Neurology terms
Transcript of Neurology terms
NeurologyDisorders
Terms Included Acid Lipase Disease
Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Neurological Complications of AIDS
Alzheimer's Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Cerebral Aneurysms
Aphasia
Asperger Syndrome
Autism
Brain and Spinal Tumors
Traumatic Brain Injury
Terms Included Carpel Tunnel
Cerebral Palsy
Coma
Dyslexia
Epilepsy
Huntington’s Disease
Meningitis
Narcolepsy
Parkinson’s Disease
Tourette Syndrome
Acid Lipase Disease What is Acid Lipase Disease ?
Body does not break down fats
Resulting in toxic build up
Lipid ex.- waxes, oil, cholesterol
Treatment?
Certain drugs can be used
Low cholesterol diet
Prognosis?
Varies
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/acid_lipase/acid_lipase.htm
Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) What is Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder?
Neurobehavioral disorder
3-5% of all American children are diagnosed
Inability to focus on a task
Inability to act one’s age
Treatments
Medications such as:
methylphenidate (Ritalin) or dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
Prognosis
No cure
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/adhd/adhd.htm
Neurological Complications
of AIDS What are Neurological Complications of AIDS?
Predominately located in the Immune system
Evoked by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
Possible complications include:
AIDS dementia complex
Encephalitis
Neuropathy
Neurosyphilis
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/aids/aids.htm
Neurological Complications
of AIDS Is there any treatment?
No cure
Several possible therapies/treatments such as:
antiepileptic drugs
Opiates
Corticosteroids
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/aids/aids.htm
Alzheimer's Disease What is Alzheimer's Disease?
Non-reversible brain disorder
Develops over a period of time in the latter years of life.
Memory loss and confusion
Alterations in behavior and/or personality
Degeneration in cognitive abilities
Caused by the death of particular neurons
Also related to Dementia
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/alzheimersdisease/alzheimersdis
ease.htm
Alzheimer’s Disease Connected with AD:
Amyloid plaques
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)
Loss of connections between neurons responsible for memory and learning.
Treatment?
No way to reverse damage
Medications:
Donepezil (Aricept)
Rivastigmine (Exelon)
Galantamine (Razadyne)
Memantine (Namenda)
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/alzheimersdisease/alzheimersdis
ease.htm
Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis (ALS) What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
AKA- Lou Gehrig's disease
Develops at an alarming rate
Attacks nerve cells that regulate voluntary muscles
Fatal
Treatment?
No cure
One medication- Riluzole
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis/ALS.h
tm
Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis (ALS) Prognosis?
Muscle weakness and atrophy will eventually spread
throughout the body
Difficulty:
Swallowing
Speaking
Forming words
Future with ALS
Inability to perform daily tasks
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis/ALS.h
tm
Cerebral Aneurysms What is Cerebral Aneurysms?
Enlargement and possible rupture of an artery in the brain
Any age
Before rupture:
Could or could not have symptoms
Immediately after:
Severe headache
Nausea,
Vision impairment
Vomiting
Loss of consciousness.
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cerebral_aneurysm/cerebral_ane
urysms.htm
Cerebral Aneurysms
Treatment?
Surgery
Catheter insertion
Prognosis?
Depends
Early diagnosis is crucial
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cerebral_aneurysm/cerebral_ane
urysms.htm
Aphasia
What is Aphasia?
Affects the brain
Affects language
Not a disease
Result of brain damage
4 categories of Aphasia
(1) Expressive aphasia
(2) Receptive aphasia
(3) Anomic or amnesia aphasia
(4) Global aphasia
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/aphasia/aphasia.htm
Aphasia Treatment?
Language/speech therapy
Prognosis?
Depends on age and location of injury
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/aphasia/aphasia.htm
Asperger Syndrome What is Asperger Syndrome?
Developmental disorder
Related to Autism
Most common symptom:
Obsessive interest
Treatment?
Therapy
Early diagnosis/intervention
Structured environments
Prognosis?
Possibly able to cope
Need of life-long supporthttp://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/asperger.htm
Autism What is Autism?
Problems with:
Social interaction
Verbal and nonverbal communication
Repetitive and obsessive behaviors
Treatment?
No cure
Therapies
Behavioral assistance
Prognosis?
Epilepsy or seizure- like brain functions
Depression
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/autism.htm
Brain and Spinal Tumors What are Brain and Spinal Tumors?
Tissue growths
Can be benign or malignant
Can hinder functions
Treatment?
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Steroids
Prognosis?
Depends on size
Depends on if benign or malignant
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brainandspinaltumors/brainandspi
naltumors.htm
Traumatic Brain Injury
What is Traumatic Brain Injury?
Abrupt trauma to the brain, such as:
Strike to the brain
Something pierces skull and goes through brain tissue
Symptoms:
Alert or not alert
Headache
Confusion
Light-headed
Blurred vission
Changes in mood
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tbi/tbi.htm
Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment?
Seek medical attention ASAP
Could need Oxygen
Adequate blood flow
Managing blood pressure
Prognosis?
Surgery for repair
Could cause an array of disabilities
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tbi/tbi.htm
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Squeezing of a key nerve (AKA median nerve) in the wrist
Symptoms:
Pain
Weakness
More likely to obtain CTS if:
preform repetitive work tasks
such as:
assembly line work
ASL interpreters
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/carpal_tunnel.htm
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Treatment?
Rest for a few weeks
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as:
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Prednisone
Steroid injections
Prognosis?
Treatment
Surgery
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/carpal_tunnel.htm
Cerebral Palsy What is Cerebral Palsy?
Life-long damage to body movement and muscle
coordination
Do not worsen
Abnormalities in the brain cause CP
Treatment?
No cure
Therapy
Medications
Orthopedic devices to assist daily activities
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cerebral_palsy/cerebral_palsy.htm
Coma
What is Coma?
AKA- persistent vegetative state
Extreme state of unconsiousness
Alive but unable to move or be coherent
Treatment?
Physical therapy
Prognosis?
Typcially lasts 2-4 weeks
Depends on severity and longevity
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/coma/coma.htm
Dyslexia What is Dyslexia?
Learning disability
Trouble reading and phonological processing
Treatment?
Adjustments to teaching methods
Prognosis?
Typically good but mixed and hard to tell
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/dyslexia/dyslexia.htm
Epilepsy What is Epilepsy?
Brain disorder
Neuronal activity is agitated
Can cause several types of seizures
Treatment?
Medicines
Surgery
Prognosis?
No cure
Can cause brain damage
Possibly fatal
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/epilepsy/epilepsy.htm
Huntington’s Disease What is Huntington's Disease? Genetically programmed degeneration ofnerurons
Thus causes:
Uncontrolled movements
Loss of intellectual faculties
Emotional disturbance
Obtain through genetics
Teatment? Tetrabenazine
Exercise
What is the prognosis? Can not stop
Can not reverse
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/huntington/huntington.htm
Meningitis
What are Meningitis?
Inflammatory diseases of the membranes surrounding the
brain and spinal cord
Caused by bacterial or viral infections
Viral meningitis-AKA- aseptic meningitis
Symptoms:
High fever
Severe and persistent headache
Stiff neck
Nausea
Vomiting
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/encephalitis_meningitis/encephalit
is_meningitis.htm
Meningitis Is there any treatment?
Antiviral medications
Antibiotics
Anticonvulsants
Corticosteroids
What is the prognosis?
Varies
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/encephalitis_meningitis/encephalit
is_meningitis.htm
Narcolepsy
What is Narcolepsy?
Chronic neurological disorder
Brain can not regulate sleep-wake cycles normally
Can fall asleep at random times during the day
Treatment
No cure
Medications:
Modafinil
Tricyclics (including
imipramine, desipramine, clomipramine, and protriptyline)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (including fluoxetine
and sertraline)
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/narcolepsy/narcolepsy.htm
Narcolepsy
What is the prognosis?
Medications can allow alertness
EDS and cataplexy can be controlled
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/narcolepsy/narcolepsy.htm
Parkinson’s Disease What is Parkinson's Disease?
Due to the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells
Symptoms:
Tremor
Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Could be limited in performing daily activities
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_d
isease.htm
Parkinson’s Disease Treatment?
No cure
Medications:
levodopa combined with carbidopa
Anticholinergics
Bromocriptine
Pramipexole
Ropinirole
Prognosis?
Continues over time
Progresses
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_d
isease.htm
Tourette Syndrome What is Tourette Syndrome?
Repetitive movements
Such as:
Eye movements
Blinking
Shoulder shrugging
AKA – tics
Treatment?
Medication
Prognosis?
Life-long
Symptoms tend to improve over time
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tourette/tourette.htm
References http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/disorder_index.htm