasaagar yahaan tak ki veeraan dhruv pradesh bhee behaal hai. dharatee par jeevan ko snchaalit karane vaale lagabhag do tihaaee kudaratee ghatak chhin‍n-bhin‍n ho chuke hain. daraasal, kudarat kaa jarraa-jarraa havaa, paanee aur jeevan ke lie jarooree poshak tat‍von ko lagaataar chalaayamaan banaaye rakhataa hai. in‍hen fir se is‍temaal karane laayak banaakar jeevan ko snchaalit karataa hai, lekin ab dik‍kat yah hai ki maanav kee dakhalndaajee ke kaaran ye prajaatiyaan barbaadee kee kagaar par aa khadee huee hain. dharatee kee kul 24 paaris‍thitikee prajaatiyon men se 15 pooree tarah kshatigras‍t paayee gaeen. inamen shaayad sabase buraa haal jameen kaa hai. khetee ke lie pichhale saath varshon men jitanaa jameen par kab‍jaa kiyaa gayaa utanaa athaarahaveen aur un‍neesavee shataab‍dee men milaakar bhee naheen kiyaa gayaa thaa. nateejaa aaj dharatee kee 24 feesadee se j‍yaadaa jameen par khetee ho rahee hai. yaanee fasalon kaa ut‍paadan badhaane ke lie pahale se kaheen j‍yaadaa raasaayanik khaadon aur paanee kaa is‍temaal ho rahaa hai. isalie pichhale 40 varshon men nadiyon aur jheelon se paanee nikaalane kee maatraa dugunee ho gayee hai. aaj dharatee par maujood meethe paanee kee 40 se 50 feesadee maatraa maanav dvaaraa is‍temaal kee jaa rahee hai. paanee kee lagaataar badhtee maang ke kaaran dharatee men chhipaa bhoojal kaa anamol khajaanaa bhee badee tejee se khaalee hotaa jaa rahaa haia hai. . paanee ke andhaadhundh is‍temaal ne kudaratee jal chakr kaa sntulan bigaad diyaa hai. jal kaa is‍temaal j‍yaadaa hai aur praap‍ti kam. kul milaakar rapat kahatee hai ki jal‍dee hee dharatee par paanee ke lie haahaakaar machane vaala

sahas‍traab‍dee paaris‍thitikeey aankalan riport men bataayaa gayaa hai ki paaris‍thitikee tntr kaa 60 pratishat his‍saa pradooshit ho gayaa hai. is s‍thiti men agale pachaas varshon men maanav as‍tit‍v par snkat, aa sakataa hai. ‘duniyaa kee pramukh nadiyon men paanee kee maatraa lagaataar ghatatee jaa rahee hai. cheen kee yalorivar afreekaa kee naail nadee aur utt‍aaree amerikaa kee kolo raado nadee saal ke teen maheenon ke dauraan saagar men milane se pahale hee sookh jaatee hai. nadiyon ko paanee se labaalab bharane vaale g‍leshiyar badhte taapamaan ke kaaran lagaataar pighalate jaa rahe hain. isalie bhavish‍y men yadi kabhee sadaaneeraa nadiyaan sookhee pagadndee kee tarah dikhaaee dene lagen to taaj‍jub naheen honaa chaahie. ek anumaan ke anusaar yadi dharatee kaa ausat taapamaan keval do teen digree sel‍siyas badh jaataa hai to duniyaa kee lagabhag aadhee aabaadee paanee kee kamee se tras‍t ho jaaegee jab ki das karod log samudree baadh men joojh rahe honge. aabohavaa kee uthal-puthal dharatee ko fir se veeraan banaane kee koshish karegee.'' vaas‍tavikataa yah hai ki hamaaree prith‍vee kee jalavaayu men mahaanagaron kee aham bhoomikaa hotee hai aur sabase adhik snkat aaj mahaasaagaron par hai. isamen nivaas karane vaale jeevon kaa bhavish‍y khatare men pad gayaa hai. is adh‍yayan riport kee maanen to, 12 feesadee pakshee, 25 feesadee s‍tanapaayee praanee aur 30 feesadee se j‍yaadaa medhk jaise praanee dharatee se kooch karane kee taiyaaree men hain.

sahas‍traab‍dee ke is paryaavaran adh‍yayan men ab tak pahalee baar paryaavaran vinaash ko aarthik najariye yaani nafaa-nukasaan kee kasautee par aankane kee koshish kee gayee hai. isake pahale san‍ 1997 ee․ men jeev vaijnyaanikon aur arthashaas‍triyon ne kudarat kee anamol sevaaon kee keemat tay karane kee koshish kee thee. us samay anumaan lagaayaa gayaa thaa ki jngalee ped-paudhon dvaaraa havaa ko thndee karane, keedon-makodon dvaaraa fasalon kaa paraagan karane, saagaron dvaaraa poshan padaarthon kaa purnachakran karane kee keemat lagabhag 33 kharab daalar saalaanaa baithatee hai jo duniyaa ke sakal raash‍treey ut‍paad se lagabhag dugunee hai. rapat men jal, jngal aur jameen kaa mool‍y usakee kudaratee sevaa aur mahattaa ke aadhaar par aankaa gayaa hai. masalan paanee bharee bhoomi (takaneekee bhaashaa men vetalain‍d) jeev jan‍tuon aur jaleey vanas‍patiyon ko aavaas muhaiyaa karaatee hai, paanee ko praakritik dhng se pradooshit karatee hai aur jal bhndaaran kee suvidhaa bhee upalab‍dh karaatee hai. is aadhaar par kanaadaa kee ek hek‍teyar jal bhoomi kee keemat chhah hajaar daalar aankee gayee hai. isee tarah thaaeelainn‍d ke taton par maingroov vanon kee keemat ek hajaar daalar prati hek‍teyar aankee gayee hai, lekin aaj inakaa safaayaa karake jheengaa paalan shuroo kar diyaa jaaye to isakee paryaavaraneey keemat ghatakar keval 200 dolar rah jaatee hai. kul milaakar yah adh‍yayan yah kahanaa chaahataa hai ki praakritik snsaadhanon kaa logon ne itanaa j‍yaadaa shoshan dohan kiyaa hai jisase paaris‍thitikee kaa taanaa-baanaa bigad gayaa hai. aur isakaa ek vis‍trit udaaharan haal men sunaamee laharon se hue mahaavinaash se bhee hamaare samaksh hai.

vanon ke vinaash par pras‍tut sahas‍traab‍dee adh‍yayan riport men chin‍taa v‍yak‍t kee gayee hai, isamen s‍pash‍t kahaa gayaa hai ki ‘san‍ 90 ke dashak men indoneshiyaa men ek karod hek‍teyar kshetr men faile vanon kaa safaayaa kar diyaa gayaa. aarthik najariye se is nukasaan kee keemat nau arab daalar aankee gayee hai, k‍yonki isase vanon se hone vaale ut‍paadan se haath dhonaa padaa, paryatan udyog ko ghaataa huaa aur sabase badee baat yah hai ki vanon ke vinaash ne beemaariyon ko n‍yautaa dekar s‍vaas‍th‍y par hone vaalaa kharch badhaa diyaa. 90 ke dashak ke an‍t men ing‍lain‍d aur vel‍s men raasaayanik khaadon ke andhaadhundh is‍temaal se meethaa paanee barbaad huaa, jisakee saalaanaa keemat adaa karanee padee 16 karod daalar. san‍ 1990 se 1999 ke beech aaee baadhon men ek laakh se j‍yaadaa log jaan gnvaa chuke hain. isase hue nukasaan kee kul keemat 243 arab daalar aankee gayee +

hai. adh‍yayan riport kee maanen to paryaavaran vinaash aur duniyaa men badhtee bhookh aur gareebee ke beech seedhaa rish‍taa hai. bigadtaa paryaavaran n keval rojee-rotee ke saadhan chheen rahaa hai, bal‍ki beemaariyon ke roop men logon kee sehat bhee chaupat kar rahaa hai. jahaan ek or puraane rog jad pakad rahe hai, vahee naye-naye marj bhee ubhar rahe hain. vanon ke vinaash ke kaaran maleriyaa aur haije kaa prakop badhtaa hai tathaa naye rogon ke panapane kaa khataraa bhee badh jaataa hai. afreekaa men rogon ke prakop ke roop men maleriyaa kee his‍sedaaree 11 feesadee hai. agar afreekaa men 35 saal pahale maleriyaa par kaaboo paa liyaa gayaa hotaa to mahaadveep kaa sakal ghareloo ut‍paad 100 arab daalar j‍yaadaa hotaa. gareebee aur paryaavaran ke is cholee daaman vaale saath ko dekhate hue snyuk‍t raash‍tr ne maanaa hai ki san‍ 2015 tak duniyaa men gareebee aur bhookh ko aadhaa karane kaa laksh‍y shaayad ab bhee pooraa ho paaye. yahaan tak ki 2050 men bhee kuposhan duniyaa kee ek pramukh samas‍yaa hogee aur isake mool men hogee gareebee. vartamaan kee baat karen to aaj bhee duniyaa ke ek arab se j‍yaadaa log keval ek daalar har roj kee aamadanee par gujar-basar kar rahe hain - jabaki ek se do arab log paanee ke abhaav se joojh rahe hain. yah samas‍yaa vikaasasheel deshon kee hee naheen hogee isase vikasit desh bhee prabhaavit honge.

bhaarateey paripreksh‍y kee sahas‍traab‍dee paaris‍thitikeey aankalan riport kaa apanaa alag mahat‍v hai. bhaarateey parivesh men nivaas karane vaalee saath se painsath pratishat janataa prakriti ke sahaare apanaa jeevan yaapan kar rahee hai. itane bade samooh kaa dhaanchaa jameen, jal aur vaayu hee hai. adh‍yayan riport ke anusaar ye hee tat‍v sabhee se j‍yaadaa prabhaavit hue hai.'' saath men bhaarateey janasnkh‍yaa vriddhi ko dekhate hue aane vaale samay men anek tarah kee kathinaaiyaan paidaa ho sakatee hain. aaj ham upabhok‍taavaadee samaaj men panap rahe hain aur is sns‍kriti ko panapaane men duniyaa bhar kee bahuraash‍treey kam‍paniyon aur kaarporet haaus ke saath-saath vibhin‍n deshon kee sarakaaron kaa bhee yogadaan rahaa hai. pahale yah thaa ki bahuraash‍treey kam‍paniyon aur sarakaaron ke beech hiton ke takaraane kee vajah se matabhed rahaa karate the. is kaaran sarakaaron kaa rookh aam logon ke hiton kee tarah hotaa thaa lekin aarthik udaareekaran ne ise badalakar rakh diyaa hai. bhaarateey sndarbh men yah saaf-saaf dikh rahaa hai. aisaa prateet hotaa hai ki sarakaaren bahuraash‍treey kam‍paniyon kee pairokaar ban gayee hain. ek khaas baat bhaarat ko is riport se ho sakatee hai vah yah ki ‘isake sahaare paryaavaran snrakshan ko lekar ek vaish‍vik neeti banaane kee prakriyaa shuroo ho sakatee hai lekin isake lie nish‍chit taur par duniyaa ke pramukh deshon kee sarakaaron ko pahal karanee hogee. varanaa is riport ke prakaashan maatr se koee badalaav naheen ho sakataa. sarakaaron ko is baat par dh‍yaan denaa hogaa ki paryaavaran par raajaneeti n hone paaye, bal‍ki raajaneeti men paryaavaran ko ahamiyat dee jaaye. isake saath hee aamajanon ko bhee is par shid‍dat ke saath vichaar karanaa hogaa aur isake lie pahalee jaroorat yah hai ki praakritik snsaadhanon ke behatar is‍temaal ke baare men logon ko jaagarook kiyaa jaae. isake lie duniyaa bhar kee sarakaaron ko apane yahaan kee paryaavaraneey paris‍thitiyon ko dh‍yaan men rakhate hue thos neetiyon ko banaanaa hogaa. sarakaar kee in neetiyon men kaee vish‍v ke gair sarakaaree sngathan is dishaa men uchit sahayog kar sakate hain. duniyaa ke deshon ko yah bhee samajhanaa hogaa ki vartamaan kee bhoomndaleey aarthik neetiyon aur badhtee huee upabhok‍taavaadee sns‍kriti ke kaaran samoochaa tntr prabhaavit ho rahaa hai, isalie in paris‍thitiyon ko dh‍yaan men rakhate hue

aam aadamee kee soch aur v‍yavahaar men badalaav ke saath sarakaaron ko bhee ise gam‍bheerataa se samajhanaa hogaa.

nish‍karsh roop men snyuk‍t raash‍tr kee is paryaavaraneey ‘sahas‍traab‍dee paaris‍thitikeey aankalan riport men paryaavaran men badalaavon ke bhavish‍y aur vibhin‍n parikal‍panaaon men behatar maanaveey jeevan kee nirdhaarak shak‍tiyon ke aadhaar par sahas‍traab‍dee aankalan riport men nim‍n chaar s‍thitiyon par vis‍taar dikhaaee detaa hai - has‍takshep sahaaraa samay 23 aprail, 2005 ke anusaar

- ek vaish‍vik samaaj banegaa jo vish‍v v‍yaapaar aur aarthik udaareekaran ke saath-saath paryaavaran snbndhee samas‍yaaon ko sulajhaane men apanee sakriyataa dikhaaegaa. vaish‍vik samaaj men gareebee aur asamaanataa ko kam karane ke lie kade kadam uthaae jaaenge. isake lie janahit men aadhaarabhoot dhaanche aur shikshaa par vishesh dh‍yaan diyaa jaaegaa. is haalaat men baakee kee chaaron s‍thitiyon kee tulanaa men aarthik vikaas kaheen j‍yaadaa hogaa. um‍meed hai ki is s‍thiti men 2050 tak janasnkh‍yaa sabase kam hogee.

- is haalaat men raajaneetik aur aarthik gatividhiyon kaa ken‍dr kshetreey jal vitaran hogaa tathaa s‍thaaneey sns‍thaaen majaboot hongee. paryaavaran prabndhan ko lekar samaaj j‍yaadaa sajag hogaa. aarthik vikaas dar shuroo men dheemee rahegee lekin aage chalakar badhtee jaaegee. jahaan tak janasnkh‍yaa kaa savaal hai san‍ 2050 tak yah thamane kaa naam naheen legee.

- is paridrish‍y men paryaavaran takaneekee ke maamale men duniyaa majabootee se ek ho jaaegee jisamen paryaavaran snbndhee suvidhaaen behatar prabndhan ke saath mil sakengee aur is prakriyaa men samas‍yaaen paidaa n hon, is lihaaj se paryaavaran prabndhan kaa vikaas hogaa. aarthik vikaas tulanaat‍mak roop se j‍yaadaa hogaa agar 2050 tak janasnkh‍yaa madh‍yam s‍thiti men rahe.

- is paridrish‍y men kshetreeyataa haavee hogee jisase ek khndit duniyaa kee tas‍veer banatee hai. surakshaa par vishesh dh‍yaan hogaa khaasakar kshetreey baajaaron ko lekar. paryaavaran snbndhee samas‍yaaon ko lekar sakriy rookh hogaa lekin aarthik vikaas khaasakar vikaasasheel deshon men apekshaakrit kam hogaa. janasnkh‍yaa ke vikaas ke saath-saath is paridrish‍y men aarthik vikaas aur ghategaa.

bhaavee vaish‍vik paridrish‍y kee ye parikal‍panaaen mahaj atakal yaa bhavish‍yavaanee naheen hain bal‍ki ye parivartanakaaree paaris‍thitakeey shak‍tiyon ke vikaas ke dhundhale drish‍y hain. in‍hen ham aaj ke haalaat aur roojhaan ke aadhaar par bhavish‍y kaa nak‍shaa kah sakate hain. pahale teenon paridrish‍yon kaa aadhaar ve neetiyaan hain jo vikaas kee chunautiyon ko dh‍yaan men rakhakar banaaee jaa rahee hain. um‍meed hai ki pahale paridrish‍y men v‍yaapaar baadhaaen samaap‍t ho jaaengee, sab‍sidee khat m hogee tathaa gareebee aur bhukhamaree ko khat‍m karane par vishesh dh‍yaan diyaa jaaegaa. doosare paridrish‍y men 2010 tak lagabhag sabhee desh sakal ghareloo ut‍paad kaa 13 feesadee shikshaa par kharch karane lagenge aur ek jagah se doosaree jagah yog‍yataa aur jnyaan kaa pravaah sns‍thaagat roop se badhegaa jabaki teesare paridrish‍y men paryaavaran kee dekhabhaal ke kaaran sevaaon kaa ut‍paadan badhegaa, vikal‍p badhenge aur haanikaarak v‍yaapaar men kamee aaegee.

vaish‍vik taapamaan ko kam karane kaa vaish‍vik prayaas h k‍yoto protokol

vaish‍vik garamaahat kee samas‍yaa prith‍vee ke samaksh ek aasan‍n snkat hai jisase samagr jaiv samash‍ti kaa bhavish‍y judaa huaa hai k‍yonki hamaaree prith‍vee kaa taapamaan niran‍tar badhtaa jaa rahaa hai aur yah badhtaa taapamaan sam‍poorn vish‍v ke liye ek aisee chunautee ban gayaa hai jisakaa saamanaa yadi sabhee desh milakar naheen karenge to yah taapamaan sabhee ko ek din vinaash kee kagaar par laa degaa. prith‍vee ke is badhte taapamaan kaa kaaran ‘green haaus prabhaava' hai. green haaus prabhaav ut‍pan‍n karane vaalee gaisen - kaarban-daaee-aak‍saaid, meethen, ojon, kaarban, k‍loro f‍loro, naaitras aak‍saaid tathaa sal‍far-daaee-aak‍saaid hain. vaayuman‍dal men in gaison kaa anupaat adhik ho jaane ke kaaran taapamaan men adhik vriddhi ho rahee hai. jisase jal vaash‍p kaa snghanan n ho paane ke kaaran varshaa kaa s‍tar girataa jaa rahaa hai tathaa taapamaan vriddhi ke kaaran parvateey himanadon tathaa dhruv pradeshon kee barf pighalane kee sam‍bhaavanaa badh rahee hai, falath saagar tal oopar uthegaa jisase tatavartee kshetr jalamag‍n ho jaayenge.

harit grih gaison kee maatraa vaayumndal men jaise-jaise badhtee jaa rahee hai vaayumndaleey parat aur motee hotee jaa rahee hai vaayumndal men in harit gaison kee maatraa badhne se dharatee kaa taapamaan badhnaa s‍vaabhaavik hai. maanav kee jeevan shailee aur maanaveey kriyaakalaapon se ye gaisen nirntar badhtee jaa rahee hain. dharatee kaa taap badhaane men sabase mahat‍vapoorn bhoomikaa kaarban-daaee-aak‍saaid kee ho gayee hai. ek aankalan ke anusaar -‘‘san‍ 1930 men isakee saan‍drataa 315 pee․ pee․ em․ thee jo vigat sadee ke an‍t 360 pee․ pee․ em․ tak pahunch chukee hai. aaee pee․ see․ see․ snyuk‍t raash‍tr sngh ke vaijnyaanikon kaa aankalan hai ki vartamaan sadee ke madh‍y tak b‍v‍2 kee saan‍drataa badhkar 450 pee․ pee․ em․ tak pahunch jaaegee aur tab dharatee ke taap men 1-30 se kee vriddhi avash‍y bhaavee hai. aise men samudree jal s‍tar kaa prasaar hogaa aur maaladveep, maareeshas, bng‍laadesh sareekhe taapoonumaa desh jalamag‍n ho jaaenge. regis‍taanee kshetr aur garm ho jaaenge jisase vahaan kee jaiv jaatiyaan nash‍t hone lagegee. jngalon par paayee jaane vaalee prajaatiyon par bhee pratikool prabhaav padegaa. saagareey jeevan men bhee uthal-puthal mach jaaegee k‍yonki saagareey jal kee kshaareeyataa badh jaaegee jo saagaron men rahane vaalee jaiv samash‍ti ke lie ghaatak hogee.

jalavaayu parivartan kee samas‍yaa jo ki ek vaish‍vik chunautee hai, kaa hal bhee vaish‍vik s‍tar par aavash‍yak hai. green haaus gaison ke ut‍sarjan kaa prabhaav sabhee deshon men samaan hai ye gaisen jitanaa lndan ko prabhaavit karatee hain utanaa vaashingatan, beejing tathaa bhaarat ko bhee prabhaavit karatee hain. ath kisee ek desh dvaaraa in gaison ke ut‍sarjan ko kam karane kaa prayaas tab tak nirarthak saabit hogaa jab tak sabhee desh milakar koee thos kadam naheen uthaate. isee pahal ke tahat snyuk‍t roop se vibhin‍n deshon dvaaraa harit grih prabhaav vaalee gaison ke ut‍sarjan men haas laane ke vachanabaddh prayaas kaa naam hai - k‍yoto protokol. k‍yoto protokol 1997 men as‍tit‍v men aayaa tathaa is samajhaute men 2008-2012 tak kee avadhi men harit grih prabhaav vaalee gaison ko 1990 ke s‍tar se 5․2 pratishat kam karane kaa nirnay liyaa gayaa. yah samajhautaa vaish‍vik s‍tar par ‘g‍lobal vaarminga' kee samas‍yaa ko hal karane kaa ek saraahaneey prayaas hai. yah samajhautaa ek yaa do varshon ke prayaas se as‍tit‍v men naheen aayaa bal‍ki kaee sam‍melanon evn samajhauton kee asafalataa ke falas‍varoop uday huaa. ath is samajhaute se sam‍ban‍dhit mahat‍vapoorn sam‍melanon evn tithiyon ko jaananaa aavash‍yak hai -

k‍yoto protokol samajhaute se sam‍ban‍dhit mahat‍vapoorn sam‍melan evn tithiyaan -

- vish‍v kee is parivartit hotee jalavaayu par sarvapratham chin‍taa 1992 men prith‍vee sam‍melan men vichaar gosh‍thee aayojit kee gayee jisamen san‍ 2000 tak kaarban-daaee-aak‍saaid ko 1990 ke s‍tar tak kam karane ke liye kahaa gayaa jo ki 1990 ke s‍tar se 13 pratishat adhik thee. paran‍tu yah sam‍melan asafal rahaa. kisee bhee desh ne is laksh‍y ko praap‍t karane ke prayaas naheen kiye.

- UNFCCC dvaaraa praas‍taavit samajhaute ko kaanoonee baadh‍yataa ke roop men parivartit karane ke liye 1995 men barlin mendet sam‍melan aayojit kiyaa gayaa. UNFCCC ‍ ne is san‍dhi par samajhautaa karane ke liye 1997, an‍tim samay seemaa nirdhaarit kar dee gayee.

- 1997 men 165 deshon ne k‍yoto protokol (k‍yoto protokol ek samajhaute kee rooparekhaa hai jisamen taapamaan kam karane ke laksh‍y tathaa samay nirdhaarit hai.) par sahamati banaaee. is samajhaute men 2008 se 2012 tak kee avadhi men harit grih prabhaav vaalee gaison ko 1990 ke s‍tar se 5․2 pratishat kam karane kaa nirnay liyaa gayaa (amerikaa ne is samajhaute ko s‍veekaar naheen kiyaa).

- san‍ 2000 men heg men k‍yoto protokol ke sabhee niyamon ko laagoo karane ke liye sam‍melan bulaayaa gayaa paran‍tu kisee an‍tim nish‍karsh par n pahunch paane ke kaaran yah sam‍melan asafal rahaa.

- 16-28 julaaee 2001 men jarmanee men fir se ek sam‍melan bulaayaa gayaa aur fir se koee aam sahamati n ban paane ke kaaran asafal ho gayaa.

- navam‍bar 2001 men 160 deshon ne k‍yoto protokol ke samajhaute ke anusaar nirdhaarit kiye gaye laksh‍y ko pooraa karane ke liye bataaye gaye niyamon, nirdeshon tathaa takaneek ko s‍veekaar kiyaa.

- 16 faravaree 2005 men yah samajhautaa an‍tim roop se laagoo ho gayaa. jisake tahat 129 deshon ne isakee tarafadaaree kee hai. roosee anusamarthan se amerikaa aur an‍y vikasit deshon par davaab nirmit huaa hai falataa isake saarthak parinaam aane kee aashaa hai.

- abhee haal hee men 11 sitam‍bar, 2006 men yoorop tathaa eshiyaaee deshon ne finalain‍d men sam‍melan aayojit kiyaa. . ASEM (Asia-Europe Summit) men is baat par chintaa v‍yak‍t kee gayee ki k‍yoto protokol kee avadhi samaap‍t hone ke baad harit grih prabhaav kee gaison ke ut‍sarjan ke baare men k‍yaa kiyaa jaayegaa. . ASEM jisamen 25 yooropeey desh tathaa 13 eshiyaaee desh shaamil the, men jalavaayu parivartan men hone vaale parivartan ko niyntrit karane ke adhikatam sam‍bhaavit sahayog ke liye kahaa gayaa tathaa 2012 kee avadhi ke baad bhee green haaus gaison ko niyntrit rakhane par sahamati banaayee gayee.

vikasit deshon ko is samajhaute dvaaraa apane desh kee audyogeekaran prakriyaa men hriaas hone kaa khataraa mahasoos ho rahaa hai. isee kaaran amerikaa ne k‍yoto protokol samajhaute par has‍taakshar naheen kiye. paran‍tu yah samajhautaa bhavish‍y men hone vaale bahut hee bade patan se bachaane kaa prayaas hai jise amerikaa jaisaa desh najar an‍daaj kar rahaa hai.

----

yuvaa saahit‍yakaar ke roop men kh‍yaati praap‍t daan veeren‍dr sinh yaadav ne dalit vimarsh ke kshetr men ‘dalit vikaasavaad ' kee avadhaaranaa ko s‍thaapit kar unake saamaajik,aarthik vikaas kaa maarg prashas‍t kiyaa hai. aapake do sau pachaas se adhik lekhon kaa prakaashan raash‍treey evn antarraash‍treey s‍tar kee s‍tareey patrikaaon men ho chukaa hai. dalit vimarsh, s‍tree vimarsh, raash‍trabhaashaa hin‍dee men anek pus‍takon kee rachanaa kar chuke daan veeren‍dr ne vish‍v kee j‍valnt samas‍yaa paryaavaran ko shodhaparak dhng se pras‍tut kiyaa hai. raash‍trabhaashaa mahaasngh mum‍baee, raajamahal chauk kavardhaa dvaaraa s‍va0 shree hari thaakur s‍mriti puras‍kaar, baabaa saahab daan0 bheemaraav am‍bedakar feloship sam‍maan 2006, saahit‍y vaaridhi maanadopaadhi evn niraalaa sam‍maan 2008 sahit anek sam‍maanon se un‍hen alnkrit kiyaa jaa chukaa hai. vartamaan men aap bhaarateey uch‍ch shikshaa adh‍yayan sns‍thaan raash‍trapati nivaas, shimalaa (hi0pra0) men naee aarthik neeti evn daliton ke samaksh chunautiyaan (2008-11) vishay par teen varsh ke lie esosiyet hain.

sam‍park h varish‍th pravak‍taa h hin‍dee vibhaag dayaanan‍d vaidik s‍naatakott‍aar mahaavidyaalay uraee-jaalaun