New data on African Cheloninae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) show ... - Sharkey lab… etal... · 2017....

Accepted by J.T. Jennings: 22 May 2012; published: 11 Jul. 2012

ZOOTAXAISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press

Zootaxa 3385: 1–32 (2012) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article

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New data on African Cheloninae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) show a strong biogeographic signal for taxa with spined propodea

YVES BRAET1,4, PASCAL ROUSSE2 & MICHAEL SHARKEY3

1 Unité d'Entomologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, B-1030 Gembloux, Belgique.; Dépar-tement d’entomologie, IRSNB, Rue Vautier 29, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgique. E-mail: [email protected] UMR 53 PCBMT "Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical", Cirad Réunion, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l'IRAT, 97410 St Pierre, France. E-mail: [email protected] Michael Sharkey, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40546-0091, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Corresponding author

Abstract

Eight species of Cheloninae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) are newly described: Ascogaster kibalensis Braet sp. nov., Chelonus(Chelonus) mayi Braet & Rousse sp. nov., Chelonus (Microchelonus) madagasakarensis Braet & Rousse sp. nov., Chelonus(Microchelonus) matilei Braet & Rousse sp. nov. Chelonus (Microchelonus) merdicus Rousse & Braet sp. nov., Odontospha-eropyx gracilis Braet sp. nov., O. leucocoxus Braet sp. nov., and Phanerotomella erena Braet sp. nov. They are all from theMalagasy subregion and several of them share the presence of spine-like apophyses on the propodeum. This character is cate-gorized for future phylogenetic use. The genus Pachychelonus Brues, 1924 is recognized as junior synonym of the genus Odon-tosphaeropyx Cameron, 1910. Three new combinations are proposed Odontosphaeropyx maximus (Zettel, 2002) comb. nov., O.fulviventris (Brues, 1924) comb. nov. and O. flavifasciatus (Zettel, 1990a) comb. nov. for Pachychelonus maximus Zettel, 2002,P. fulviventris Brues, 1924 and P. flavifasciatus Zettel, 1990a, respectively. Updated keys of species Phanerotomella and Odon-tosphaeropyx are provided. New distribution data about Cheloninae from Africa are also given.

Key words: Description; new combinations; keys; spine-like; apophysis; Madagascar; Indian Ocean.

Résumé

Huit nouvelles espèces de Cheloninae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) sont ici décrites: Ascogaster kibalensis Braet sp. nov., Che-lonus (Chelonus) mayi Braet & Rousse sp. nov., Chelonus (Microchelonus) madagasakarensis Braet & Rousse sp. nov., Chelo-nus (Microchelonus) matilei Braet & Rousse sp. nov., Chelonus (Microchelonus) merdicus Rousse & Braet sp. nov.,Odontosphaeropyx gracilis Braet sp. nov., O. leucocoxus Braet sp. nov., et Phanerotomella erena Braet sp. nov. Elles sont toutesprésentes dans la sous-région malgache et plusieurs d’entre-elles partagent la présence de longues apophyses ressemblants à desépines sur le propodeum. Ce caractère est défini ici pour un futur usage en analyses cladistiques. Le genre Pachychelonus Brues,1924 est reconu comme synonyme junior du genre Odontosphaeropyx Cameron, 1910. Trois nouvelles combinaisons sont pro-posées: Odontosphaeropyx maximus (Zettel, 2002) comb. nov., O. fulviventris (Brues, 1924) comb. nov. et O. flavifasciatus(Zettel, 1990a) comb. nov. pour, respectivement, Pachychelonus maximus Zettel, 2002, P. fulviventris Brues, 1924 et P. flavi-fasciatus Zettel, 1990a. Des clés d’identification des espèces de Phanerotomella et de Odontosphaeropyx sont fournies et misesà jour. De nouvelles données de répartition sur les Cheloninae africains sont également apportées.

Introduction

The cosmopolitan subfamily Cheloninae Förster 1862 sensu stricto contains more than 1500 valid taxa (Yu et al.2005). However, this number is constantly increasing. Cheloninae are characterized by the presence of a completepostpectal carina in front of the mid coxae, combined with the fusion of the three first metasomal tergites into a car-apace, more or less covering the following tergites (van Achterberg 1993). The fore wing has three submarginalcells, though the first cell is sometimes fused with the first discal cell (Walker & Huddleston 1987).

BRAET ET AL.2 · Zootaxa 3385 © 2012 Magnolia Press

The taxonomy of Cheloninae has been extensively reviewed by Zettel (1990a) who recognized four tribes and14 genera. No major changes have occurred since, except for the description of a new genus, i.e., Siniphaneroto-mella He, Chen et van Achterberg, 1994 and four new subgenera, i.e., Chelonus (Areselonus) Braet, 1999; C. (Bac-ulonus) Braet et van Achterberg, 2001; C. (Carinichelonus) Tobias, 2000 and C. (Scabrichelonus) He, Chen et vanAchterberg, 1997. Recent phylogenetic analyses show that the subfamily is part of the microgastroid lineage(Achterberg, 1984; Quicke & van Achterberg, 1990; Shi et al. 2005; Murphy et al. 2008). Some genera (e.g. Che-lonus Panzer, 1806 and Ascogaster Wesmael, 1835) are widespread and diverse in temperate and tropical areas.Conversely, others are known from only few specimens, and/or are confined to limited areas, e.g., FischeriellaZettel, 1990a; Pachychelonus Brues, 1924 and Pseudophanerotoma Zettel, 1990a. All chelonine wasps are solitaryegg-larval koinobiont endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera that are concealed in their larval stage. Their hosts belong tovarious families such as Noctuidae, Geometridae, Tortricidae, Pyralidae, and Gelechiidae (van Achterberg 1990,Shaw & Huddleston 1991).

The present study covers several genera from Africa, including Madagascar. Presently, three tribes, six generaand one subgenus are reported in this region with 120 known species (Yu et al. 2005). The discriminating charac-ters between the two main tribes are listed in Table 1. The Chelonini Förster, 1862 parasitize more than 40 familiesof Lepidoptera. The genera Ascogaster Wesmael, 1835 and Chelonus Panzer, 1806 occur in Madagascar and main-land Africa. Members of Phanerotomini Baker, 1926 are mostly parasitoids of Pyralidae. Host specialization onPyralidae, as noted by van Achterberg (1990), may be an apomorphic character of this tribe because parasitizationof Pyralidae occurs only exceptionally amongst species of Chelonus (Jones 1985). Two genera are widespread inAfrica, i.e., Phanerotoma Wesmael, 1838 and Phanerotomella Szépligeti, 1900. The tribe OdontosphaeropyginiZettel, 1990a was erected for two Ethiopian genera (Odontosphaeropyx Cameron, 1909 and Pachychelonus Brues,1924). This small tribe is poorly known because no biological data have been recorded and very few specimens arehoused in museum collections. It is easily recognized by the presence of a large medio-apical tooth on the clypeus,two transverse sutures on the metasoma (sometimes weakly impressed) and vein 1-R1 of the fore wing short (Zettel1990a). The two genera were separated by the presence of pectinate tarsal claws and complete occipital carina inPachychelonus in comparison with claws basally smooth and occipital carina missing dorsally in Odontospaheropyx.

TABLE 1. Diagnostic characters for the two main tribes of African Cheloninae (after van Achterberg 1990, Zettel 1990a, Yu etal. 2005)

Though the taxonomy of Ethiopian Cheloninae has been partially treated by several authors (e.g. de Saeger1942, 1948; Granger 1949; Sigwalt 1977, 1978; Zettel 1989, 1990a, 1990b), the genera Chelonus, Ascogaster andPhanerotomella are in need of a comprehensive revision and further phylogenetic analyses, including all regionalfauna, to clarify some important taxonomic points as stated by Sigwalt (1978) and Zettel (1991, 1992a, 1992b). Forexample, the genus Microchelonus Szépligeti, 1908 was separated from the genus Chelonus several times (Zettel1990a, Papp 1995) or include inside as subgenus (van Achterberg & Polaszek 1996). The argument for this separa-tion is based on the presence of an apical aperture on the metasoma in males and the number of flagellomeres fixedat 16 in females. However the two characters are not completely correlated, therefore we follow van Achterberg andPolaszek (1996), and Microchelonus is thus considered as a subgenus to avoid potential paraphyly of Chelonus.

Characters Chelonini Phanerotomini

Occipital carina Separated from hypostomal carina. Joining hypostomal carina.

Eye Setose Glabrous

Lateral carina of mesoscutum Lamelliform, protruding next axillae Weak, not lamelliform nor protruding

Epicnemial carina Not reaching beyond ventral 1/3 of pronotal sides

Reaching half height of pronotal sides, excep-tionally reduced

Transverse sutures of meta-soma

Usually absent Nearly always two sutures present

Color of metasoma Usually black Usually mostly yellowish though entirely black in numerous Phanerotomella spp.

Host families 40 lepidopteran families, mainly Coleophori-dae, Gelechidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, Tor-tricidae and Yponomeutidae.

Mainly Pyralidae, also Olethreutidae, Carposini-dae, Gelechiidae, Oecophoridae, and Coleo-phoridae.

Zootaxa 3385 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 3CHELONINAE WITH SPINED PROPODEA

One of the major impediments for a comprehensive systematic study is the lack of diversified characters, espe-cially for Chelonus. An obvious, but unexploited character, is the presence of two to four apophyses on the trans-verse propodeal carina. The shape of these apophyses ranges from simple blunt angles to long and fine spines. Wedescribe here several species of Cheloninae exhibiting spined propodea. These species cover the full range of vari-ation for this character and may therefore serve as examples for future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.Updated keys are provided together with new distributional data for African Cheloninae.

Material and methods

The following abbreviations are used:

CAS: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA (Robert Zuparko).CIRAD-CBGP: Cirad, UMR CBGP, Montpellier, France (Gérard Delvare).CIRAD-PVBMT: Cirad, UMR PVBMT, Saint Pierre, Réunion, France (Jean-Philippe Deguine).IDR: Insectarium de La Réunion, Le Port, Réunion, France (Jacques Rochat).IFENM: Internationales Forschungsinstitut für Entomologie, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria (MichaelMadl).MNHN: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (Claire Villemant).MNHU : Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Frank Koch).MRAC: Musée Royal d’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium (Eliane De Conninck).PR: Personal collection (Pascal Rousse).YB: Personal collection (Yves Braet).

The material examined comes from the authors’ personal collections, recent collections in Madagascar (CAS),Reunion island (IDR, Cirad-CBGP and Cirad-PVBMT), and from the collections of MRAC, MNHN, MNHU, PR,YB and IFENM.

The terminology used in this paper follows van Achterberg (1993).

Results

Despite the bad state of the holotype, close examination of Odontosphaeropyx ruficeps Cameron, 1910, show usthe presence of at least two basal teeth on the tarsal claws (Fig. 76) of the remaining mid leg. Unfortunately, as thehead is missing in the holotype we cannot draw any conclusions about the state of occipital carina (complete ornot). Its head was probably present when the type was examined by Zettel (1990a) due to the total length measured.In some specimens of Pachychelonus, when observed dorsally, the occipital carina appears to be missing becausethe position of the head close to the mesosoma, but this is only an artifact of observation. The shape of metasomaand sculpture is very similar to those observed on some Pachychelonus specimens.

These lead us to conclude that Pachychelonus Brues, 1924 is a junior synonym of Odontosphaeropyx Cam-eron, 1909.

We describe here eight new species of Ascogaster, Chelonus (Chelonus), Chelonus (Microchelonus), Odon-tosphaeropyx, and Phanerotomella. Updated identification keys to Odontosphaeropyx and Phanerotomella speciesare provided, including two putative new species of Phanerotomella. These latter two species are not formallydescribed here, awaiting the collection of more specimens. Additionally, we report several new localities for 11chelonine species.


Descriptions

Ascogaster kibalensis Braet, sp. nov. (Figs 1–8)

FEMALE (Holotype). Body length 4.8 mm, fore wing length 4 mm.Head (Figs 6, 8). Head 0.75x as length as height (in lateral view). Antennal socket inserted close to top of eye.

Antenna with 42 flagellomeres. Scapus 4x as long as wide, longer than first flagellomere, without apical lobe. Firstflagellomere 5x as long as wide, longer than second flagellomere. Penultimate flagellomere as long as wide, 0.04x aslong as first segment, 0.60x as long as apical segment. Flagellomeres 1–8 with placodes on all sides, following flagellom-eres without placodes on half of their dorsal surface; surface without placodes smooth. Eye length 2.50x length of temple(in dorsal view), 1.50x as high as broad, glabrous. Maxillary palpus of normal length (ending between fore and middlecoxae). Clypeus flattened in lateral view, with slightly convex lower margin, without apical teeth (apically blunt andsmooth medially), weakly punctate. Malar suture absent. Malar space 1x basal width of mandible, 0.30 x eye height.Face flat in lateral view, densely punctate, with short, sparse setae. Temple not swollen in dorsal view, coarsely punctate,with short, sparse setae. Frons transversely costate/striate, concave (sometimes only weakly), with carina between anten-nal socket and without lateral carina. POL 2.50x ocellar diameter, 2x OOL. Vertex striate, with strong transverse striate-rugulose sculpture, with short, sparse setae. Occipital carina complete, joining hypostomal carina at mandible.

Mesosoma (Figs 4–6). Pronotum mostly punctate but longitudinally striate ventro-laterally, dorsally withoutmodifications. Pronotal furrow absent. Mesosoma 1.43x as long as wide (in lateral view), 1.43x as long as wide (indorsal view). Mesoscutum sharply raised anteriorly, at right angle to pronotum, medio-anteriorly punctate-areolate,median lobe anteriorly without median groove. Mesoscutum with sparse, short setae. Surface of mesoscutum medi-ally, near scutellar sulcus, entirely punctate to areolate. Notaulus absent. Scutellar sulcus 7.50x as wide as long,1.40x as long as scutellum, smooth. Scutellar sulcus with 6 complete carina. Scutellum rounded laterally, flattenedin lateral view, rugose and punctate. Subalar groove areolate-punctate. Mesopleuron areolate, mostly with short,dense setae but with a median glabrous area anterad mid coxa. Precoxal sulcus absent. Surface of mesosternumweakly punctate. Propodeum 0.46x as long as mesosoma (in dorsal view), rugulose-areolate, carinate areas com-pletely absent. Propodeum vertical posteriorly, with short, sparse setae. Propodeal transverse carina higher thansculpture, with four pointed rounded angles/tubercles (laterally more developed than medially). Median anglespresent and short (as high as large) equally spaced with lateral ones. Lateral tubercles 0.80x their transverse width,straight with rounded apex. Surface of metapleuron punctate, with short, sparse setae. Metapleural flange absent.Wings: Pterostigma 4x as long as wide. Marginal cell of fore wing closed distally. Vein r 0.83x as long as vein 3-SR, 0.20x as long as vein SR1, 0.45x as long as vein 2-SR. Vein 2-SR of fore wing present. Vein 1-SR+M straight.First discal cell of fore wing 2.18x as long as wide (measured perpendicular to vein 1-CU1+2-CU1). Vein r-m offore wing with wide bulla. Vein m-cu postfurcal. Vein cu-a of fore wing postfurcal. Vein CU1a (relative to cubitalvein (2-CU1) of fore wing) not interstitial, arising behind middle of distal vein of subdiscal cell. Vein CU1b post-furcal with m-cu. First subdiscal cell of fore wing closed distally (vein 2cu-a present). Vein 2–1A long. Hind wingvein 1-SC+R present. Subbasal cell of hind wing medium sized. Hind wing vein M+CU as long as vein 1-M. Hindwing vein r absent, m-cu absent. Basal cell of hind wing closed. Hind wing vein cu-a present. Legs: Femora notswollen. Hind coxa large, dorsally striate/rugose, ventrally smooth. Hind femur 3.75x as long as wide. Hind femurwith sparse setae, dorsally and ventrally punctate. Hind tibia 4.50x as long as wide, 2.52x as long as hind basitar-sus, with dense stout and rather short setae, apically without specialized patch of setae on its inner side. Hind basi-tarsus 4.17x as long as wide. Length of hind basitarsomere equal to length of remaining tarsomeres.

Metasoma (Figs 2–3, 7). Carapace anteriorly areolate, posteriorly rugulose. Ventral opening of carapace 0.60xas long as its full length. Ovipositor sheath 0.05x as long as metasoma. Ovipositor sheath apically straight, apicallywith short, thin setae.

Color. Scapus, pedicel and first flagellomere yellowish. Head blackish, mandible medially yellowish, maxil-lary and labial palpus light yellowish. Mesosoma entirely blackish. Fore wing lightly infuscate, veins brownish,full wing weakly infuscate. Leg entirely yellowish. Carapace yellowish but darkened/infuscated on its basal 0.10and apical 0.20 parts. Ovipositor brownish.

Hosts records. None.Morphological variation. Length of fore wing 4.1 mm. Antenna with 40-43 flagellomeres. Flagellomeres 1–10

with placodes on all sides, following flagellomeres without placodes on dorsal side and smooth; scape, pedicel andfirst flagellomere yellowish.


FIGURES 1–8. Ascogaster kibalensis Braet sp. nov., Holotype female. 1. full imago; 2. metasoma, dorsal; 3. metasoma,lateral ; 4. medio transversal carina of propodeum ; 5. anterior part of mesosoma, dorsal; 6. head and mesosoma lateral; 7. apexof metasoma; 8. head, face.


FIGURES 9–14. Chelonus (Chelonus) mayi Braet & Rousse sp. nov., Holotype female. 9. full imago ; 10. apex of metasoma ;11. anterior part of mesosoma, dorsal ; 12. head and mesosoma lateral; 13. metasoma, lateral ; 14. metasoma, dorsal

Comments. Ascogaster kibalensis sp. nov. does not have spine-like apophyses on the propodeum but wedescribe it here because its overall similarity with Chelonus (C.) mayi sp. nov. Ascogaster kibalensis sp. nov. isclosely related to A. mayamotensis De Saeger, 1948 as indicated by the presence of an obvious transverse ridge onpropodeum with four strong and rounded angles. But it differs clearly by the color of the carapace (yellowish ratherthan blackish). The yellow color also occurs in C. (C.) mayi sp. nov., but the species can be distinguished by thepresence of fore wing vein 1-SR+M and the fewer number of flagellomeres in C. (C.) mayi sp. nov. (all charactersseparating Ascogaster from the Chelonus).

Etymology. From the name of the locality.Distribution record. Ethiopian (Uganda).Type material. Holotype: & (MRAC), "Uganda, Kibale, Kanyawara Biol Stat, alt 1509m, leg. S. Katusale &

Co, Malaise 3, 00°33'54.4''N 30°21'29.8''E, 3–7.III.2010". Paratypes: & (Coll. YB), "Uganda, Kibale, KanyawaraBiol Stat, alt 1509m, leg. S. Katusale & Co, Malaise 3, 00°33'54.4''N 30°21'29.8''E, 3–7.III.2010"; & (Coll. YB),"Uganda, Kibale, Kanyawara Biol Stat, alt 1509m, leg. S. Katusale & Co, Malaise 3, 00°33'54.4''N 30°21'29.8''E,16–23.V.2010"; & (MNHN), "Uganda, Kibale, Kanyawara Biol Stat, alt 1509m, leg. S. Katusale & Co, Malaise 3,


00°33'54.4''N 30°21'29.8''E, 21–28.III.2010"; % (MNHN), "Uganda, Kibale, Kanyawara Biol Stat, alt 1509m, leg.S. Katusale & Co, Malaise 3, 00°33'54.4''N 30°21'29.8''E, 18–25.IV.2010".

Chelonus (Microchelonus) madagasakarensis Braet et Rousse, sp. nov. (Figs 15–21)

MALE (Holotype). Body length 4.5 mm, fore wing length 3.2 mm.Head (Figs 18–19). Head 0.71x as length as height (in lateral view). Antennal socket inserted close top of eye.

Antenna with 24 flagellomeres (left antenna missing apical segment). Scapus 2.43 as long as wide, longer than firstflagellomere, without apical lobe. First flagellomere 5x as long as wide, shorter than second. Penultimateflagellomere 1.50x as long as wide, 0.18x as long as first flagellomere, shorter than apical flagellomere. Apicalflagellomere acute. Eye length 1.9x length of temple (in dorsal view), 1.7x as high as broad, setose (white setae).Maxillary palpus of normal length (ending between fore and middle coxa). Clypeus flat in lateral view, with hori-zontal lower margin, without apical teeth, weakly punctate. Malar suture absent. Malar space equal to basal widthof mandible, 0.22x eye height. Face straight in lateral view (with small median bump between toruli), finelyrugose, with short, sparse setae. Temple not swollen in dorsal view, striate/rugose, with short, sparse setae. Fronscostate/striate, weakly concave, without carina between toruli, without lateral carina. POL 1.75x ocellar diameter,2.5x OOL. Vertex striate, with strong transverse sculpture, with short, sparse setae. Occipital carina complete, join-ing hypostomal carina at mandible.

Mesosoma (Figs 19–20). Pronotum areolate and punctate, dorsally without modifications. Pronotal furrowabsent. Mesosoma 1.34x as long as wide in lateral view, 1.17x as long as wide in dorsal view. Mesoscutum sharplyraised anteriorly, at right angle with pronotum, medio-anteriorly coriaceous/acinose (with some weak transverserugae posteriorly on median lobe), median lobe anteriorly without median groove. Mesoscutum with dense, shortsetae. Mesoscutum medially, near scutellar sulcus, mostly with large punctures or areola, somewhat longitudinallyreticulate. Notaulus present anteriorly, not impressed posteriorly, anteriorly areolate, shortened, ending at middle ofmesoscutum; notauli not meeting each other, ending their course in large longitudinally rugulose-reticulate area onmedio-posterior part of mesoscutum. Scutellar sulcus transversely long and narrow, 10x as wide as long, 1.67x aslong as scutellum, smooth, with 8 complete carina. Scutellum with lateral carinae, weakly raised in lateral view(convex), smooth and punctate. Subalar groove areolate. Mesopleuron areolate above sternaulus, areolate to punc-tate below sternaulus, with short, sparse setae. Precoxal sulcus absent but surface of mesopleuron at this levelslightly depressed and with several large, transverse areola looking (this area could be viewed as a faint and largeprecoxal sulcus transversely rugose/scrobiculate, at least partly) Surface of mesosternum weakly punctate. Propo-deum 0.2x as long as mesosoma (in dorsal view), completely or partly sculptured, rugose/areolate, carinated areascompletely absent. Propodeum vertical posteriorly, with short, sparse setae. Propodeal transverse carina short,without acute angles or apophysis. Surface of metapleuron rugulose, with short, sparse setae. Metapleural flangeabsent. Wings: Pterostigma 2.3x as long as wide. Marginal cell of fore wing closed distally. Vein r 1.25x as long asvein 3-SR, 0.25x as long as vein SR1, 0.5x as long as vein 2-SR. Vein 2-SR of fore wing present. Vein 1-SR+Mabsent. Vein r-m of fore wing with wide bulla. Vein m-cu interstitial. Vein cu-a of fore wing postfurcal. Vein CU1a(relative to cubital vein (2-CU1) of fore wing) not interstitial, arising beyond middle of distal vein of subdiscal cell.Vein CU1b postfurcal with m-cu. First subdiscal cell of fore wing closed distally (vein 2cu-a present). Vein 2–1Along. Hind wing vein 1-SC+R present. Subbasal cell of hind wing of medium size. Hind wing vein M+CU 1.67x aslong as vein 1-M. Hind wing vein r absent, m-cu absent. Basal cell of hind wing closed. Hind wing vein cu-a pres-ent, subbasal cell entirely glabrous. Legs: Fore femur and mid femur not swollen. Hind coxa shortened (less thanone third length of metasoma), dorsally and ventrally punctate. Hind femur not swollen, 2.92x longer than wide.Hind femur with sparse setae, dorsally and ventrally punctate. Hind tibia 5x as long as wide, 2.35x longer than hindbasitarsus, with dense, stout and rather short setae, apically without specialized patch of setae on its inner side.Hind basitarsus 5.33x as long as wide, 0.80 as long as tarsomeres 2–5. Tarsal claws with basal lobes.

Metasoma (Figs 16–17, 21). Metasoma without sutures on carapace, shape of carapace in dorsal view rectangu-lar, 2.33x as long as large. Carapace anteriorly longitudinally rugose-areolate, posteriorly with small areolate rugae.Carapace with large, oval apical opening, length of apical opening 1.44x as long as wide. Carapace ventral opening0.64x as long as total length of carapace, presence of ventral border. Apical opening mostly visible in lateral view.


FIGURES 15–21. Chelonus (Microchelonus) madagasakarensis Braet & Rousse sp. nov., Holotype male. 15. full imago, lat-erally; 16. metasoma, lateral ; 17. metasoma, dorsal; 18. head, face; 19. head and mesosoma lateral; 20. anterior part of meso-soma, dorsal; 21. apex of metasoma.


Color. Head entirely orange-yellowish, palpi yellow, mandible light brownish-yellow but brownish apically.Mesosoma yellowish orange, metanotum yellowish, propodeum mostly dark-reddish. Scapus, pedicellus yellow-ish; flagellomeres light brown. Fore wing lightly infuscate, veins at base of fore wing whitish, veins andpterostigma brownish, parastigma yellowish. Membrane of fore wing weakly infuscate in apical half, more infus-cate below stigma, presence of large patch without dark setae (and then the membrane looking lighter) belowparastigma until vein CU1. Hind wing veins yellowish, membrane hyaline. Fore tarsus, mid coxa, mid and hindtrochanters, and mid tibia all yellowish; mid femur mostly, mid tarsus light brown except tarsus 5 darker; hindcoxa, hind femur, apical third of hind tibia dark-brownish; hind tarsus strongly infuscate; hind tibia on its basal 2/3,hind tibial spurs whitish. Basal 0.1 part of carapace with semicircular black patch and apical 0.58 blackish.

Morphological variations. The paratype is entirely similar to holotype.Hosts records. None.Comments. This species may be distinguished from all Cheloninae from Madagascar and mainland Africa by

the rectangular shape of metasoma and the body color. The apical opening of the metasoma suggests it to be amember of the subgenus Microchelonus. But it differs from all other Microchelonus by the number of flagellom-eres.

Etymology. From the name of the country in local language.Distribution records. Ethiopian (Madagascar).Material examined. HOLOTYPE % (IFENM), Verbatim label data: "Madagascar: Prov. Mahajanga, Umgeb.

Katsepy, 17–28.XII.1993, Madl". PARATYPES: % (IFENM), same label as the Holotype. Both specimens are ingood condition.

Chelonus (Chelonus) mayi Braet et Rousse, sp. nov. (Figs 9–14)

FEMALE (Holotype). Body length 3.25 mm, fore wing length 2.8 mm.Head (Fig. 12). Head 0.77x as length as height (in lateral view). Antennal socket inserted near middle level of

eye. Antenna with 14 flagellomeres. Scapus 2.10x as long as wide, apically narrower than its width at mid-length,longer than first flagellomere, without apical lobe. First flagellomere 4x as long as wide, longer than secondflagellomere. Penultimate flagellomere twice as long as wide, 0.33x as long as first segment, shorter than apicalsegment, apical segment rather robust and weakly acute apically. Nine last flagellomeres with placodes on half sideonly, surface lacking placodes smooth. Eye length 2.50x length of temple (in dorsal view), eye 1.47x as high asbroad, setose with dense, long erect setae. Maxillary palpus of normal length, ending between fore and middlecoxa. Clypeus flattened in lateral view, with horizontal lower margin without apical teeth, shining with fine punc-tures. Malar suture absent but malar space with several rugae between eyes and mandible. Malar space 1.33x basalwidth of mandible, 0.36x eye height. Face straight in lateral view, smooth, shining, finely punctate, with short,sparse setae. Temple not swollen in dorsal view, smooth, shining and very finely sparsely punctate, with short,sparse setae. Frons smooth medially with short transverse striae between antenna and anterior ocellus. Frons flat,without carina between antennal socket or lateral carina. POL 2x ocellar diameter, 4x OOL. Vertex smooth (weaklyand sparsely punctate), with faint and poorly defined transverse striate sculpture (transversely close to posteriorocelli), with short, sparse setae. Occipital carina complete, joining hypostomal carina at mandible.

Mesosoma (Figs 11–12). Pronotum smooth (latero-ventrally), medio-laterally sparsely striate/costate and dor-sally punctate (all shining). Pronotal furrow small. Mesosoma 1.30x as long as wide in lateral view, 1.53x as longas wide in dorsal view. Mesoscutum sharply raised anteriorly, at right angle with pronotum (median lobe weaklyprotruding anteriorly, in lateral view), medio-anteriorly with large punctures, median lobe without median grooveanteriorly. Mesoscutum with short, sparse setae. Surface of mesoscutum areolate medially, near scutellar sulcus.Notaulus entirely absent. Scutellar sulcus 8x as wide as long, 1.70x as long as scutellum, smooth. Scutellar sulcuswith six complete carina. Scutellum rounded laterally, flattened in lateral view, shining and very finely and sparselypunctate. Subalar groove areolate. Mesopleuron areolate but rather smooth and punctate ventrally, with short,sparse setae. Precoxal sulcus absent. Surface of mesosternum weakly punctate. Propodeum 0.22x as long as meso-soma (in dorsal view), rugose-areolate, carinated areas absent. No visible transverse carina dividing propodeum.

Propodeum vertical posteriorly, with short, sparse setae. Propodeum laterally with two long spines and medi-ally two (rather acute) apophyses. Median tubercle present and short (as long as wide). Distance between median


FIGURES 22–29. Odontosphaeropyx leucocoxus Braet sp. nov., Holotype male. 22. full imago, laterally ; 23. fore wing ; 24.metasoma, laterally ; 25. metasoma, dorsal ; 26. head, face ; 27. mesosoma, lateral ; 28. head and anterior part of mesosoma,dorsal ; 29. head, lateral.


tubercles shorter than distance between median and lateral tubercles. Propodeal lateral tubercle twice as long as itstransverse width, straight, with rounded apex. Surface of metapleuron areolate, with short, sparse setae. Metapleu-ral flange absent. Wings: Pterostigma 2.7x as long as wide. Marginal cell of fore wing closed distally. Vein r as longas vein 3-SR, 0.15x as long as vein SR1, 0.36x as long as vein 2-SR. Vein 2-SR of fore wing present. Vein 1-SR+Mabsent. Vein r-m of fore wing, with wide bulla. Vein m-cu antefurcal or interstitial. Vein cu-a of fore wing, postfur-cal. Vein CU1a (relative to cubital vein (2-CU1) of fore wing) not interstitial, arising behind middle of distal veinof subdiscal cell. Vein CU1b interstitial or postfurcal with m-cu. First subdiscal cell of fore wing closed distally(vein 2cu-a present). Vein 2–1A long. Hind wing vein 1-SC+R present. Subbasal cell of hind wing distinctlyenlarged. Hind wing vein M+CU 1.47x as long as vein 1-M. Hind wing vein r absent, m-cu absent. Basal cell ofhind wing closed. Hind wing vein cu-a present. Legs: Femora not swollen. Hind coxa shortened, shining, dorsallyand ventrally smooth. Hind femur 3.70x as long as wide. Hind femur with sparse setae, smooth and sparsely punc-tate. Hind tibia 4.70x as long as wide, 2.30x as long as hind basitarsus, with dense, stout and rather short setae, api-cally without specialized patch of setae on its inner side. Hind basitarsus 6x as long as wide, 0.75x as long astarsomeres 2–5.

Metasoma (Figs 10, 13–14). Metasoma without visible sutures on carapace. Carapace areolate anteriorly (withtwo short median carina), smooth posteriorly (shining). Carapace without apical opening. Carapace ventral openingas long as metasoma, presence of ventral border, carapace weakly emarginate ventro-apically. Hypopigium largeand exerted. Genitalia and ovipositor: Ovipositor sheath 0.43x as long as metasoma. Ovipositor sheath apicallyweakly spatulated and with small setae, straight, with unmodified, short and thin setae.

Color. Scapus mainly yellowish; apex of scapus, pedicellus brownish, flagellum dark brownish. Head black-ish, mandible yellowish (margins only weakly brownish), palpi whitish. Mesosoma entirely blackish. Fore winghyaline, veins of fore wing brownish, parastigma of fore wing and veins of hind wing yellowish. Legs yellowish;fore tarsus, outer side of mid tibia, mid tarsus, rather infuscate to brownish; hind femur apically testaceous; hindfemur mostly whitish on inner side, infuscate elsewhere; hind tarsus entirely infuscate; hind tibial spurs whitish.Carapace entirely yellowish but brownish on its shining apex. Ovipositor entirely yellowish-brown but apicallybrownish.

Hosts records. None.Morphological variation. The paratype has the scapus rather orange and the flagellum rather dark yellowish

(especially distal segments).Comments. This species is also very distinctive among all species of African Chelonus. It is the only species

which has a yellowish metasoma (except apically) (vs. usually entirely blackish or sometimes with one or twowhite patch(es) basally) , shining apex of metasoma (usually it is rugose or finely areolate). Other species of Chelo-nus with entirely yellowish carapaces can be found in Europe (e.g., Chelonus erythrogaster Lucas, 1849), Africa(e.g., Chelonus mediterraneus Schmiedeknecht et Fahringer, 1934, C. (M.) ensifer Granger, 1949), Oriental region(van Achterberg, personal communication) and at least one undescribed neotropical species. But none of them havea dark patch apically on carapace.

Distribution record. Ethiopian (La Réunion).Etymology. A random combination of letters.Type material. Holotype: & (MNHN): "La Réunion, K, Sainte-Suzanne, forêt Dugain, 780m""Piège Malaise

au sol, taillis de Psidium cattleianum"02–08.XII.2001, Attié Marc leg.""Chelonus sp3 &, G. Delvare det.". Paraty-pes: & (MNHN), "St Denis / Le Brulé, sur fougère, alt. 1150m, VIII.2003, coll. IDR".

Chelonus (Microchelonus) matilei Braet et Rousse, sp. nov. (Figs 30–36)

FEMALE (Holotype). Body length 2.6 mm, forewing length 2.5 mm.Head (Figs 31, 36). Head 0.76x as length as height (in lateral view). Antennal socket inserted near middle level of

eye, not acute. Antenna with 14 flagellomeres. Scapus 2.40x as long as wide, equal to first flagellomere, without api-cal lobe. First flagellomere 6x as long as wide, equal to second (five first flagellomeres almost equal in length). Penul-timate flagellomere 2x as long as wide, 0.50x as long as first segment, shorter than apical segment. Eye length 3xlength of temple (in dorsal view), 1.90x as high as broad, with dense, short setae. Maxillary palpus of normal length


(ending between fore and middle coxa). Clypeus flattened in lateral view, with slightly convex lower margin, withoutapical teeth, weakly punctate. Malar suture absent but presence of several fine rugae running from base of eye to baseof mandible. Malar space 1.50x basal width of mandible, 0.43x eye height. Face straight in lateral view, punctate (butpresence of weak longitudinal striae between base of eye and base of mandible), with dense, short setae. Temple notswollen in dorsal view, smooth (with scattered punctations), with short, sparse setae. Frons smooth, flat, withoutcarina between antennal socket, without lateral carina. POL 1.70x ocellar diameter, 0.83x OOL. Vertex smooth, punc-tate, with short, sparse setae. Occipital carina complete, joining hypostomal carina at mandible.

FIGURES 30–36. Chelonus (Microchelonus) matilei Braet & Rousse sp. nov., Holotype female. 30. full imago, laterally ; 31.head, face ; 32. propodeum and metasoma, laterally ; 33. apex of metasoma; 34. metasoma, dorsal ; 35. mesosoma with spinesof propodeum, dorsal ; 36. head and anterior part of mesosoma, dorsal.


Mesosoma (Figs 32, 35, 36). Pronotum punctate, dorsally without modifications. Ventral sides of pronotumlaterally smooth. Mesosoma 1.44x as long as wide in lateral view, 1.37x as long as wide in dorsal view. Mesoscu-tum sharply raised anteriorly, at right angle with pronotum, medio-anteriorly areolate, median lobe without mediangroove anteriorly. Mesoscutum with short, sparse setae. Surface of mesoscutum medially areolate near scutellarsulcus, punctate elsewhere. Notaulus entirely absent. Mesonotal suture present and straight. Scutellar sulcus 7.50xas wide as long, 1.50x as long as scutellum, smooth. Scutellar sulcus with six complete carina. Scutellum laterallyrounded, flattened in lateral view, areolate (laterally) but smooth medially. Subalar groove areolate. Mesopleuronareolate, with short, sparse setae. Precoxal sulcus absent. Surface of mesosternum weakly punctate-areolate. Propo-deum 0.38x as long as mesosoma (in dorsal view), areolate, carinated areas completely absent anteriorly. Propo-deum vertical posteriorly, with short, sparse setae. Propodeal transverse carina distinct (as high as neighboringsculpture) with two long spines laterally and two (sometimes acute) angles/tubercles medially; median tuberclesshort (as long as wide) and closer to each other than to lateral ones. Lateral spines 4x their transverse width,straight, with rounded apex. Surface of metapleuron areolate with short, sparse setae. Metapleural flange absent.Wings: Pterostigma 3.10x as long as wide. Marginal cell of fore wing closed distally. Vein r 0.60x as long as vein 3-SR, 0.16x as long as vein SR1, 0.36x as long as vein 2-SR. Vein 2-SR of fore wing present. Vein 1-SR+M absent.Vein r-m of fore wing with wide bulla. Vein cu-a of fore wing postfurcal. Vein CU1a (relative to vein 2-CU1 of forewing) not interstitial, arising behind middle of distal vein of subdiscal cell (vein CU1a present basally as short scle-rotized stub). Vein CU1b postfurcal with m-cu. First subdiscal cell of fore wing closed distally (vein 2cu-a present).Vein 2–1A long. Hind wing vein 1-SC+R present. Subbasal cell of hind wing distinctly enlarged. Hind wing veinM+CU 0.75x as long as vein 1-M. Hind wing vein r absent, m-cu absent. Basal cell of hind wing closed. Hind wingvein cu-a present. Legs: Femora not swollen. Hind coxa shortened, dorsally and ventrally smooth. Hind femur3.50x as long as wide. Hind femur with sparse setae, dorsally and ventrally smooth (somewhat sparsely punctate).Hind tibia 5x as long as wide, 3x as long as hind basitarsus, without very long setae (not longer than tibia width),apically without specialized patch of setae on its inner side. Hind basitarsus 5x as long as wide, 0.65x as long astarsomeres 2–5.

Metasoma (Figs 32–34). Metasoma without visible sutures on carapace. Carapace longitudinally rugose-areo-late anteriorly, areolate dorso-posteriorly, with transverse weak rugae apically in rear view. Carapace without apicalopening. Carapace with short setae, its ventral opening 0.9x as wide as its full length. Ovipositor sheath 0.13x aslong as metasoma. Ovipositor sheath apically weakly spatulate and with straight, short, thin setae.

Color. Scapus and pedicel yellowish, all flagellomeres brownish. Head blackish, mandible (excepted apex)and palpi yellowish, mandible apically brownish. Mesosoma blackish. Pronotum ventrally, tegula and apex of lat-eral spines on propodeum yellowish. Fore wing hyaline, veins and stigma yellowish. Coxae, femora, tibiae yellow-ish but hind tibia infuscate; fore tarsus yellowish, mid and hind tarsi strongly infuscate; hind tibial spurs whitish.Carapace mainly blackish apically, with long medio anterior rufous patch and presence on lighter small patch onthe middle of carapace. Ovipositor sheath rufous.

Hosts records. None.Morphological variation. Carapace with apical opening (on male) large and oval, opening 3x as long as wide.

Rugae on vertex deeply impressed, face heavily punctate, hind coxa pale brownish latero-ventrally. The whitepatch on metasoma 0.60-0.80x as long as carapace length. Carapace baso-laterally often whitish.

Comments. Although more than 500 species (24 in Ethiopian region) have been described, the actual affinitiesof Chelonus (Microchelonus) spp. cannot be properly determined without a comprehensive revision. Chelonus (M.)matilei sp. nov. and C. (M.) merdicus sp. nov. together form a new species-group characterized by the presence ofsmall lateral spine-like apophyses and a large dorsal white patch on carapace. We have seen at least two other unde-scribed taxa from Reunion differing in the shape of the apical opening of carapace, the apical sculpture of carapace,the sculpture on vertex, and the color of scapus and hind coxa. They superficially resemble Chelonus (Microchelo-nus) curvimaculatus Cameron, 1906 (Figs 45–47) but the undescribed species from the Reunion have no propodealspines.

Etymology. From the name of the collector, L. Matile.Distribution record. Ethiopian (Mauritius Island).Type material. Holotype: & (MNHN): "Muséum Paris, Ile Maurice, Forêt de Macchabé, 19.III.1981, L. Mat-

ile". Paratypes: 2 %% (MNHN), "Muséum Paris, Ile Maurice, Forêt de Macchabé, 19.III.1981, L. Matile"; &(Cirad-PVBMT), Reunion "St Pierre / Bassin Martin, Station expérimentale de l’Armeflhor, parcelle AB, alt.


290m, XII.2010, tente Malaise"; % (Cirad-PVBMT), Reunion "St Pierre / Montvert les Hauts, verger de manguiersAB Valatchy (partie non fauchée), alt. 600m, III. 2011, tente Malaise"; % (Cirad-PVBMT ) Reunion "St Paul / TanRouge, exploitation AB Glénac, alt. 800m, II.2011, tente Malaise". Additional material: % (IDR), Reunion "StDenis / La Providence, sur fougère aigle, alt. 600m, II.2006, battage".

Chelonus (Microchelonus) merdicus Rousse et Braet sp. nov. (Figs 37–42)

FEMALE (Holotype). Body length 3.5 mm, fore wing length 3.0 mm.Head (Figs 38, 40, 42). Head 0.65x as length as height (in lateral view). Antennal socket acute and inserted

near middle level of eye. Antenna with 14 flagellomeres. Scapus 2.10x longer than wide, equal to first flagellom-ere, without apical lobe. First flagellomere 5x as long as wide, equal to second (first 3 segments almost equal inlength). Penultimate flagellomere 3x as long as wide, 0.40x as long as first segment, 0.60x as long as apical seg-ment. Basal flagellomeres thin, following flagellomeres enlarged. Eye length 2.20x length of temple (in dorsalview), 1.57x as high as broad, with dense, short setae. Maxillary palpus of normal length (ending between fore andmiddle coxa). Clypeus flattened in lateral view, with slightly convex lower margin, without apical teeth, weaklypunctate. Malar suture absent. Malar space 1.5x basal width of mandible, 0.4x eye height. Face straight in lateralview, smooth, punctate, with short, dense setae. Temple not swollen in dorsal view, smooth, with some punctation,with short, sparse setae. Frons smooth, flat, with carina between antennal socket, without lateral carina. POL 1.67xocellar diameter, 0.83x OOL. Vertex smooth and finely punctate, presence of weak transverse striae near stemmat-icum, with short, sparse setae. Occipital carina meeting hypostomal carina at base of mandible.

Mesosoma (Figs 40–42). Pronotum punctate, dorsally without modifications. Pronotal furrow absent, ventralsides of pronotum laterally smooth. Mesosoma 1.28x as long as wide in lateral view, 1.45x as long as wide in dor-sal view. Mesoscutum sharply raised anteriorly, at right angle with pronotum, medio-anteriorly areolate, medianlobe without median groove anteriorly,of row of punctures in place of groove. Mesoscutum with short, sparsesetae. Surface of mesoscutum medially, near scutellar sulcus, mostly punctate or areolate. Notaulus entirelyabsent,but row of punctures looking like notaulus. Scutellar sulcus 4.30x as wide as long, 1.30x as long as scutel-lum, smooth. Scutellar sulcus with four complete carina. Scutellum rounded laterally, flattened in lateral view,smooth and punctate. Subalar groove areolate. Mesopleuron areolate, with short, sparse setae. Precoxal sulcusabsent. Surface of mesosternum weakly punctate. Propodeum 0.29x as long as mesosoma (in dorsal view), entirelyareolate, carinated areas present at least basally (medio-longitudinal carina dividing in two and enclosing medio-triangular area). Propodeum vertical posteriorly, with short, sparse setae. Propodeal transverse carina with twospines laterally and two angles medially. Median tubercles present and short (as long as wide), rather smooth attheir apices. Distance between median tubercles 0.6x distance between median and lateral tubercle. Lateral spinestwice as long as their transverse width, straight, with rounded apex. Surface of metapleuron areolate, with short,sparse setae. Metapleural flange absent. Wings (Fig. 39): Pterostigma 4.50x as long as wide. Marginal cell of forewing closed distally. Vein r 0.63x as long as vein 3-SR, 0.17x as long as vein SR1, 0.36x as long as vein 2-SR. Vein2-SR of fore wing present. Vein 1-SR+M absent. Vein r-m of fore wing with wide bulla. Vein cu-a of fore wingpostfurcal. Vein CU1a (relative to cubital vein (2-CU1) of fore wing) not interstitial, arising behind middle of distalvein of subdiscal cell (vein CU1a present basally as short sclerotized stub). Vein CU1b postfurcal with m-cu. Firstsubdiscal cell of fore wing closed distally (vein 2cu-a present). Vein 2–1A long. Hind wing vein 1-SC+R present.Subbasal cell of hind wing distinctly enlarged. Hind wing vein M+CU 1x as long as vein 1-M. Hind wing vein rabsent, m-cu absent. Basal cell of hind wing closed. Hind wing vein cu-a present. Legs: Femora not swollen. Hindcoxa shortened, dorsally and ventrally smooth. Hind femur 4.4x as long as wide. Hind femur with sparse setae, its sur-face dorsally and ventrally smooth. Hind tibia 5.87x as long as wide, 2.60x as long as hind basitarsus, apically withoutspecialized patch of setae on its inner side. Hind basitarsus 6x as long as wide, 0.72 as long as tarsomeres 2–5.

Metasoma (Fig. 41). Metasoma without visible sutures on carapace. Carapace anteriorly longitudinally rugose-areolate (two medio-longitudinal rugae clearly indicated basally, surface rather mostly punctate between longitudi-nal rugae), posteriorly longitudinally rugulose (in frontal view). Carapace without apical opening, with short setae.Ovipositor sheath 0.13x as long as metasoma. Ovipositor sheath apically weakly spatulate, straight, with short, thinsetae.


FIGURES 37–42. Chelonus (Microchelonus) merdicus Rousse & Braet sp. nov., Holotype female. FIGURES 43–44. Phanerotomella erena Braet sp. nov., Holotype male. 37, 43. full imago, laterally ; 38. head, face ; 39. foreand hind wings; 40. head and mesosoma, lateral; 41. metasoma, dorsal ; 42. head and anterior part of mesosoma, dorsal; 44. fullimago dorsally.


FIGURES 45–47. Chelonus (Microchelonus) curvimaculatus Cameron, 1906 (specimen fromMadagascar, CAS). FIGURES 48–51. Odontosphaeropyx flavifasciatus (Zettel, 1990a) (specimen from DRC, MRAC). Figure 52. Phanerotomellaspinosa Granger, 1949 (specimen from Madagascar, CAS). Figure 53. Phanerotomella annulicornis Granger, 1949 (specimenfrom Madagascar, CAS). 45, 52, 53. full imago, laterally; 46. apex of metasoma; 47. full imago, dorsally; 48. metasoma, lateral;49. metasoma, dorsal; 50. head and anterior part of mesosoma, lateral ; 51. head and anterior part of mesosoma, lateral.


FIGURES 54–58. Phanerotomella antennata Granger, 1949 (specimen from Madagascar, CAS). FIGURES 59–60. Phanerotomella gigantea Granger, 1949 (specimen from Madagascar, CAS).FIGURES 61–63. Phanerotomella seyrigi Granger, 1949 (specimen from Madagascar, CAS). 54, 59. full imago, lateral; 55.head and mesosoma, lateral; 56. propodeum with spines and metasoma, lateral; 57, 63. wings; 58, 62. full imago, dorsal; 60.metasoma, dorsal; 61. full imago, lateral.

Color. Scapus yellowish but pedicel and inner posterior part of scapus infuscate to brownish, flagellomeresdark-brownish. Head blackish, mandible (except apex) and palpi yellowish, apex of mandible brownish, scapusyellowish brown with the posterior inner side brownish to infuscate. Mesosoma blackish. Fore wing hyaline, veinsyellowish-brown, stigma yellowish. Coxae, trochanters, femora and fore tibia yellowish; outer sides of mid and


hind tibia mostly infuscate and inner sides yellowish; all tarsi strongly infuscate; hind tibial spurs pale whitish-yel-low. Carapace mainly blackish apically with long, oval patch covering medio-anterior 2/3 of carapace. Ovipositorsheath blackish.

Hosts records. None.Comments. The dimensions of the first five flagellomeres are similar to those of species in the subgenus C.

(Baculonus). This is the main character separating this species from its closely related species C. (M.) matilei sp.nov. See C. matilei sp. nov. for additional comments. The two paratypes housed in the MNHN collections (box 45,under the label Chelonus spinosus Sigwalt) have probably been studied by the late Dr Sigwalt but he never pub-lished the description.

Etymology. “merdicus” is an entomological term in Reunion referring to any small insect (Martiré & Rochat2008).

Distribution record. Ethiopian (La Réunion).Type material. Holotype: & (coll. P. Rousse): "Reunion Plaine des Palmistes / Piton Bébour, forêt primaire de

Bébour-Bellouve, alt. 1475m, XII.2010, tente Malaise". Paratypes: % (MHNP), "La Reunion, Cilaos, R.F." "Insti-tut scientifique de Madagascar" "hand writing label: C. spinosissimus (probably by Sigwalt)" ; % (MHNP), "LaReunion, Cilaos, XI.(19)55-R.P" "Institut scientifique Madagascar" "type".

Odontosphaeropyx gracilis Braet, sp. nov. (Figs 69–75)

FEMALE (Holotype). Body length 5 mm, fore wing length 4.5 mm.Head (Figs 71-74). Head width 1.04 x its median length (in lateral view). Antennal sockets inserted close top

of eye. Antenna with 36 flagellomeres (right antenna broken apically). Scapus 1.75x as long as wide. Scapus longerthan first flagellomere, without apical lobe. First flagellomere length equal to the second, 2.5x as long as wide.Penultimate flagellomere 2x as long as wide, 0.4x as long as first segment, shorter than apical segment. Eye length1.43x length of temple (in dorsal view), 1.47x as high as broad, without setae. Maxillary palpus shortened (at mostreaching the anterior coxa). Clypeus flat in lateral view, without carina/lamella on lower margin. Clypeus with onelarge apical acute tooth medially, finelly punctate. Malar suture absent. Malar space 0.87x basal width of mandible,0.25x eye height. Face straight, in lateral view, smooth, punctate, with dense, short, fine setae. Temple stronglyswollen, in dorsal view, smooth and finely punctate, with sparse, short setae. Frons smooth, flat, with carinabetween antennal sockets: lateral carina of frons long and meeting the lateral ocelli. POL as long as ocellar diame-ter, 0.30x OOL. Vertex smooth and sparsely punctate, with sparse, short setae. Occipital carina complete, joininghypostomal carina at mandible.

Mesosoma (Figs 72-73). Pronotum ventrally striate/costate, punctuate-areolate elsewhere. Pronotal furrowabsent. Mesosoma 1.56x as long as wide in lateral view, 1.62x as long as wide in dorsal view. Mesoscutum sharplyraised anteriorly, at right angle with pronotum, median lobe without median groove anteriorly, mesocutum withsparse, long setae. Notauli complete, rather scrobiculate anteriorly, long and meeting each other medially. Surfaceof mesoscutum medially, near scutellar sulcus mostly punctate. Scutellar sulcus transversally long and narrow, 5xas wide as long, 2x as wide as scutellum length. Scutellar sulcus smooth, with 6 transverse carina. Scutellum flat-tened in lateral view, smooth and punctate, rounded, smooth and shining laterally. Epicnemial carina present. Sub-alar groove scrobiculate-punctate. Mesopleuron largely smooth, with sparse and short setae. Precoxal sulcusanteriorly scrobiculate, medially punctuate and posteriorly absent. Surface of mesopleuron glabrous around pre-coxal sulcus. Mesosternum smooth. Propodeum 0.26x as long as mesosoma (in dorsal view). Propodeum entirelyrugose, with one medio-longtudinal ruga and several transversal. Propodeum sloping from base to apex, with longand sparse setae. Propodeum without apophyses. Metapleuron largely areolate-punctate, with long and sparsesetae. Metapleural flange absent. Wings (Fig. 69): Pterostigma 5x as long as height. Marginal cell of fore wingclosed distally. Vein r 1.25x as long as 3-SR, 0.21x as long as SR1, 0.4x as long as 2-SR. Vein 1-SR+M straigth.First discal cell 3.24x as long as wide (measured perpendicular to vein 1-CU1+2-CU1). Vein r-m of fore wing pres-ent, mostly tubular, with large posterior bulla. Vein m-cu of fore wing antefurcal. Vein cu-a of fore wing postfurcal.Vein CU1a (relative to vein 2-CU1 of fore wing) not interstitial, arising behind middle of distal vein of brachialcell. Vein CU1b postfurcal with m-cu. First subdiscal cell of fore wing closed distally (vein 2cu-a present). Vein2–1A long. Hind wing three distal hamuli. Hind wing vein 1-SC+R present. Subbasal cell of hind wing small, hind-


wing vein M+CU 0.34x as long as 1M. Vein r of hind wing present, vein m-cu absent. Basal cell of hind wingclosed, vein cu-a present (but translucent). Legs: Femora not swollen. Hind coxa shortened, smooth dorsally andventrally. Hind femur 4.17x as long as wide. Hind femur smooth, finely punctate dorsally and ventrally, with sparsesetae. Hind tibia with dense stout and rather short setae, apically without patch of setae on its inner side. Hind tibia6.5x as long as wide, as long as hind tarsus. Hind basitarsus 6x as long as wide, as long as tarsomeres 2–5.

FIGURE 64. Phanerotomella crassa Zettel, 1989 (specimen from Madagascar, CAS). Figure 65. Phanerotomella subdentataGranger, 1949 (specimen from Madagascar, CAS). FIGURES 66–68. Phanerotomella tristis Granger, 1949 (specimen from Madagascar, CAS). 64–66. full imago, lateral; 67. fullbody, dorsal; 68. full imago, dorsal.

Metasoma (Figs 70, 75). Metasoma with two sutures on carapace, 2.85x as long as wide. First tergite as long asapical width. First tergite without basolateral process (pointed wing-like, spine-like projections). Medio-lateralcarina of first tergite very short (less than the third of petiole length). First tergite longitudinally rugulose areolate.Median length of second tergite 1.14x its basal width, 1.14x length of first tergite. Second metasomal suture weaklycurved. Second tergite striate-rugulose, third tergite punctate. Remaining tergites concealed by the metasomal cara-pace. Ovipositor sheath 0.18x as long as metasoma.Ovipositor sheath with apical setae, glabrous basally

Color. Antenna and scapus dark brown. Head dark brown, setae whitish. Mesosoma blackish, propleuron darkbrown. Fore wing banded, infuscated but lighter basally and transverse white band medially, stigma brown, hindwing infuscate apically, veins brownish. Legs dark brown, fore and mid coxa white-yellow with faint brown patchbasally, fore and mid trochanters white-yellowish (but mid trochantellus brown), tibial spur pale yellowish to whit-ish. Metasoma dark-brownish, second tergite rather red-brownish. Ovipositor sheath orange basally and darkbrownish apically.

Hosts records. None.


FIGURES 69–75. Odontosphaeropyx gracilis Braet, sp. nov., Holotype female. 69. full imago, lateral; 70. metasoma, lateral;71. frons and vertex; 72. head and mesosoma, lateral; 73. head and mesosoma, dorsal; 74. head, frontal; 75. metasoma, dorsal.


Morphological variation. The main variations are in the body length (4.9-5.05mm) and fore wing length(4.25-4.5mm) in paratypes. Sculptures of propodeum are more or less pronouced, and sometimes the medilongitu-dinal carina is bifurcate enclosing a narrow medio-longitudinal area

Comments. This species is strongly related to the P. leucocoxus Braet, sp. nov. But they can be distinguishedas shown in the key.

Etymology. From the slender appearance of this species.Distribution record. Ethiopian (Madagascar).Type material. Holotype: &(MHNP): "Madagascar Nord Montagne d'Ambre, les Roussettes 1100m, xi &

xii.(19)58, Andria Robinson". Paratypes: 3&& & 4%% (MHNP), "Madagascar Nord Montagne d'Ambre, les Rous-settes 1100m, XI & XII.(19)58, Andria Robinson" "Institut scientifique Madagascar"; & (MHNP), "Mont d'Ambre,XII.(19)48, Inst. Scient. Madagascar, RP"; 2%% (MHNP), "Madagascar Nord, dct(district) Diègo-Suarez, Anala-merana 80m, I.(19)59, Andria Robinson" "Institut scientifique Madagascar"; 2%% (MHNP), "Madagascar Nord,dct(district) Diègo-Suarez, Montagne des Français, II.(19)59, Andria Robinson" "Institut scientifique Madagas-car".

Odontosphaeropyx leucocoxus Braet, sp. nov. (Figs 22–29)

MALE (2 specimens). Body length 6.4-7.4 mm, fore wing length 5.4-5.8 mm.Head (Figs 26, 28–29). Head width 1.0-1.1x its median length (in lateral view). Antennal socket inserted close

top of eye. Antenna with 38 flagellomeres (left antenna broken apically). Scapus 2.25x as long as wide. Scapus lon-ger than first flagellomere, without apical lobe. First flagellomere longer than second, 2.2-3.0x as long as wide,without placodes. Penultimate flagellomere 1.5x as long as wide, 0.3x as long as first segment, 0.57x as long asapical segment. Eye length 0.9–1.35x length of temple (in dorsal view), 1.4x as high as broad, without setae. Max-illary palpus shortened (at most reaching anterior coxa). Clypeus flat in lateral view, without carina/lamella onlower margin. Clypeus with one large apical blunt tooth medially, weakly punctate. Malar suture absent. Malarspace 1.00-1.10x basal width of mandible, 0.25x eye height. Face straight, in lateral view, smooth, punctate; withdense, long, fine setae. Temple normal, in dorsal view, smooth and punctate, with sparse, long setae. Frons smooth,flat, with carina between antennal socket; lateral carina of frons long and meeting lateral ocellus (carina ratherweak but clearly present). POL 0.80-1.00x as long as ocellar diameter, 0.25-0.27x OOL. Vertex smooth and punc-tate, with sparse, long setae. Occipital carina complete, joining hypostomal carina at mandible.

Mesosoma (Figs 27–28). Pronotum smooth and areolate. Pronotal furrow absent. Mesosoma 1.50-1.60x aslong as wide in lateral view, 1.8x as long as wide in dorsal view. Mesoscutum sharply raised anteriorly, at rightangle with pronotum, median lobe without median groove anteriorly, mesocutum with sparse, long setae. Notaulicomplete, scrobiculate, long and meeting each other medially. Surface of mesoscutum medially, near scutellar sul-cus mostly punctate. Scutellar sulcus transversely long and narrow, 4.00-4.20x as wide as long, 0.85–1.10x as wideas scutellum lengthg. Scutellar sulcus smooth with 3 to 6 full transverse carina. Scutellum flattened in lateral view,smooth and punctate, rounded, smooth and shining laterally. Epicnemial carina present. Subalar groove scrobicu-late. Mesopleuron mostly smooth and punctate. Precoxal sulcus, with sparse, long setae. Precoxal sulcus anteriorlyscrobiculate, medially and posteriorly absent. Mesosternum smooth. Propodeum 0.46-0.48x as long as mesosoma(in dorsal view). Propodeum entirely areolate. Propodeum convex from base to apex, with long and sparse setae.Propodeal transverse carina without acute angles or apophyses. Metapleuron areolate, with sparse, long setae.Metapleural flange absent. Wings (Fig. 23): Pterostigma 3.75x as long as height. Marginal cell of fore wing closeddistally. Vein r 1.75x as long as 3-SR, 0.20x as long as SR1, 0.30x as long as 2-SR. Vein 1-SR+M straight. First dis-cal cell 3x as long as wide (measured perpendicular to vein 1-CU1+2-CU1). Vein r-m of fore wing mostly tubular,with large posterior bulla. Vein m-cu of fore wing antefurcal. Vein cu-a of fore wing postfurcal. Vein CU1a (rela-tive to vein 2-CU1 of fore wing) not interstitial, arising behind middle of distal vein of brachial cell. Vein CU1bpostfurcal with m-cu. First subdiscal cell of fore wing closed distally (vein 2cu-a present). Vein 2–1A long. Hindwing vein 1-SC+R present. Subbasal cell of hind wing small, hind wing vein M+CU 0.60x as long as 1-M. Vein rof hind wing present, vein m-cu absent. Basal cell of hind wing closed, vein cu-a present (but nebulous). Legs:Femora not swollen. Hind coxa shortened, smooth dorsally and ventrally. Hind femur 4.20x as long as wide. Hindfemur smooth dorsally and ventrally, with sparse setae. Hind tibia with dense, stout and rather short setae, apically


FIGURES 76–79. Odontosphaeropyx ruficeps Cameron, 1910 Holotype female. 76. detail of tarsal claws of mid leg; 77. fullimago, lateral and its labels; 78. mesosoma, dorsal; 79; metasoma, dorsal.

without specialized patch of setae on its inner side. Hind tibia 7.00x as long as wide, 0.78–0.95x hind tarsus.Hind basitarsus flattened laterally, 12.00-12.80x as long as wide, 0.89-0.90x as long as tarsomeres 2–5.

Metasoma (Figs 24–25). Metasoma with two sutures on carapace, 4.30x as long as wide. First tergite 1.20x aslong as apical width. First tergite without basolateral process (pointed flange-like or spine-like projections). Medio-


lateral carina of first tergite longer than half length of petiole. First tergite longitudinally striate (or costate-reticu-late) over entire surface. Median length of second tergite 1.16-1.26x its basal width, 1x length of first tergite. Sec-ond metasomal suture straight. Second and third tergites densely reticulate-punctate. Remaining tergites concealedby metasomal carapace. Setae on metasoma fine and short.

Color. Antenna and scapus dark brown. Head dark brown, mandible orange, setae whitish. Mesosoma darkbrown, setae rather whitish. Fore wing banded, fore wing infuscate but hyaline basally and with transverse whiteband medially, hind wing infuscate apically, veins brownish. Legs dark brown. Fore and mid coxa, fore and midtrochanter, tibial spur pale yellowish to whitish. Metasoma dark-brownish, except for semicircular white patchmedially at base of second tergite.

Hosts records. None.Comments. This distinctive species can be distinguished from all other Pachychelonus by having a long meta-

soma (more than 4x as long as wide vs. at most 2.3x for other species), the presence of white spots on its dark meta-soma and its biogeographic location.

Etymology. From the white color of fore and mid coxae.Distribution record. Ethiopian (Madagascar).Type material. Holotype: % (MRAC): "Coll. Mus. Congo, Madagascar, Rogez, for. Analandraraka, VI-37, A.

Seyrig"; in good state. Paratype: % (MRAC), "Coll. Mus. Congo, Madagascar, Rogez, V-1931, A. Seyrig"; ingood state.

Phanerotomella erena Braet, sp. nov. (Figs 43–44)

MALE (Holotype). Body length 4.5 mm, fore wing length 4.2 mm.Head. Head as wide as medial height. Antennal socket inserted near middle level of eye. Antenna with 45

flagellomeres. Scapus twice as long as wide, 1.1x first flagellomere, without apical lobe. First flagellomere 4.5x aslong as wide, longer than second. Penultimate flagellomere 2.7x as long as wide, 0.2x as long as first segment,shorter than apical segment. Eye length 1.2x length of temple (in dorsal view), 1.36x as high as broad, withoutsetae. Maxillary palpus of normal length (reaching between fore and middle coxae). Clypeus flattened in lateralview, with slightly convex lower margin, without apical teeth, weakly punctate. Malar suture absent. Malar space1.7x basal width of mandible, 0.43x eye height. Face straight in lateral view,flattened with small bump in its mid-dle, close to antennal socket, weakly punctate and longitudinally weakly rugose, with sparse, long setae. Templenot swollen in dorsal view, coarsely punctate, with sparse, long setae. Frons costate/striate, concave, without carinabetween antennal socket (a short ruga running between antennal socket to ocellus), without lateral carina. POL 1xocellar diameter, 0.4x OOL. Vertex striate, with faint and poorly defined transverse striate sculpture, with short,sparse setae. Occipital carina complete, joining hypostomal carina at mandible.

Mesosoma. Pronotum mostly punctate. Pronotal furrow shortened, laterally scrobiculate. Mesosoma 1.47x aslong as wide in lateral view, 1.74x as long as wide in dorsal view. Mesoscutum sharply raised anteriorly, at rightangle with pronotum, medio-anteriorly areolate, median lobe without median groove anteriorly. Mesoscutum withshort, sparse setae. Surface of mesoscutum medially mostly punctate or areolate near scutellar sulcus. Notaulusentirely absent. Scutellar sulcus 10x as wide as long, 1.3x as long as scutellum, smooth. Scutellar sulcus with 3complete carina. Scutellum rounded laterally, flattened in lateral view, punctate. Subalar groove areolate.Mesopleuron entirely areolate, with short, sparse setae. Precoxal sulcus absent. Surface of mesosternum weaklypunctate. Propodeum 0.46x as long as mesosoma (in dorsal view), entirely sculptured, areolate, carinated areascompletely absent. Propodeum rather vertical posteriorly, with short, sparse setae. Propodeal transverse carina notapparent, not distinguishable from sculpturing. Propodeum with two long spine-like apophyses laterally, mediantubercles absent. Propodeal lateral spine 5x its transverse width, straight, with rounded apex. Surface of metapleu-ron areolate, with short, sparse setae. Metapleural flange absent. Wings: Pterostigma 5x as long as wide. Radial(marginal) cell of fore wing closed distally. Vein r 4x as long as vein 3-SR, 0.17x as long as vein SR1, 0.25x as longas vein 2-SR. Vein 2-SR of fore wing present. Vein 1-SR+M straight. First discal cell of fore wing 1.74x as long aswide (measured perpendicular to vein 1-CU1+2-CU1). Vein r-m of fore wing mostly tubular, with posterior bulla.Vein m-cu postfurcal ((RS+M)b absent, second marginal cell not petiolate. Vein cu-a of fore wing present, nervel-lus (cu-a) of fore wing postfurcal. Vein CU1a (relative to cubital vein, 2-CU1, of fore wing) not interstitial, arising


apical to middle of distal vein of subdiscal cell. Vein CU1b absent. First subdiscal cell of fore wing open (vein 2cu-a absent or only present as faint brownish spot). Vein 2–1A long. Hind wing vein 1-SC+R present. Subbasal cell ofhind wing distinctly enlarged. Hind wing vein M+CU 0.81x as long as vein 1-M. Hind wing vein r absent, m-cuabsent. Basal cell of hind wing closed. Hind wing vein cu-a present. Legs: Fore femur and mid femur not swollen.Hind coxa large (more than half length of metasoma), dorsally and ventrally smooth. Hind femur not swollen,4.93x as long as wide. Hind femur with sparse setae, dorsally and ventrally punctate. Hind tibia 5.77x as long aswide, 2.2x hind basitarsus, with dense, stout and rather short setae, presence of sparse, stout spines on outer side ofhind tibia. Hind basitarsus 7x as long as wide, equal in length to tarsomeres 2–5.

Metasoma. Metasoma with two sutures on carapace. Carapace without apical opening, anteriorly and posteri-orly entirely areolate. . First tergite less than 1.5x as long as apical width, without basolateral process near base,median carina present as two short carina and very short. Median length of second tergite 0.9x its basal width,equal to length of first tergite. Second metasomal suture curved. Third tergite areolate-reticulate. Fourth to sixthtergites concealed by metasomal carapace.

Color. Scapus brownish, flagellum dark. Head yellowish; median part of frons, stemmaticum, and posteriorpart of vertex medially mostly dark-brownish; mandible yellowish but apically light brown. Mesosoma bicolored.Pronotum blackish medially and partly blackish laterally. Mesopleuron anteriorly and ventrally, mesosternumentirely, metapleuron ventrally, mesonotum anteriorly and laterally, metanotum laterally, and propodeum laterallymostly brown; other parts yellowish. Fore wing lightly infuscate, veins and stigma brownish. Legs yellowish. Foretibia apically, fore tarsus entirely, mid tibia apically, mid tarsus mostly, hind trochantellus strongly, hind tibia api-cally, and hind tarsus entirely brownish. Carapace black with pale patches medially on first and second tergites.

Hosts records. None.Comments. This species may be distinguished from other Phanerotomella by the presence of various dark

patches on its body. It is closely related to Phanerotomella seyrigi Granger from which it can be separated by hav-ing long lateral spines on the propodeum (vs. short).

Etymology. From the Greek 'ειρήνη (eirenè)' meaning "the peace" and in honour of my girlfriend who sharemy study of insects.

Distribution record. Ethiopian (Madagascar).Type material. Holotype: % (CAS): "CASENT 2184137""Madagascar, Province Fianarantsoa, PN Ranoma-

fana, radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130m, 14–24.VI.2002, Collector: R. Harin'Hala""21°15'05''S-47°24'43''E,California Acad of Sciences, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, MA-02–098–34, CASLOT 024096"; in goodstate.

Identification keys to Ethiopian species

A. Phanerotomella (modified from Zettel, 1989):

1 Propodeum with long spines laterally (Figs 43, 52, 55, 56); vein 3-SR of fore wing reduced or absent; body length greater than4 mm; Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

- Propodeum lacking long spines laterally, sometimes with short apophyses or short spines laterally, usually triangular whenpresent (Figs 45, 53, 59); vein 3-SR of fore wing variable; body length variable; mainland Africa and Madagascar. . . . . . . . . 5

2(1) Second submarginal cell slightly petiolate basally (vein 2-SR+M present) (Fig. 57); wing with transverse brownish stripeunder stigma (Fig. 57); head blackish, basal third of antenna whitish (Figs 54, 58); body mainly orange; body length 6.9–7.9mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. antennata Granger, 1949

- Second submarginal cell not petiolate basally (vein 2-SR+M absent); wing without brownish stripe, otherwise colored; headcolor and body length variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3(2) Body orange; frons laterally carinate, median carina strong; length of malar space 0.75x vertical length of eye; 5.2–6.5 mm(Fig. 52). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. spinosa Granger, 1949

- Body with large blackish patches; frons nearly without carina, median carina weak; length of malar space 0.66x or less verticallength of eye; body length less than 5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4(3) Body entirely blackish; wings strongly infuscate; lateral propodeal spines short (at most 2x as long as their basal diameter);body length 4.3 mm (Figs 61–63) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. seyrigi Granger, 1949

- Body blackish with large, light, yellowish stripes and patches; wings weakly infuscate; lateral propodeal spines long (morethan 4x their basal diameter); body length 4.5 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. erena Braet sp. nov.

5(1) Body length more than 5 mm (mostly from Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6- Body length less or equal to 5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7


6(5) Body blackish; carapace rather elongate; second submarginal cell of fore wing petiolate (vein 3-SR absent and vein r-m start-ing on 2-SR); body length 5.6–6.2 mm (Figs 59–60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. gigantea Granger, 1949

- Body yellowish; carapace rather oval-rounded in dorsal view; vein 3-SR present but short, thus second submarginal cell of forewing not petiolate; body length 5.1–5.4 mm (Fig. 65) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. subdentata Granger, 1949

7(5) Body mostly yellowish-orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8- Body mostly blackish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128(7) Carapace oval in dorsal view, less than 1.75x as long as wide; Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9- Carapace elongate in dorsal view, more than 1.75x as long as wide (character unknown for Ph. lutea); mainland Africa . . . . 109(8) Vertex, sides of mesoscutum and patch on carapace brown to dark-brown; second submarginal cell of fore wing strongly petio-

late (vein 3-SR absent); antenna with 38–40 segments; body length 3–3.7 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. punctata Zettel, 1989- Vertex, mesoscutum and carapace entirely yellowish; second submarginal cell of fore wing weakly or not petiolate (vein 3-SR

sometimes present); antenna with 41–45 segments; body length 3.7–4.1 mm (Fig. 64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. crassa Zettel, 198910(8) Body entirely yellowish, stigma yellowish; body length 4 mm; Central Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. lutea Szépligeti, 1922- Color variable but stigma and large lateral patch on scutellum dark-brown; body length less than 4mm; South Africa. . . . . 1111(10) Face equal or wider than length of face plus clypeus, face and temple shining; body entirely bright yellow; length of outer tibial

spur of mid leg more than 0.5x basitarsus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. aurea Zettel, 1989- Face narrow, face and temple weakly shining; body yellowish but blackish around scutellum; length of outer tibial spur of mid

leg less or equal to 0.5x basitarsus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. capensis Zettel, 198912(7) First flagellomeres whitish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13- Flagellum mainly dark-brown (scapus sometimes paler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413(12) Vein R1 of fore wing shorter than length of stigma; body entirely dark-brown to black; Madagascar (Fig. 53) . . . . . Ph. annu-

licornis Granger, 1949- Vein R1 of fore wing longer than length of stigma; first tergite with yellow patch; D.R. Congo . . . Ph. juliae De Saeger, 194814(12) Carapace thin in lateral view; mesopleuron densely and finely punctate; mesopleuron shining; second submarginal cell of fore

wing strongly petiolate (vein 3-SR absent); body length 2.7–4.5 mm; Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15- Carapace shape unmodified and weakly arched in lateral view; mesopleuron coarsely punctate (punctations often meeting each

others); body sculpture usually coarse and large; second submarginal cell of fore wing variable (vein 3-SR sometimes present);body length variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

15(14) Scapus whitish (continental Africa) to mainly darkish with only short white stripe (Madagascar), in all cases scapus apicallyinfuscate; mesoscutum regularly punctate; sometimes first tergite with testaceous patch in male, female blackish (Figs 66–68). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. tristis Granger, 1949

- Scapus entirely whitish with small infuscation apically; mesoscutum finely punctate on lateral lobes, longitudinally rugose are-olate medially; color of first tergite mostly whitish (excepted baso-lateral corners) on female (male unknown) . . . . . . Ph. spB

16(14) Carapace basally blackish; carapace without obvious teeth postero-laterally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17- Color of base of carapace variable; postero-lateral teeth of carapace variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1817(16) Carapace sculpture rather reticulate; second submarginal cell with small petiole (vein 3-SR absent); m-cu interstitial with vein

2-SR of fore wing; antenna with 36 segments; body length 3.0–3.3 mm; D.R. Congo . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. atrata De Saeger, 1948- Carapace longitudinally coarsely striate; second submarginal cell of fore wing strongly petiolate (vein 3-SR absent); m-cu

slightly postfurcal to interstitial with vein 2-SR of fore wing; antenna with 33 segments; body length 2.9 mm; D.R. of Congo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. lepida De Saeger, 1948

18(16) Carapace with distinct teeth postero-laterally; vein 3-SR of fore wing very short but present; scapus yellowish; base of cara-pace black (Madagascar) to yellowish (continental species); D.R. of Congo, Madagascar . . . . Ph. mucronata De Saeger, 1948

- Carapace without distinct teeth postero-laterally; vein 3-SR of fore wing absent, second submarginal cell petiolate; scapusbrown; Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph. spA

B. Odontosphaeropyx (modified from Zettel, 1990)

1 Vein 3-SR of fore wing subequal or longer than vein r; carapace oval in dorsal view, less than 2x longer than wide . . . . . . . . 2- Vein 3-SR of fore wing shorter than vein r; carapace elongate in dorsal view, more than 2x longer than wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42(1) Vein 3-SR of fore wing longer than vein r; carapace 1.4x to 1.7x longer than wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- Vein 3-SR of fore wing subequal to vein r; carapace 1.7x longer than wide. 11.7 mm; Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. maximus (Zettel, 2002) comb. nov.3(2) Mesosoma blackish and carapace yellowish, 1.4x longer than wide. 8.5 mm; South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. fulviventris (Brues, 1924) comb. nov.- Mesosoma and carapace yellowish, 1.7x longer than wide. 8.3 mm; South Africa (Figs 76–79) . . . O. ruficeps Cameron, 19104(1) Thorax rufous-orange, coxae brown to dark-brown; carapace black and second tergite with large transverse patch basally, first

tergite basally rugulose-reticulate to finely reticulate apically, covered by dense short whitish setae, carapace 2.3x longer thanwide; Nigeria, D.R. of Congo (Figs 48–51) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .O. flavifasciatus (Zettel, 1990a) comb. nov.

- Thorax black, fore and mid coxa mainly whitish, fore coxa black; carapace black, color of second tergite variable, sculptureson first tergite variable, length of carapace more than 2.5x longer than wide; Madagascar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5(4) Fore and mid coxa and trochanters white (Fig. 27); first tergite 1.2x as long as apical width, with two long dorso-lateral carina(reaching the middle of tergum), longitudinally rugose (Fig. 25); vein 2-SC+R of hind wing short; clypeus ventrally with bluntmedian tooth (Fig. 26); second tergite with small lateral and one median semicircular patch basally, carapace 4.3x longer than


wide (Fig. 25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. leucocoxus Braet, sp. nov.- Fore and mid coxa whitish, more or less largely brownish basally, fore and mid trochanters whitish (Fig. 69); first tergite as

long as apically wide, with two short dorso-lateral carina, rather areolate rugulose; vein 2-SC+R of hind wing long; at most;clypeus ventrally with acute median tooth (Fig. 74); second tergite red-brownish, carapace 2.8x longer than wide (Fig. 75) . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. gracilis Braet, sp. nov.

Additional illustrations of O. fulviventris and O. flavifaciatus can be viewed on the WaspWeb web site housedat the Iziko institution (http://www.waspweb.org/) (accessed 31 May 2012).

New data about species of Cheloninae from Ethiopian region (New localities are indicated with an asterisk *)

Ascogaster breviventris Granger 1949

Ascogaster breviventris Granger 1949: 199 (key), 201 (descr. &, Madagascar).Ascogaster breviventris Granger, 1949: Shenefelt 1973: 818 (cat.).

Distribution: Madagascar: Prov. Antananarivo: Massif de l'Ankaratra – Prov. Toliara: Antanimora – Province Fian-arantsoa*: NP Ranomafana.

Endemic.New data: %, “MADAGASCAR: Province Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest

edge, elev 1130 m, 5–15.VII.2002; 21°15.05’S - 47°24.43’E; coll: M. Irwin, R. Harin'Hala” “California Acad ofSciences, malaise, mixed tropical forest, MA-02-09B-34”.

Chelonus (Microchelonus) curvimaculatus Cameron 1906 (Figs 45–47)

Chelonella curvimaculata (Cameron 1906): Wilkinson 1932: 9 (fig. 2b, biol., Mauritius), 10 (key).Chelonella curvimaculata (Cameron 1906): Moutia & Mamet 1947: 28 (cat., Mauritius).Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron 1906: Granger 1949: 192 (fig. 196), 193 (key, descr. % & &, Madagascar), 427 (biol.), 428 (biol.).Chelonus (Neochelonella) curvimaculatus Cameron, 1906: Anonymous 1960: 339 (biol., Madagascar).Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron 1906: Anonymous (det. Fischer) 1963: 338 (biol., Madagascar), 362 (biol.).Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron 1906: Brénière 1965: 346 (cat., Madagascar).Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron 1906: Appert, Betbeder-Matibet & Ranaivosoa 1969 Microchelonus curvimaculatus Cameron 1906: Shenefelt 1973: 881 (tax., cat.).Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron 1906: Williams. 1974: 3 (cat., Mauritius).Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron 1906: Williams. 1980: 4 (cat., Mauritius).Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron 1906: van Achterberg & Polaszek 1996: 53 (key, tax., descr. % & &, Madagascar, Mauri-

tius), 102 (fig. 235), 105 (figs. 263, 264).Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron 1906: Ganeshan & Williams. 2001: 4 (cat., Mauritius).

Hosts: Gelechiidae: Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873), Scrobipalpa heliopa (Lower, 1900), Pectinophoragossypiella (Saunders, 1843) – Plutellidae: Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1767).

Distribution: Madagascar: Prov. Mahajanga: Maromandia – Prov. Antananarivo: Ampefy – Prov. Toliara:Behara, Bekily, Fort-Dauphin, Manombo, Ranomafana, Andohahela NP* – Mauritius: Mauritius. Réunion*: PetiteIle / Piton Bloc, St Pierre / Bassin Martin.

Known from the Ethiopian Region.New data: 3 && & %, “MADAGASCAR: Tulear Province, Andohahela National Park, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II;

24°56.21’S - 46°37.60’E; 15-28.I.2004, California Acad of Sciences“ “colls M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin’Hala,elev 180 m, malaise trap in transitional forest, MA-02-20-52“; &, “Petite Ile / Piton Bloc, bordure de parcelled enzone maraichère, alt. 850m, IV.2007, D-Vac, coll. Cirad PVBMT”; &, “St Pierre / Bassin Martin, Station expéri-mentale de l’Armeflhor, parcelle AB, alt. 290m, XII.2010, tente Malaise, coll. Cirad PVBMT” ; 2%%, “St Pierre,jardin de centre ville, alt. 40m, XII.2010, piège jaune, coll. T. Ramage”.


Phanerotomella annulicornis Granger 1949

Phanerotomella annulicornis Granger 1949: 211 (key), 213 (descr. &, Madagascar).Phanerotomella annulicornis Granger 1949: Shenefelt 1973: 929 (cat.).Phanerotomella annulicornis Granger 1949: Zettel 1989: 70 (key), 86 (tax., descr. &, Madagascar), 142 (figs. 289-293).

Distribution: Madagascar: Prov. Toliara: Bekily – Province Fianarantsoa*: Manombo Special Reserve.Endemic.New data: &, “MADAGASCAR: Province Fianarantsoa, Manombo Special Reserve camp site, 32 km SSE of

Farafangana, 20.I–II.2005; 23°01.31’S - 47°43.20’E; California Acad of Sciences“ “colls M. Irwin, R. Harin'Hala,malaise trap, lowland rain-forest, elev 36m, MA-28-11”.

Phanerotomella antennata Granger 1949

Phanerotomella antennata Granger 1949: 211 (key, descr. % & &).Phanerotomella antennata Granger 1949: Shenefelt 1973: 929 (cat.).Phanerotomella antennata Granger 1949: Zettel 1989: 68 (key), 71 (tax., descr. % & &, Madagascar), 129 (figs. 216-221).

Distribution: Madagascar: Prov. Mahajanga: Andriba – Prov. Toamasina: Andekaleka (Rogez) – Province Fian-arantsoa*: Ranomafana NP, Manombo Special Reserve.

Endemic.New data: 4 && & 2 %%, “MADAGASCAR: Province Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower

at forest edge, elev 1130 m; 5 – 15.VII.2002; 21°15.05’ S-47° 24.43’ E; coll: M. Irwin, R. Harin'Hala. CaliforniaAcad of Sciences, malaise trap, mixed tropical forest. MA-02-09B-34“; 2 %%, “MADAGASCAR: Province Fian-arantsoa, Manombo Special Reserve camp site 32 km SSE of Farafangana, 20 Jan - 2 Feb 2005; 23° 01.31’ S-47°43.20’ E; California Acad of Sciences, coll: M. Irwin, R. Harin'Hala malaise trap, lowland rainforest, elev 36mMA-28-11”.

Phanerotomella crassa Zettel 1989

Phanerotomella crassa Zettel 1989: 69 (key), 78 (descr. % & &, Madagascar), 135 (figs. 240-254).

Distribution: Madagascar: Prov. Toliara: Berenty Reserve, Andohahela NP*.Endemic.New data: %, “MADAGASCAR: Tulear Province, Andohahela National Park, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II;

24°56.21’S - 46°37.60’E; 15-28.I.2004, California Acad of Sciences“ “colls M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin’Hala,elev 180 m, malaise trap in transitional forest, MA-02-20-52“.

Phanerotomella gigantea Granger 1949

Phanerotomella gigantea Granger 1949: 211 (key), 215 (descr. %, Madagascar).Phanerotomella gigantea Granger 1949: Shenefelt 1973: 930 (cat.).Phanerotomella gigantea Granger 1949: Sigwalt 1977: 530 (fig. 3).Phanerotomella gigantea Granger 1949: Zettel 1989: 69 (key), 75 (tax., descr. %, Madagascar), 132 (figs. 232-236).

Distribution: Madagascar: Prov. Toamasina: Andekaleka (Rogez) – Province Fianarantsoa*: NP Ranomafana –Province Antsiranana*: Marojejy NP – Prov. Toliara*: Ivohibe.

Endemic.New data: 2&& & 2%%, “MADAGASCAR: Province Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at

forest edge, elev 1130 m, 5–15.VII.2002; 21°15.05’S - 47°24.43’E; coll: M. Irwin, R. Harin'Hala” “CaliforniaAcad of Sciences, malaise, mixed tropical forest, MA-02-09B-34”; 4 && & %, “MADAGASCAR: Province Fian-


arantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest edge, elev 1130 m, 5–15.VII.2002; 21°15.05’S -47°24.43’E; coll: M. Irwin, R. Harin'Hala” “California Acad of Sciences, malaise, mixed tropical forest, MA-02-09B-34”; &, “MADAGASCAR: Toliara, Foret Ivohibe 55km N Tolagnaro, 2–4.XII.2006; 24˚34'08"S -047˚12'14"E; California Acad of Sciences” “colls B.L.Fisher et al., yellow pan trap, elev 200 m, rainforest,BLF15449”; &, “MADAGASCAR: Province Antsiranana, Marojejy National Park, 5 km W Manantenina village,Camp Mantella, 28.IV – 7.V.2005; 14°26.29'S - 49°46.44'E; California Acad of Sciences” “colls M. Irwin, R.Harin'Hala, malaise trap, low altitude rainforest, elev. 490 m, MA-31-20”.

Comments: The body shows a great variation in length (3.5 to 6.2 mm), males are usually smaller thanfemales. The scapus are mostly whitish but sometimes a small blackish patch is present on the outer side. The hindcoxae are sometimes entirely whitish.

Phanerotomella mucronata De Saeger, 1948

Phanerotomella mucronata De Saeger 1948: 192 (key), 197 (descr. &, DR. Congo)Phanerotomella mucronata De Saeger 1948Phanerotomella mucronata De Saeger 1948: Zettel 1989: 70 (key), 83 (tax., descr. &, DR. Congo), 139 (figs. 273-277).

Distribution: D.R. Congo: Prov. Equateur, Bolingo; Madagascar*: Prov. Toliara: Ivohibe.Known from the Ethiopian Region.New data: &, “MADAGASCAR: Toliara Foret Ivohibe 55.0km N Tolagnaro, 2 - 4 Dec 2006, 24˚34'08"-

047˚12'14" E; California Acad of Sciences, coll. B.L.Fisher et al., yellow pan trap, elev 200 m, rainforest,BLF15449“.

Phanerotomella seyrigi Granger, 1949

Phanerotomella seyrigi Granger 1949: 211 (key), 213 (descr. &, Madagascar).Phanerotomella seyrigi Granger 1949: Shenefelt 1973: 931 (cat.).Phanerotomella seyrigi Granger 1949: Zettel 1989: 69 (key), 72 (tax., descr. &, Madagascar), 130 (figs. 222-226).

Distribution: Madagascar: Prov. Toamasina: Ivondro – Prov. Toliara*: Andohahela NP.Endemic.New data: &, “MADAGASCAR: Toliara, Parc National Andohahela, Col de Tanatana, 33.3km NW Tolagnaro,

elev 275 m, 22-24.xi.2006; 24˚45'31"S - 046˚51'13"E; California Acad of Sciences” “colls B.L.Fisher et al., Mal-aise trap, rainforest, collection code: BLF15102”.

Phanerotomella spinosa Granger, 1949

Phanerotomella spinosa Granger 1949: 211 (key, fig. 213), 212 (descr. % & &, Madagascar).Phanerotomella spinosa Granger 1949: Docavo Alberti 1960: pl. 16 (fig. 91).Phanerotomella spinosa Granger 1949: Docavo Alberti 1965 Phanerotomella spinosa Granger 1949: Shenefelt 1973: 931 (cat.).Phanerotomella spinosa Granger 1949: Sigwalt 1977: 531 (fig. 5).Phanerotomella spinosa Granger 1949: Zettel 1989: 68 (key), 70 (tax., descr. % & &, Madagascar), 72, 128 (figs. 211-215).

Distribution: Madagascar: Prov. Prov. Antsiranana: Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Marojejy (Ambasoratra – Prov.Antananarivo: Mandraka – Prov. Toamasina: Andekaleka (Rogez) – Prov. Fianarantsoa: Massif de l'Andringita(Vallée de l'Iantara:Ampasy), Ranomafana NP*.

Endemic.New data: 3 %%, “MADAGASCAR: Province Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest

edge, elev 1130 m, 5–15.VII.2002; 21°15.05’S - 47°24.43’E; coll: M. Irwin, R. Harin'Hala” “California Acad ofSciences, malaise, mixed tropical forest, MA-02-09B-34”.


Phanerotomella subdentata Granger 1949

Phanerotomella subdentata Granger 1949: 211 (key, fig. 212), 212 (descr. % & &, Madagascar).Phanerotomella subdentata Granger 1949: Shenefelt 1973: 931 (cat.).Phanerotomella subdentata Granger 1949: Zettel 1989: 69 (key), 77 (tax., descr. % & &, Madagascar), 134 (figs. 243-247).

Distribution: Madagascar: Prov. Toliara: Bekily – Province Antsiranana: Marojejy NP*.Endemic.New data: %, “MADAGASCAR: Province Antsiranana, Marojejy National Park, 5 km W Manantenina vil-

lage, Camp Mantella, 28.IV – 7.V.2005; 14°26.29'S - 49°46.44'E; California Acad of Sciences” “colls M. Irwin, R.Harin'Hala, malaise trap, low altitude rainforest, elev. 490 m, MA-31-20”.

Phanerotomella tristis Granger, 1949

Phanerotomella tristis Granger 1949: 210 (fig. 211), 211 (key), 214 (descr. % & &, Madagascar).Phanerotomella tristis tristis Granger 1949: Shenefelt 1973: 931 (cat.).Phanerotomella tristis Granger 1949: Zettel 1989: 69 (key), 70 (key), 73 (tax., descr. % & &, Madagascar), 131(figs. 227-231).Phanerotomella tristis ambositrensis: Granger 1949: 214 (descr. % & &).Phanerotomella tristis ambositrensis Granger 1949: Shenefelt 1973: 931 (cat.).Phanerotomella tristis ambositrensis Granger 1949: Zettel 1989: 73 (syn.).

Distribution: Madagascar: Prov. Antananarivo: Mandraka – Prov. Toamasina: Andasibe (Perinet), Andekaleka(Rogez), Ivondro – Prov. Fianarantsoa: Ambositra, Fianarantsoa, Manombo Special Reserve*, NP Ranomafana* –Province Antsiranana*: NP Marojejy.

Endemic.New data: & & 4 %%, “MADAGASCAR: Province Fianarantsoa, Manombo Special Reserve camp site, 32 km

SSE of Farafangana, 20.I–II.2005; 23°01.31’S - 47°43.20’E; California Acad of Sciences“ “colls M. Irwin, R.Harin'Hala, malaise trap, lowland rain-forest, elev 36m, MA-28-11”; 46 %% & 13 &&, “MADAGASCAR: Prov-ince Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest edge, elev 1130 m, 5–15.VII.2002; 21°15.05’S- 47°24.43’E; coll: M. Irwin, R. Harin'Hala” “California Acad of Sciences, malaise, mixed tropical forest, MA-02-09B-34”; 2 %%, “MADAGASCAR: Province Antsiranana, Marojejy National Park, 5 km W Manantenina village,Camp Mantella, 28.IV – 7.V.2005; 14°26.29'S - 49°46.44'E; California Acad of Sciences” “colls M. Irwin, R.Harin'Hala, malaise trap, low altitude rainforest, elev. 490 m, MA-31-20”.

Phanerotomella spA

&, “MADAGASCAR: Province Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest edge, elev 1130 m,5 – 15 July 2002, 21° 15.05’ S-47° 24.43’ E, coll: M. Irwin, R. Harin'Hala. California Acad of Sciences, malaisetrap, mixed tropical forest. MA-02-09B-34”.

Phanerotomella spB

&, “MADAGASCAR: Province Antsiranana, Marojejy Nat'l Park, 5 km W Manantenina village, Camp Mantella,28 April - 7 May 2005, 14° 26.29' S-49° 46.44' E, California Acad of Sciences, coll: M Irwin, R. Harin'Hala. Mal-aise trap, low altitude rainforest, elev. 490 m, MA-31-20”.

Discussion and conclusions

Braconidae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea) is a large family present in all parts of the world (except Antarctica)whose members have diverse or even extraordinary morphological characteristics. Among them, long spine-like


protuberances (teeth) on different parts of the body are not uncommon in several subfamilies. They occur on thehead, as in Lasiophorus Haliday, 1838 (Braconinae), on the pronotum, e.g., Spinaria Brullé, 1846 (Rogadinae), onthe mesoscutum in Thoracoplites Fischer, 1961 (Rhyssalinae), on the scutellum in Heratemis Walker, 1860 (Alysi-inae), on the propodeum of some Rogadinae, e.g., Conspinaria Schulz, 1906, Pambolinae, e.g., Pambolus Haliday,1836, and Doryctinae, e.g. Fijispathius Belokobylskij, Iqbal et Austin, 2004; Echinodoryctes Belokobylskij, Iqbalet Austin, 2004; and Ryukyuspathius Belokobylskij, 2008, and finally on the metasoma in Conspinaria Schulz,1906 (Rogadinae) and Chelonus (Areselonus) Braet, 1999 (Cheloninae) (Braet, 1999; Fisher, 1961; van Achter-berg, 2007). Several Cheloninae genera exhibit a raised transverse carina on propodeum (Chelonus s.l., Asco-gaster). This carina may be a simple ridge, or two (e.g., Chelonus oculator (Fabricius, 1775) to four (e.g.,Ascogaster cognata De Saeger, 1948) obtuse to acute apophyses.

These may appear as a tubercle, large obtuse triangle, or small pointed teeth. In all cases, these different shapesare pooled under the term apophysis, e.g., triangular apophysis, tubercular apophysis, toothed apophysis. Theseapophyses are here not considered as spines because they are more or less triangular or blunt and their height isequal to, or less than, their basal diameters. Spines on the propodeum, as defined here, are at least twice (oftenmore) as long as their basal diameter. These spines are only found in a few chelonine taxa and are only present lat-erally. Lateral protuberances from the carina (apophysis or spines) are sometimes more pronounced than themedian ones (e.g., Ascogaster mayamotensis De Saeger, 1948) or the median ones may be absent. Moreover, therelative position of these angles is also variable; either the apophyses are equally spaced on the transverse ridge, orthe two median ones are closer one to each other than they are to the outer ones.

The observed variations could be useful for future cladistic analyses of the huge genus Chelonus and may besubdivided into eight qualitative characters (here considered as unordered):

State 1: transverse carina of propodeum present/absent.State 2: transverse carina of propodeum lower/higher than the neighboring sculpture.State 3: shape of transverse carina (if present) without angles/with apophyses/with spines.State 4: number of apophyses or spines equal to 0/2/4.State 5: position of apophyses, spines equally spaced/medially tighter.State 6: size of lateral apophyses, spines at most as long as basal diameter/longer than basal diameter.State 7: lateral angles, apophyses, spines (if present) apically blunt/apically acute.State 8: median apophyses absent/as long as lateral ones/longer than lateral ones.

The function(s) of the propodeal apophyses, and spines is unknown. As they are equally developed in bothsexes, they probably do not have a sexual function. They could assist in emergence from the host, or in aiding ovi-position into host eggs by stabilizing the abdomen in female. The idea that they may deter predation seems unlikelyfor those species with smaller apophyses but may have evolved as such in those with long, sharp spines. With theexception of a group of species related to C. (M.) merdicus sp. nov. and C. (M.) matilei sp. nov., all taxa with longspines are restricted to the Malagasy subregion: Madagascar and the Mascarene archipelago (Reunion, Mauritiusand Rodrigues islands).

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Zuparko (CAS), Dr. Villemant and Ms. Touret-Alby (MNHN), Dr. de Coninck and M. Hannot(MRAC), Dr. Delvare (CIRAD), Dr Franck Koch (MNHU) and Dr. Madl (IFENM) for the loan of specimens. Weare grateful to Dr. Madl and to Dr. van Achterberg (Leiden) for bibliographic references extracted from their futurecatalog of the Malagasy sub-region. We thank Ms. Touret-Alby and M. Hannot for their help in preparing illustra-tions and photos. Fieldwork in Madagascar could not have been completed without the gracious support of theMalagasy people. The Malaise-trap material was collected and processed in Madagascar through grants from theSchlinger Foundation. We thank Mike Irwin and Eve Schlinger, who planned most of the field trapping program,and Harinhala Rinha, who conducted much of the fieldwork and supervised specimen processing in Antananarivo.We give also many thanks for the collection of Reunion specimens to Dr. Rochat, Ms. Gasnier, Dr. Deguine, MMRamage, Moutoussamy and Ajaguin-Soleyen. Finally, many thanks to Dr J.T. Jennings and Mss Rebecca Kittel(University of Adelaide, Australia) for their review of our paper.


This work was partly supported by the Société Entomologique de France (Germaine Cousin Grant to P.Rousse) and by the National Science Foundation (Grants DEB-0072713 to B.L. Fisher and C.E. Griswold andDEB-0344731 to B.L. Fisher and P.S. Ward). We also thank reviewers for their suggestions and improvements.

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