New English translation of Book 3 of the Analects of Confucius
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Transcript of New English translation of Book 3 of the Analects of Confucius
The Analects of Confucius
Book 3
論語
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Putting the World to Rites
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Ceremony Spirit
Governance
Culture
lǐ
禮
Supporting Cast
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• Lin Fang/ 林放• Zixia/ 子夏• Zigong/ 子貢
• Wangsun Jia / 王孫賈• Duke Ding / 定公• Duke Ai/ 哀公
• Guan Zhong/ 管仲• Emperor Shun/ 韶• King Wu/ 武
Disciples ContemporaryFigures
HistoricalFigures
Chapter I
When he heard that the head of the Ji Family used eightrows of dancers to perform in the ceremonies at his
ancestral temple, Confucius commented:“If he is capable of that, what isn’t he capable of?”
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孔子謂季氏，「八佾舞於庭，是可忍也，孰不可忍也？」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter II
When the Three Families performed the Yong ode while the vessels were being removed at the end of their ancestral sacrifices,
Confucius said: “‘The lords are in attendance, the Son of Heaven sits solemnly on his throne.’
How can such words be used in the halls of the Three Families?”
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三家者以雍徹。子曰：「『相維辟公，天子穆穆』，奚取於三家之堂？」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter III
Confucius said: “If a man has no goodness, what can he have to do with the rites?
If a man has no goodness,what can he have to do with music?”
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子曰：「人而不仁，如禮何？人而不仁，如樂何？」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter IV
Lin Fang asked: “What is the essence of the rites?”Confucius said: “That is a big question! For festive ceremonies, simplicity
is better than extravagance;for funerals, genuine grief is better than excessive formality.”
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林放問禮之本。子曰：「大哉問！禮，與其奢也，寧儉；
喪，與其易也，寧戚。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter V
Confucius said: “The Yi and Di tribes with chieftains are not equal to the various states in our land that don’t have them.”
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子曰：「夷狄之有君，不如諸夏之亡也。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter VI
The head of the Ji Family was about to set off to carry out a sacrifice on Mount Tai.
Confucius said to Ran Qiu: “Can you not stop this?” Ran Qiu replied: “I cannot.”
Confucius said: “Oh no! Has it ever been said that the spirit of Mount Tai has even less knowledge of the rites than Lin Fang?”
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季氏旅於泰山，子謂冉有曰：「女弗能救與？」對曰：「不能。」
子曰：「嗚呼！曾謂泰山不如林放乎？」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter VII
Confucius said: “A leader avoids competing with others.But if he does have to compete, it should be at archery.As he bows and exchange courtesies before the contest
and enjoy drinks after it, he still remains a leadereven when competing.”
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子曰：「君子無所爭，必也射乎！揖讓而升，下而飲。其爭也君子。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter VIII Part 1
Zixia asked: “What do these verses mean: ‘Ah, the lovely dimples of her artful smile! Ah, the black and white of
her beautiful eyes! It’s on plain white silk that colors sparkle.’”
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子夏問曰：「巧笑倩兮，美目盼兮，素以為絢兮。何謂也？」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter VIII Part 2
Confucius said: “Painting comes after plain white silk.” Zixia said: “Are the rites also something that comes afterwards?”
Confucius said: “You have opened up my eyes to the true meaning of these verses! It is only with a man like you
that I can discuss the Book of Songs!”
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子曰：「繪事後素。」曰：「禮後乎？」子曰：「起予者商也！始可與言詩矣。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter IX
Confucius said: “How can I talk about the rites of the Xia Dynasty? The state of Qi has not preserved sufficient evidence.
How can I talk about the rites of Yin Dynasty? The state of Song has not preserved sufficient evidence. There are not enough written records and learned men;
if there were, I could obtain evidence from them.”
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子曰：「夏禮，吾能言之，杞不足徵也；殷禮，吾能言之，宋不足徵也。
文獻不足故也。足，則吾能徵之矣。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter X
Confucius said: “After the opening libation has been performed at the sacrifice to the great imperial ancestor,
I have no desire to watch the rest of the ceremony.”
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子曰：「禘自既灌而往者，吾不欲觀之矣。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XI
Sacrifice requires presence: you should sacrifice to thespirits as if they are there.
Confucius said: “If I am not fully present at the sacrifice, it’s as if I didn’t attend the sacrifice at all.”
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祭如在，祭神如神在。子曰：「吾不與祭，如不祭。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XII
When someone asked about the meaning of thesacrifice to the great imperial ancestor,
Confucius replied: “I do not know. Anyone who knowsthat would rule the world as easily as I can put this here.”Then he pointed his finger towards the palm of his hand.
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或問禘之說。子曰：「不知也。知其說者之於天下也，其如示諸斯乎！」指其掌。
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XIII
Wangsun Jia asked: “What does this saying mean: ‘Better pray to the kitchen god rather than the house god.’?”
Confucius said: “This is nonsense. If you sin against Heaven, you have no god you can pray to.”
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王孫賈問曰：「與其媚於奧，寧媚於灶，何謂也？」子曰：「不然，獲罪於天，吾所禱
也。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XIV
Confucius said: “The Zhou dynasty modeled itself uponthe two previous dynasties. What a great civilization!
I follow the Zhou.”
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子曰：「周監於二代，郁郁乎文哉！吾從周。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XV
When Confucius visited the Grand Ancestral Temple, he asked about everything that was happening there.
Someone said: “Who said this guy was an expert on the rites? When he visited the Grand Ancestral Temple,
he had to ask about everything that was happening.” Hearing this, Confucius said: “Exactly, this is the rites.”
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子入太廟，每事問。或曰：「孰謂鄹人之子知禮乎？入太廟，每事
問。」子聞之，曰：「是禮也。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XVI
Confucius said: “In archery, it does not matter whether you pierce the target,
because archers may have different levels of strength. This was the way of the ancients.”
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子曰：「射不主皮，為力不同科，古之道也。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XVII
Zigong wished to do away with the sacrifice of a sheep for the ceremony welcoming the new moon.
Confucius said: “You love the sheep; I love the rites.”
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子貢欲去告朔之餼羊。子曰：「賜也！爾愛其羊，我愛其禮。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XVIII
Confucius said: “When someone serves his lord in full accordance with the rites,
people regard him as a sycophant.”
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子曰：「事君盡禮，人以為諂也。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XIX
Duke Ding asked: “How should a lord treat his ministers? How should ministers serve their lord?”
Confucius replied: “A lord should treat his ministers in accordance with the rites;
ministers should serve their lord with loyalty.”
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定公問：「君使臣，臣事君，如之何？」孔子對曰：「君使臣以禮，臣事君以忠。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XX
Confucius said: “The first poem in the Book of Songs is joyful without being wanton and sad without being painful.”
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子曰：「關睢，樂而不淫，哀而不傷。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XXI Part 1
Duke Ai asked which wood should be used for the altar of the spirits of the earth.
Zai Yu replied: “The men of Xia used pine; the men of Yin used cypress; the men of Zhou used chestnut,
for they said the people should fear.”
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哀公問社於宰我。宰我對曰：「夏后氏以松，殷人以柏，周人以栗，曰，使民戰栗。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XXI Part 2
When Confucius heard of this, he said: “You do not explain away what has already been done;
you do not argue about affairs that have already been concluded; you do not condemn what has already happened.”
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子聞之，曰：「成事不說，遂事不諫，既往不咎。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XXII Part 1
Confucius said: “Guan Zhong was a man of truly mediocre capabilities.” Someone objected: “Wasn’t Guan Zhong frugal?”
Confucius replied: “Guan Zhong had three households, each one staffed by a huge retinue.
How could he be called frugal?” “But didn’t he know the rites?”
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子曰：「管仲之器小哉。」或曰：「管仲儉乎？」曰：「管氏有三歸，官事不攝，焉得儉？
然則管仲知禮乎？」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XXII Part 2
“Even though only the ruler of a state can place a screen to mask the view of his gate, he also had one installed.
Even though only the ruler of a state can use a special stand to place his inverted cup on when meeting with another ruler,
Guan Zhong had one too. If you say Guan Zhong knew the rites, then who doesn’t know them?”
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曰：「邦君樹塞門，管氏亦樹塞門。邦君為兩君之好，有反坫，管氏亦有反坫。
管氏而知禮，孰不知禮？」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XXIII
Confucius was talking about music with the music master of Lu. He said: “We can know this much about music:
it begins with playing in unison; from there it flows harmoniously, clearly,
and continuously until it reaches the end.”
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子語魯大師樂，曰：「樂其可知也：始作，翕如也；從之，純如也，皦如也，
繹如也，以成。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XXIV Part 1
A border official at the town of Yi requested a meeting with Confucius.
He said: “Whenever a leader has come to these parts, I have never failed to meet him.”
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儀封人請見，曰：「君子之至於斯也，吾未嘗不得見也。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XXIV Part 2
The disciples arranged the meeting, and coming out of it the official said: “Sirs, why worry about his dismissal? The world has been without the Way for a long while.
Heaven is going to use your master like the wooden clapper of a bell.”
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從者見之。出曰：「二三子何患於喪乎？天下之無道也久矣，天將以夫子為木鐸。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XXV
Confucius described the music of the Emperor Shun as being perfectly beautiful and perfectly good and the
music of King Wu as being perfectly beautiful but not perfectly good.
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子謂韶，「盡美矣，又盡善也。」謂武，「盡美矣，未盡善也。」
Book 3, The Analects
Chapter XXVI
Confucius said: “How can I bear to even contemplate a person who lacks tolerance when in high office,
reverence when performing the rites, and grief when in mourning?”
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子曰：「居上不寬，為禮不敬，臨喪不哀，吾何以觀之哉？」
Book 3, The Analects
Appendix
Book 3
論語
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Appearance Analysis
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Confucius (子 )
Lin Fang (林放 )
Ran Qiu (冉求 )
Zixia (子夏 )
Zigong (子貢 )
Zai Yu (宰予 )
Chapter I Y Chapter II Y Chapter III Y Chapter IV Y Y Chapter V Y Chapter VI Y Y Y Chapter VII Y Chapter VIII Y Y Chapter IX Y Chapter X Y Chapter XI Y Chapter XII Y Chapter XIII Y Chapter XIV Y Chapter XV Y Chapter XVI Y Chapter XVII Y Y Chapter XVIII Y Chapter XIX Y Chapter XX Y Chapter XXI Y YChapter XXII Y Chapter XXIII Y Chapter XXIV Y Chapter XXV Y Chapter XXVI Y Appearances (number) 26 2 1 1 1 1Appearances (percentage) 100.00% 7.69% 3.85% 3.85% 3.85% 3.85%
Themes Analysis
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Leader (君子 )
Learning (學 )
Governance (政 )
Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII Y Chapter VIII Chapter IX Chapter X Chapter XI Chapter XII Chapter XIII Chapter XIV Chapter XV Chapter XVI Chapter XVII Chapter XVIII Chapter XIX Chapter XX Chapter XXI Chapter XXII Chapter XXIII Chapter XXIV Y Chapter XXV Chapter XXVI Appearances (no) 2 0 0Appearances (%) 7.69% 0.00% 0.00%
Primary Values Analysis
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Goodness (仁 )
Virtue (德 )
Rites (禮 )
Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Y YChapter IV YChapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter VIII YChapter IX YChapter X Chapter XI Chapter XII Chapter XIII Chapter XIV Chapter XV YChapter XVI Chapter XVII YChapter XVIII YChapter XIX YChapter XX Chapter XXI Chapter XXII YChapter XXIII Chapter XXIV Chapter XXV Chapter XXVI YAppearances (no) 1 0 10Appearances (%) 3.85% 0.00% 38.46%
Secondary Values Analysis
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Filial Piety (孝 )
Loyalty (忠 )
Trustworthiness (信 )
Rightness (義 )
Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter VIII Chapter IX Chapter X Chapter XI Chapter XII Chapter XIII Chapter XIV Chapter XV Chapter XVI Chapter XVII Chapter XVIII Chapter XIX Y Chapter XX Chapter XXI Chapter XXII Chapter XXIII Chapter XXIV Chapter XXV Chapter XXVI Appearances (number) 0 1 0 0Appearances (percentage) 0.00% 3.85% 0.00% 0.00%
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