Clinical Psychology Interventions Case Study by V.M. Westerberg
Neurology Notes for oards - ACOFP pm 330 Westerberg Dyanne...Neurology Notes for oards Dyanne P....
Transcript of Neurology Notes for oards - ACOFP pm 330 Westerberg Dyanne...Neurology Notes for oards Dyanne P....
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Neurology Review
Dyanne P. Westerberg, DO FAAFP
Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Family and Community Medicine
Cooper Medical School of Rowan University
Cranial Nerve Type Function
Olfactory 1 S Smell
Optic 2 S Sight
Oculomotor 3 M Medial, superior and inferior rectus , inferior oblique, ciliary muscle, sphincter muscle of the eye
Trochlear 4 M Superior Oblique
Trigeminal 5 B Sensation of face, muscles of mastication
Abducens 6 B Lateral Rectus
Facial 7 B Taste ( anterior 2/3 tongue) muscle of facial expression, stapediusmuscle, stylohyoid muscle, digastric muscle, lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands
Vestibulococular(Auditory)
8 S Hearing and balance
Glossopharyngeal 9 B Taste( posterior 2/3 tongue) Pharyngeal sensation, parotid gland, styrlopharyngeus muscle
Vagus 10 B Sensation of trachea, esophagus,viscera,laryngeal,pharyngeal muscles, visceral autonomics
Accessory 11 M Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle
Hypoglossal 12 M Tongue
Overview of the CNS arterial supply.Nolte, John, PhD - Essentials of The Human Brain, 37-42© 2009 Copyright © 2010 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Lateral ( A ), medial ( B ), and cross-sectional ( C ) views of the hemisphere showing the regions served by the anterior cerebral ( green ), middle cerebral ( blue ), and posterior cerebral ( pink ) arteries. The distal territories of these vessels overlap at their peripheries and create border zones. These zones are susceptible to infarcts ( C ) in cases of hypoperfusion of the vascular bed. Small border zones also exist ( A ) between superior ( green ) and inferior ( blue ) cerebellar arteries.
Haines, D.E.,Lancon, J.A. - Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications, 109-123.e1© 2013 Copyright © 2013 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Headache• Primary
– Migraine– Cluster– Tension
• Secondary– Hemorrhage– Encephalopathy– Meningitis– Temporal arteritis– Neoplasm– Sinus– Exertional– Trauma
Which headache is the most common?
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Which headache is the most common?
Tension accounting for 40%
Migraine Cluster Tension
Patient 10 to 30 yearsF>M
Young Men F>M
Types Without auraWith aura
Precipitating factors Stress, BCP, menstruation, exertion, food containing tyramine or nitrates, chocolate, cheese, processed meats
ETOH, vasodilators Stress, fatigue
Associated symptoms photophobia, visualabnormalities, aura
Horner’s syndrome, lacrimation nasal congestionsPain radiates to the jaw and teeth
Anxiety
Duration 4 to 72 hours 30 Min to 3 hours Variable
Treatment NSAID, ergots,triptans, Antiemetics, prophylaxis: tricyclics, BblockersCalcium channel blockersErgots, OMT
Also, 100% oxygen7 L/minute for 15 minutes, OMT
Also relaxation exercises. OMT
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Characteristics of the headaches
Migraines Cluster Tension
NauseaPhotophobia/phonophobiaIncrease with activityP-pulsatile qualityO- onset 4 to 72 hoursU-UnilateralN- N/VD- DisablingAura- flickering lights, spotsFully reversible neurological symptoms
Can be bilateralSeveral per day ( 1 to 8)Between 15 and 180 minutesEpisodes 6 to 12 weeksRemission for 12 months
Bilateral Like a tightening band around the headNon pulsatingNo increase with physical activityNo N/VNo Photophobia/Phonophobia
Characteristics of the headaches
Migraines Cluster Tension
NauseaPhotophobia/phonophobiaIncrease with activityP-pulsatile qualityO- onset 4 to 72 hoursU-UnilateralN- N/VD- DisablingAura- flickering lights, spotsFully reversible neurological symptoms
Can be bilateralSeveral per day ( 1 to 8)Between 15 and 180 minutesEpisodes 6 to 12 weeksRemission for 12 months
Bilateral Like a tightening band around the headNon pulsatingNo increase with physical activityNo N/VNo Photophobia/Phonophobia
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Medical Treatments
Acute
• Acetaminophen/Aspirin/Caffeine
• NSAID
• Triptans
• Antiemetics
• Dexamethasone
• Ergotamine
• Intranasal Lidocaine
• Isometheptene
Chronic – First Line
• Propanolol
• Amitriptyline
• Sodium Valproate
• Topiramate
• Divalproex
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Exertional Headache• Headache after physical activity
• Running
• Coughing
• Sexual Intercourse
• Bowel Movement
• Evaluation i.e. MRI if• >40
• Vomiting
• Prolonged duration
• Cardiac evaluation if risk factors
• A literature review from the early 1990s, of 219 a structural lesion was found in 22 percent
Meningitis
• Infection of the covering of brain and spinal cord- meninges
• Risk Factors: ear infections, sinusitis, immunocompromise, neurosurgery, maternal group B infection during childbirth
• H and P: headache, neck pain, photophobia, nausea, vomiting, confusion, fever, seizure, Kernig, Brudzinski, rash
Meningitis by AgeAge Most common
organismOther organism Emperic Treatment
Newborn Group B strep E.Coli, ListeriaH.influenza
AmpicillinCefotaximine
1 m to 2 y S.pneumoniaN.meningitis
Group B StrepListeria, H.influenza
VancomycinCeftriaxone
2-18 y N.meningitis S.pneumoniaListeria
VancomycinCeftriaxone
18 to 50 y S.pneumonia N.meningitisListeria
VancomycinCeftriaxone
50+yAltered cellularimmunityAlcoholic
S. pneumonia N. Meningitis, Listeria , gram-negative rods
VancomycinCeftriaxoneAmpicillin
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Viruses
• Viral Meningitis:
– Numerous viruses -Enteroviruses most common
– Nausea, vomiting, headache stiffness
– LP helps in diagnosis, more specific- PCR testing
• Encephalitis:
– Numerous viruses i.e flavivirus- West Nile*
– Headache, vomiting, change in mental status
* Increased incidence since 1999
LP findings
Patient WBC Pressure Glucose Protein
Healthy <5 50-180mmH20
40-70 mg/dl 20-45mg/dl
Bacterial IncreasedEsp. PMN
increased decreased increased
viral IncreasedEsp. Lymphocytes
increased normal normal
Fungal or TB IncreasedEsp. Lymphocytes
Increased decreased increased
Prevention
• Vaccines for general population and aspleenicpatients
– Hib Vaccine
– Pneumococcal Vaccine
– Meningococcal Vaccine
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Prevention
• The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) today stopped short of recommending routine use of serogroup B meningococcal vaccine in young people, instead leaving the decision to doctors and their patients.
• The committee voted 14-1 for individual choice on use of the vaccine in adolescents and young adults ages 16 through 23, with 16- to 18-year-olds as the preferred age-group. The move came in the wake of several meningitis B outbreaks and a number of sporadic cases on college campuses in the past 2 years.
• INSURANCE may not cover this.
Trigeminal Neuralgia
• Recurrent- Head and Facial Pain in the trigeminal area-made worse by palpation with radiation to the maxillary and mandibular areas.
• Stabbing and electrical• F> M age >50• The mechanism by which compression of the nerve
leads to symptoms appears to be related to demyelination in a circumscribed area around the compression
• MRI to r/o lesions such as tumor or MS• Treatment: carbamazepine 200 to 1,200 mg/day
recommended
Trigeminal Neuralgia
• Recurrent- Head and Facial Pain in the trigeminal area-made worse by palpation with radiation to the maxillary and mandibular areas.
• Stabbing and electrical• F> M ,age >50• The mechanism by which compression of the nerve
leads to symptoms appears to be related to demyelination in a circumscribed area around the compression
• MRI to r/o lesions such as tumor or MS• Treatment: carbamazepine 200 to 1,200 mg/day
recommended
Most Common Cause
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Temporal( giant cell) Arteritis
• The diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) should be considered in a patient over the age of 50 who complains of or is found to have:
●New headaches●Abrupt onset of visual disturbances ●Symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica●Jaw claudication●Unexplained fever or anemia●High erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and/or high serum C-reactive protein (CRP)
Temporal( giant cell) Arteritis
• The diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) should be considered in a patient over the age of 50 who complains of or is found to have:
●New headaches
●Abrupt onset of visual disturbances 15 to 20% blindness
●Symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica
●Jaw claudication
●Unexplained fever or anemia
●High erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and/or high serum C-reactive protein (CRP)
Trigeminal Neuralgia Temporal Arteritis
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TIA• American Heart Association/American Stroke
Association 2009 definition of TIA –Transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction
• Underreported
• Sudden onset of unilateral paresis, speech disturbance, transient monocular vision loss
• NOT tinnitus, dizziness, vertigo, memory loss
( mimics)
Evaluation
• Thorough History – Is it recurrent?
• Physical exam esp. neuro
• Imaging- within 24 hours– Diffusion weighted MRI
– CT scan often completed in the ER
• Cardiac Assessment:– EKG
– Transthorasic echo/TEE• Patent foramen ovale, thrombus, valvular disease
– Telemetry
– Labs
Treatment- prevent future strokes10 to 20 % risk at 90 days often within 48 hours
• Modify risks: – hypertension, smoking, obesity, inactivity etc.
• Statins regardless of LDL:– Reduce by 50 % or less than 70
• Antiplatelets if non cardiac– 81 mg aspirin
– Dipyridamole/aspirin
– Clopidogrel
• Carotid endarterectomy or angioplasty – If 70 to 99% blocked and risk <6%
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Treatment- prevent future strokes10 to 20 % risk at 90 days often within 48 hours
• Modify risks: – hypertension, smoking, obesity, inactivity etc.
• Statins regardless of LDL:– Reduce by 50 % or less than 70
• Antiplatelets if non cardiac– 81 mg aspirin
– Dipyridamole/aspirin
– Clopidogrel
• Carotid endarterectomy or angioplasty – If 70 to 99% blocked and risk <6%
Not ASA and Plavix
Atrial Fibrillation ( AHA)
• Warfarin with INR between 2 and 3• Control group 4.5 % stroke
• Warfarin group 1.4% stroke
• Other agents: ( Do NOT have AHA approval)– Dabigatron- (Pradaxa)
– Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
– Apixaban (Eiquis)
– Edoxaban ( Savaysa)
Who needs anticogulation?
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Stroke
• symptomatic cerebral ischemic events of > 24 hour duration
– 80%-87% ischemic ( thrombus or emboli)
– 13%-20% hemorrhagic
• Intracerebral
• subarachnoid
• Risk Factors: Age, FMH, obesity, DM, HTN, tobacco, AFIB, Stress, High Alcohol
Acute Treatment• EKG• Labs• Imaging to r/o Bleed• Thrombolytic Therapy if within 3 hours if acute and
clinically meaningful defecit• No bleed or AV malformation• Normal platelets• No anticoagulants• No trauma• BP < 185/110
• oxygen if hypoxic• Aspirin within 48 hours ( if no thrombolytics)• Do not lower BP unless extreme i.e. 220/120 or patient
has CAD to maintain cerebral perfusion• Monitor for complications i.e seizures, edema, bleed
Imaging
• For diagnosing ischemic stroke in the emergency setting:– CT scans (without contrast enhancements)
• sensitivity= 16% specificity= 96%
– MRI scan• sensitivity= 83%specificity= 98%
• For diagnosing hemorrhagic stroke in the emergency setting:– CT scans (without contrast enhancements)
• sensitivity= 89%specificity= 100%
– MRI scan• sensitivity= 81%specificity= 100%
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Seizure
• Sudden change in neurological activity (e.g. behavior, movement, sensation) causes by excessive synchronized discharge of cortical neurons in a limited (focal) or generalized distribution of the brain.
• Epilepsy: 2or more seizures that are not precipitated by illnesses or other inciting events i.e. alcohol withdrawal
Common Causes of Seizure by Age Group
• Infant– Hypoxic injury
– Metabolic defect
– Genetic or congenital abnormality
– infection
• Children– Idiopathic
– Infection
– Fever
– trauma
• Adult– Idiopathic
– Metabolic defect
– Drug or drug withdrawal
– Trauma
– Neoplasm
– Infection
– CVA or stroke
Types of SeizuresType Involvement Comments
Simple Partial Focal, cortical region of the brain
Focal sensory of motordeficit with no LOC
Complex Partial Focal Region of the temporal lobe
Hallucinations and repeated coordinated movements
Generalized Bilateral cerebral cortex Tonic- clonic repetitive contraction and relaxation
Absence Bilateral Cerebral cortex Mostly in children
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Status Epilepticus
• Either > 30 minutes of continuous seizure activity or ≥ 2 sequential seizures without recovery of full consciousness between seizures
• Due to : numerous- infections , brain tumor
• Treat with IV benzodiazepines, then start phenytoin or phenobarbitol if refractory
• Mortality > 20 % if untreated.
Febrile Seizures
• Between age of 6 months and 5 years• Prevalence 2 to 5% • Males > female• No evidence of intracranial infection • Simple < 15 minutes, complex > 15 minutes.• Greater risk of developing epilepsy• LP should be performed in patients
• < 12 months• Complex seizure• Symptoms of meningitis
Parkinson Disease• Idiopathic dopamine depletion:
– loss of dopaminergic striated neurons in the substantianigra and Lewy formation leading to abnormal cholinergic input to the cortex.
• Symptoms:– Resting tremor: pill rolling– Cogwheel rigidity– Bradykinesia/ akinesia- shuffling gait– Mask-like faces– Memory loss– Difficulty initiating movement– Postural instability– Stooped posture, decreased arm swing
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Parkinson Disease• Idiopathic dopamine depletion:
– loss of dopaminergic striated neurons in the substantianigra and Lewy formation leading to abnormal cholinergic input to the cortex.
• Symptoms: – Resting tremor: pill rolling– Cogwheel rigidity– Bradykinesia/ akinesia- shuffling gait– Mask-like faces– Memory loss– Difficulty initiating movement– Postural instability– Stooped posture, decreased arm swing
TRAP
Treatment of Parkinson DiseaseDrug Mechanism indication
Levodopa Dopamine precursor Initial therapy
Carbidopa Dopamine decarboxylaseinhibitor that reduces levodopa metabolism
Combined with levodopa to augment effects
Bromocriptine Dopamine receptor agonist Increases response to levodopain patients with declining response
Selegiline Monamine oxidase type B inhibitor
Early disease – may help delay need to start levodopa
Amantadine Increases synthesis, release or reuptake of dopamine
More effective against rigidity and bradykinesia
Antimuscarinicagents
Block cholinergic transmission
Adjuvant therapy
Drug induced Parkinson Disease
• the older major tranquilizers such as Haloperisol ( Haldol), Trifluoperazine(Stelazine)
• the newer major antipsychotic drugs such as Risperidone (Risperdal), Olanzapine (Zyprexa),
• drugs used for nausea, vomiting, and acid reflux such as Metoclopramide (Reglan)
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Myasthenia Gravis
• Autoimmune disorder• Antibodies bind to acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular
junctions and block normal neuromuscular transmission• Bimodal distribution younger women, older men• H and P
• Fatigue• Ptosis• Diplopia• Dysphagia• Dyspnea
• Lab: + positive Ach receptor antibodies• Tensilon Test: symptoms improve with edrophonium or the Ice pack
test
Guillain Barre Syndrome
• Inflammatory neuropathy associated with progressive weakness usually symetrical and ascending
• Autoimmune• Can be associated with recent viral infection, surgery ot
immunization• Peak 20’s and 70’s• Self resolving in 1 month- sooner with plasmapheresis or
immunoglobulin• H and P:
• Rapid bilateral weakness in distal extremities in stocking/glove distribution and going proximal
• Decreased sensation• Absent DTR’s• Respiratory Failure
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Progressive neuro degenerative disease of the motor neurons
• Loss of central nervous system – lower motor neurons
» anterior horn cells in spinal cord
» cranial nerve nuclei (most often X, XI, XII)
– upper motor neurons
» corticospinal tract
• Ages 20 to 80
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• H and P– Asymmetrical progressive weakness in the limbs and
face– Possible change in personality and impaired judgment– Increase or decrease in DTR– Flaccid paralysis– Babinski– Fasciculations of the muscles
• EMG: Widespread muscular denervation and motor block
• Treatment: riluzole- supportive therapy
Alzheimer’s Disease
• Most common cause of Dementia• Due to neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plaques, amyloid
deposits,neuronal atrophy• Cortical atrophy on Imaging• H and P
• Progressive short term memory loss• Depression• Confusion• Inability to perform complex tasks or movements• Personality changes and delusions
• Treatment– Cholinesterase inhibitors– Memantine ( alone or in combination)– Herbals?????
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Multiple Sclerosis
• Possible autoimmune
• Demyelinating disorder of brain and spinal cord
• Most patient women 20 to 40
• Mri with contrast shows white matter lesions
• H+ P: various symptoms, visual changes( Optic Neuritis- 10 year risk 38%), babinski, positional instabilities, spasticity, dysarrthria
• McDonald Criteria for diagnosis
• Treatment: steroids, methotrexate,interferon, glatirmer lacitate
RadiculopathyForm of neuralgia due to irritationof the spinal nerve
NeuropathyNerve Reflex Motor Deficit Sensory Deficit
C5 Biceps Deltoid, biceps Anterior Shoulder
C6 Brachioradialis Biceps, wrist extensor Lateral forearm
C7 Triceps Triceps, wrist flexors, finger extensors
Posterior forearm
C8 None Finger flexors Forth and fifth fingers, medial forearm
T1 None Finger interossei Axilla
L4 Patellar Tibialis anterior(foot dorsiflexiion)
Medial leg
L5 None Extensor hallucis longus(first toe dorsiflexion)
Lateral lower leg, first web space
S1 Achilles Peroneus longus and brevis( foot eversion)Gastrocnemius(foot plantarflexion)
Lateral foot
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Osteopathic Manipulation
• Numerous studies support the use of OMT in the treatment of patients with musculoskeletal complaints.
• No studies on radiculopathy found.
• Many modalities- should not just think of high velocity techniques.
• High velocity should be used with caution in the cervical spine
Carpal Tunnel
• Compression of the median nerve at wrist
• Ages 30 to 55
• F>M
• H and P
– Wrist pain radiates up the arm
– Decreased grasp
– Numbness in thumb middle and index finger
– Thenar atrophy in advanced cases
+ tinel + phalen