January 2020

CPH Pig Seminar

Francesc Molist, PhD, DVM

New insights in dietary control of post-weaning diarrhea

Bigger litters more piglets with a low birth weight (<1100 g)

(SFR / 3113 litters / 2011-2017, unpublished)

700 g

900 g

1100 g

1300 g

1500 g

1700 g

1900 g

2100 g

Nu

mb

er

of

pig

lets

Litter size

Birth weight

The problem

Genetic development sow - consequences

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Types of feed piglets encounter in their life

Sow milk

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5….

Colostrum

The first 24

hours

Milk replacer

Creep feed

Post weaning

PW diet

Weaning

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Important colostrum intake.

Long-lasting effects are due to different programming of

the gut immune system. What are the long lasting effect of

modifying the gut microbiota?

Creep feed supplementation as early as possible.

Develop an stable microbiota and oral tolerance & a

robust GIT.

Minimize the negative effects associated with weaning.

Role of complex diets vs. simple diets pre-weaning is

poorly understood.

Pre-weaning

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Swords, 1993

Development of the gut microbiota: interventions via de sow and/or via pre-weaningdiet(s)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

AEROBIC ANAEROBIC

SIMPLE AND

UNSTABLE

COMMUNITY

STERILE GIT

ANAEROBIC

FACULTATIVE

ANAEROBIC

Vagina Feces Farm

COMPLEX AND

STABLE

COMMUNITY

>500 different

species

ANAEROBIC

99%

90 % Gram +

10 % Gram -

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Murases et al, 2019

Composition of bacteria in the sows

Probably we need different strategies to reduce S. suis problems vs. Clostridium neonatal diarrheas

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Feeding strategies in pre-weaningdiets

Focus on developing microbiota and

innate immune system > Role for prebiotics via milk replacer or creep feed?

Focus on having a robust

GIT and preparing the

piglets for the weaning

period > Role complex vs. simple diets

Sow milk

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5….

Diet around weaning

Colostrum

The first 24

hours Milk replacerCreep feed

Post weaning

Weaning

Important feed intake with control of substrate.

Phase feeding with nutrient adaptations can help to

minimize the risk factors.

Important management to reduce stress.

Better knowledge nutrition and vaccination.

Better understanding substrate – bacteria interactions.

Animals should remain healthy and then they should grow

Post-weaning

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Hedemann, 2004

PW effect on pancreas enzymes

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

-3 0 1 2 3 5 7 9

sp

ec

ific

en

zym

e a

cti

vit

y (

%)

days pre- and post weaning

trypsin

chymotrypsin

amylase

lipase

colipase

a

b

a

0

0,25

0,5

0,75

1

1,25

1,5

1,75

Unweaned Weaned ZnO

mg

/L

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Davin et al., 2018

Zn concentration in Plasma at 28 d of life

• Weaning creates a deep in the Zn plasma levels. • Supplementation of 2000 ppm of ZnO was the only solution to keep Zn

plasma levels high. What means this?

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Current gut health challenges in the pig industry

Lactation Weaning Growing

Weeks0 22-243-4 10-11 15-16

Swine transmissible gastroenteritis

Procine epidemic diarrhea

Rotavirus

Colibacilosis

Clostridium spp.

Trichuriasis

Salmonella enterica

S. suis

Swine Dysentery

Spirochetosis

Swine Ileitis (PIA)

ACUTE PHASE

- Anorexia & intestinal stasis

- Nutrient digestion & absorption

- Fermentation

- Intestinal dysbiosis

- Intestinal damage

MATURATION PHASE

- Feed intake

- Nutrient digestion & absorption

- Fermentation capacity

- Establishment microbiota GIT

- Recovering functional activity

PW diarrhea

(PWD)

5 - 10 days

WEA

NIN

G

5-10 days

20

DA

YS

Excess nutrients increasethe risk of S. suis

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MODIFIERS OF THE MICROBIOTA OF THE GIT

• Acidifiers

• Prebiotics

• Probiotics

• Symbiotics

• Plant extracts

• Minerals: ZnO & Cu

• Dietary fibre

• Low CP diet

• Role of fat

PROMOTERS OF FOOD CONSUMPTION AND

PRODUCTION ENHANCERS

• Palatable ingredients

• Digestible ingredients

• Flavours

• Synthetic amino acids

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How we can help the piglets to have a good start?

13.89

11.11

25

19.4820.67

17.65

1.43 1.57 1.57

4.08

9.78 9.56 9.6910.89

22.2221.7321.21

18.05

19.24 19.65

0

5

10

15

20

25

Control Cellulose Soya bean hulls Citrus pulp

(%)

Diarrhea incidence Total dietary fibre Insoluble fibre Soluble fibre Total pectin

Effect of diet composition on diarrhea incidence the first 2 weeks PW

The analytical characterization does not predict the functional effect of fibre ingredients in piglets.

Fonseca et al., 2012

b

c

a a

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Viscosity

FermentabilityWater binding

capacity

Physical effect Bacterial binding

What is the role of fibre in PW diets?

Gives functionality of fibre ingredients a better characterization?

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LIGNINE

CELLULOSE

HEMICELLULOSE

PECTINS

GUAMS/ MUCILAGE

FRUCTANS/GALACTANS

STARCH

SUGARS

NON-Digestible +

INsoluble =

LOW FERMENTABLE

NON-Digestible +

Soluble =

HIGH FERMENTABLE

Digestible CH +

Absorbable

INERT FIBRE (I-CHO)

FERMENTABLE FIBRE (F-CHO)

LIGNINE

CELLULOSE

NS

P

DIETARYFIBRE

Fermentability & Solubility

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Digestible CH + Absorbable

FERMENTABLE FIBRE

OAT HULLS

STRAW

WHEAT BRAN (WB)

RICE HULLS

SUNFLOWER HULLS

CITRUS PULP

OLIGOSACHARIDES

INULIN

SUGAR BEET PULP (SBP)

RESISTANT STARCH

SOYBEAN HULLSRAPID FERMENTABLE

SLOWER FERMENTABLE

INERT FIBRE

STARCH

SUGARS

Fermentability & Solubility

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Improve digestive function

Modifies microbiota GIT

Enhances microbial fermentation

Reduces nutrient digestibility

Penalizes animal performance

Slows gastric emptying

Proximal fermentation in the hindgut

Increases luminal viscosity

WB

SBP

INERT FIBRE

FERMENTABLE FIBRE

Is the inclusion of inert fibre better than fermentable fibre in PW diets?

Fermentability & Solubility

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Mo

nta

gn

e e

t al.,

2012

2x2 Experimental design:

• Level of F-CHO: high and low

• Sanitary conditions: good and bad

Fermentable (x3)

Inert (x1)

Diet composition

Fermentability & Solubility

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Good Bad

(%)

Sanitary conditions

Low-eater first 2 weeks post-weaning

Control F-CHO

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Good Bad

(%)

Sanitary conditions

Diarrhea 5 d post-weaning

Control F-CHO

P diet x sanitary conditions = 0.07

A

A

A

B

P diet x sanitary conditions = 0.01

a aa

b

In situations with bad sanitary conditions, the utilization of F-CHO sources in the first week post-weaning is an additional risk factor

Montagne et al., 2012

Interaction between F-CHO and health status of the animals

Fermentability & Solubility

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Stomach Small intestine Caecum Large intestine

RAPID

FERMEN--

TABLE

SLOWER FERMENTABLE

FERMENTATION KINETICS

Piglets need a fully developed GIT to ferment fibre ingredients

INERT FIBRE

Fermentability & Solubility

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0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

30 40 50 60

Sto

mach

pH

Piglets age

Pepsin optimum zone activity

pH variatiation in de stomach of a piglet

Protein digestion and stomach pH in piglets

• Piglets younger than 60 days have difficulties to acidify stomach pH

CPH Seminar

The Acid Binding Capacity – ABC) is the amount of acid or base (in

mEq) required to change the pH to a certain value. This is usually

pH 4, which results in the ABC-4 value

Higher ABC-4 = higher buffer capacitity

- Energy (starch and fat): little influence on ABC-4

- Crude protein sources: strong impact on ABC-4: high buffering

capacity > control CP level in piglets!

- Minerals: strong impact on ABC-4: high buffering capacity

- Organic acids: strong impact on ABC-4: reduce pH

Acid binding capacity (ABC)

CPH Seminar

Acid binding capacity (mEq/kg)

Minerals have a large impact on the

ABC. Therefore, reduce minerals that

will have a negative impact on the

pH in the stomach (high ABC-4

value)

Organic acids will help to reduce the

pH in the stomach (acidifying effect)

0 5000 10000

Dicalcium phosphate

Limestone

Calcium propionate

Sodium bicarbonate

Monocalcium phosphate

Vitamin and premix

Zinc oxide

-15000 -10000 -5000 0

Formic acid 85%

Lactic acid

Phosporic acid

Citric acid

Acetic acid 80%

Propionic acid 99%

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Acid binding capacity (ABC, mEq/kg)

Protein sources have a higher impact on the ABC than grains

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

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Protein source and age of piglet

• Protein digestibility of different feedstuffs in piglets (weaned at 12 days of age)

• Factors influencing digestibility:• Enzyme production

• Fermentation capacity

Age of the piglets (wks)

3.5 4.5 5.5

Milkpowder 93 94 95

Soycomil 85 87 88

SBM 78 84 86

Fishmeal 86 89 91

Potato protein 87 - 91

Borggreve, et al., 1982

The older the animal > the higher the protein digestibility

Digestibility vegetable protein sources is lower, especially in case of ANF

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(15 %)

(19 %)

(23 %)

Performance¡ Importance!Essentials Aa

(Iso, Val)

Fermentable

Carbohydrates in pigs

of 35 d old

Protein Fermentation

-

N-ammonia

gut integrity

Level

of protein

+

Fiber & CP fermentation

CPH Seminar

Effect of U:S-ratio on fat digestibility (according to Wisemanet. al. and Schothorst experiment)

90%

95%

100%

1 2 3 4 5

U/S-ratio in feed

rela

tive a

bs

orp

tio

n (

%)

piglet 15 kg

pig 30 - 85 kg

SFR-exp.

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MCFA’s- Intestinal health

• A: control feed (incl. 2.5% soya oil)

• B: control feed + 2.5% MCFA - C8 and C10 (instead of soya oil)

• C: feed B + lipase

• D: Control feed met 1.5% organic acids

Dierick et al., 2002

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Take home message pre-weaning

Focus on developing microbiota and

innate immune systemFocus on having a robust

GIT and preparing the

piglets for the weaning

period

Sow milk

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5….

Diet around weaning

Colostrum

The first 24

hours Milk replacerCreep feed

Post weaning

Weaning

CPH Seminar

Take home message post-weaning

Focus on GIT health

- Lower CP & ABC-4.

- Functional AA.

- Lower FCHO.

- Higher ICHO.

-5 daysW

EA

NIN

G+5~10 days +10~21 days

+21~35 days

Keep health and improve ADG

- Higher Lys/NE ratio.

- Higher CP & low ABC-4.

- Medium FCHO.

- Medium ICHO.

Prepare for G/F period

- Important Lys/NE ratio.

- U/S ratio.

- Higher FCHO.

- Lower ICHO

ACUTE PHASE MATURATION PHASE

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Thank you for your attention

FMolist@schothorst.nl

SFR ▪ Nutrition in Transition ▪ Specific aspects of nutrition during weaning ▪ 27 November 2019