Neuro Handbook -AKU 2015 FINAL A

8/9/2019 Neuro Handbook -AKU 2015 FINAL A

1/50

1

NEUROANATOMY MODULE

2015

Student Handook

Gross, Functional & Clinical Neuroanatomy


2/50

2

General Objectives for the Neurosciences Module

At the end of the module the students should be able to:

Identify:

gross features of spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum and cerebrum

microorganisms responsible for meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscess

Relate:

organization and development of spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, motor &

sensory cortices (cerebrum) with each other and their blood supply

structural organization of spinal cord, brain stem, diencephalons, basal

ganglia, cerebellum and cerebral cortex to sensory and motor systems

organization of blood supply with the functional demands of different regions

of CNS

deficits in blood supply of CNS with clinical feature

physiological basis of nerve conduction with synaptic transmission

the physiological basis of electroencephalography (EEG), nerve conduction

studies and electromyography (EMG) with:

i. neural membrane depolarization

ii. re-polarization

iii. action potential propagation

biochemistry of neurotransmitters, neuron-peptides, protein infectious agents(prions), receptors, membrane proteins, complex carbohydrates and lipids (in

particular, glycosphingolipids and glycoproteins metabolism and

sphingolipidoses) with their role in the nervous system

metabolic requirements of neurons with their functions

structural and functional organization of reticular activating system (RAS)

with maintenance of normal levels of consciousness, arousal and alertness.

structural organization and composition of human reflex arc with the role of

muscle spindle in initiating a reflex action


3/50

3

pain pathway with its neurobiology

structural and functional organization of neuronal circuits of limbic system

with higher mental functions, cognition, memory and emotions

various disorders of memory with clinical implications (we only discussAlzhiemers)

the mechanism of injury, mode of transmission, host immune responses and

penetration of possible etiological agents into blood brain barrier to

development of meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscess

site of brain abscess to the possible underlying risk factor and etiologic agent

the mechanism of injury and repair in the nervous system due to hypoxia,

abnormal proteins and other physical insults

role of structural organization of ventricular system, blood brain barrier and

meninges in maintenance of intracranial pressure and CSF homeostasis

the organization of ALL cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem with

neurological deficits caused due to their (IV, V, VII, IX, X, XI and XII)

involvement in disease.

the organization of cranial nerve nuclei III & VI including their

internuclear connection (MLF) with their neurological deficits

gross anatomy to the radiological anatomy as seen on Magnetic Resonance

Imaging and Computerized Tomography scans

structural and functional organization of sympathetic and parasympathetic

nervous system with their functions.

concept of intelligences with various factors influencing intelligence, their

clinical implications and measurements of intelligence

principles of associative and complex learning to human behavior

factors influencing decision making in vegetative, terminally ill and brain dead

patients with bioethical, economic and social considerations

Discuss

molecular mechanisms involved in protein folding and degradation

biochemical components involved in different stages of memory


4/50

4

general characteristics (habitat, morphology, virulence factors, pathogenesis,

disease, laboratory diagnostic features) of Neisseria meningitidis, Hemophilus

influenza, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Herpes simplex virus

molecular basis of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism (revisit)

use of the following pharmacological agents with their mechanism of action

and pharmacokinetics while identifying their important side effects:

i. Antidepressants ; MAOI (Phenelezine), TCAs (Amitriptyline), SSRIs

(Fluoxetine), Others like (Venlafaxine, Bupropion)

ii. Anxiolytics and hypnotics like Benzodiazepines (diazepam,

alprazolam, triazolam), Barbiturates (pentobarbital) and Anti

Serotonins (buspirone)

iii. Drugs for movement disorders like Dopamine Agonists (levodopa plus

carbidopa, bromocriptine, amantadine) , MAO Inhibitors (selegiline),

COMT Inhibitors (tolcapone) and Anticholinergics (benztropine)

iv. Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, ethosuximide, phenytoin, valproic

acid, gabapantine, phenobarbitone)

v. Mood Stabilizers (lithium)

vi.

Antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, risperidone)

vii. Anticholinesterase agents (neostigmine, pyridostigmine, rivastigmine,

edrophonium)

viii. NMDA-receptor antagonist (memantine)

ix. Neuromuscular blockers (tubocurarine, pancuronium, succinylcholine)

x. Antiplatelets (aspirin ;revisit, dipyridamole; revisit), Anticoagulants

(warfarin; revisit) and Thrombolytics (alteplase; revisit)

xi.

Antihypertensives (revisit)

xii. Anaesthetics (halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, nitrous

oxide, barbiturates (thiopental, methohexital), etomidate, ketamine,

propofol)

basic concepts and principles of screening test: interpret validity of screening

test

concepts of assessing validity of a study


5/50

5

role of chance, bias & confounding in an epidemiological study and strategies

to deal with them

criteria to make causal inferences from epidemiologic studies, know the

guideline for judging an association to be causal, type of causal relationship

t-distribution, assumptions, hypothesis testing for one sample paired sample

data and two independent samples means.

chi-square distribution, assumptions and the hypothesis testing. Test of

independence for 2 x 2 and r x c tables.

nature and psychological consequences of intimate violence

psychosocial factors that contribute to gender differences in the expression and

acceptance of violent behavior

social and ethical issues related to epilepsy and its treatment

Compute and Interpret

confidence interval for one sample paired sample data and two independent

samples t-test based on small samples and its p-value.

expected cell count, degree of freedom and its p-value

Differentiate between:

upper and lower motor neurons on the basis of organization, structure and

function of the primary motor cortex, internal capsule, spinal tracts, motor

neurons, peripheral nerves and the neuromuscular junction

various preventive strategies against agents of meningitis and encephalitis

bacterial, viral, tuberculous/fungal meningitis on CSF analysis report

Classify:

brain tumors according to histogenesis

Skills:

obtain a history and perform neurological examination focusing on:


6/50

6

higher mental function

cranial nerves

motor system

cerebellar system

sensory system

Psychomotor Skills:

obtain hands-on experience working on comprehensive electrophysiological

monitoring unit to study electrophysiological properties of the nerves

observe the changes in the EEG wave pattern and the effects of mental

activity, opening and closing of eyes in healthy subjects using power lab

machine

Integrate

multiple perspectives on the etiology and perpetuation of a


7/50

7

Practical Neuroanatomy sessions

Lab session 1

The skull

Examine the cranial bones & Familiarise yourselves with their names

Name the paired bones forming the skull

What type of bone forms the skull?

Through which mode of ossification does Skull cap develop?

What types of joints are formed at SUTURES; between various skull bones?

Name the Unpaired bones forming the skull


8/50

8


9/50

9

NORMA FRONTALIS

Examine the frontal bones

Locate the paired frontal sinuses

What is the functional importance of these sinuses?

Examine the maxillary bone

Identify the maxillary air sinus

Where does this sinus open?

Examine the nasal bones


10/50

10

NORMA VERTICALIS

What is lambda?

What is Bregma?

What is anterior fontanelle? What is its functional / clinical significance?

Name the bones that form the posterior fontanelle.


11/50

11

NORMA LATERALIS

PTERION

What is significance of PTERION?


12/50

12

Name the only synovial joint in the skull?

NORMAL OCCIPITALIS

Identify external occipital protuberance

What are nuchal lines? Mark them on skull

Examine the cranial cavity; name the 3 cranial fossae.

State the boundaries / bones forming anterior cranial fossa

Name the part of the brain located in anterior cranial fossa


13/50

13

Name the part of the brain located in anterior cranial fossa

Name the bones participating in the formation of floor of anterior cranial fossa

Name the bones participating in the formation of floor of anterior cranial fossa

State the boundaries / bones forming middle cranial fossa.

In the figure above; identify & label the different parts of the sphenoid bone


14/50

14

Name the key foramina in the middle cranial fossa

Name the structure that passes through each of these

Label the optic canal; name the structure that passes through it?

State the boundaries / bones forming posterior cranial fossa

Name the part of the brain located here in posterior cranial fossa.

Identify & label the internal acoustic meatus & name the nerves that pass

through it

Name the structures passing through jugular foramen.


15/50

15

Through which mode of ossification does Base of skull develop?

Which part of the skull is prone to fractures & why?


16/50

16

The Acute Haematomas

Acute extradural

Fractures of skullBlow by a golf or cricket ball

Dura driven inwards

Rupture of vessels outside dura over skull

Lucid interval*

Changing level conciousness

Confusion / irritability

Pressure effects on motor cortexGradual paralysisclot spreadsFace, arm,leg, opposite side

Acute subdural

Head injuries

Thin extensive clotsubdural spaceCerebral oedema / contusion

Acute Intracerebral

Least commonRupture of intracerebral vesselCerebral compression

Laceration, contusion, oedema, necrosis

PRIMARY EFFECTS / CONSEQUENCES

Brain oedemaHaematomasCompression of brainHerniation / NecrosisDeterioration of conciousness


17/50

17

HAEMATOMAS?

The brain injury carries more significance BECAUSE of Limited space

Protected environment / CSF

Brain neurons-do not regenerate

Loss of superior control for body functions

Arteriesare end arteries

Closely packed neurons


18/50

18

The Living Anatomy of the Vertebral Column

In the figure below; Identify the features of this typical vertebra and bones of the

Thoracic Cage (Sternum and Ribs)/

Recap the main bony features of a typical vertebraExamine on skeleton and palpate the spinesof cervical,compare with

thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae in your subject

Can you comment on how shapes and direction of spines and tranverse

processes controls the direction and amount of movement in upper

cervical spine?

RECAP the VERTEBRAL LANDMARKS LISTED BELOW

Surface Anatomy: Landmarks and levels

(Inspection and Palpation)

1. External occipital protuberance / Nuchal lines

2. Spinous process of C7: vertebra prominens

3. Thoracic spines

5. Coccyx


19/50

19

6. Superior and inferior angle (T7) / borders and spine of the scapula

7. Iliac crest: L4 vertebra

8. Dimple for posterior superior iliac spine: S2

9. Transverse processes of vertebrae

11. Sacroiliac joints

Spinous processes of L2-L4 & L5

Dimple for posterior superior iliac spine: S2

Transverse processes of vertebrae

Palpate the spine of 7thcervical vertebra

Why is it called vertebra prominens?

Count the number of each. Cervical vertebra

Examine the transverse processes of cervical, compare with thoracic, and lumbar

vertebrae

LOCALISE: transverse process of 1stcervical midway b/w / angle of mandible &

mastoid process (behind ear lobule)

List the features of cervical that make them different from thoracic, and lumbar

vertebrae


20/50

20

EXAMINE THE PICTURE ABOVE & State which cervical vertebrae are calledAtypical cervical vertebrae ? and WHY; state 3 reasons

Names of the first and second cervical vertebra

Explain the type of articulation of atlas with skull Cervical vertebrae (Atlanto-

occipital joints)


21/50

21

Examine how articular facets are arranged in the cervical vertebrae

Examine Orientation of facets of joints of cervical vertebrae and state the type and

degree of movement possible in cervical spine.

Identify the structure that travels through the hole on either sides / transverse

processes of cervical vertebrae?

Blockage / narrowing of vertebral artery can lead to vertebrobasilar

insufficiency / VBIleading to light-headedness /faintness. Remember

this when you are examining / assessing the spine in a patient.

Examine shapes and direction of spines and tranverse processes of cervical vertebrae

(C1 & C2)

What does the name ATLAS remind you?

Name the ligaments that stabilise the atlanto-occipital joint

(THUS SUPPORT HEAN ON NECK)

Mark the attachment of following ligaments in cervical spinal column:

Supraspinous

Interspinous

Ligamentum flavum

Anterior longitudinal and

Posterior longitudinal ligaments

Ligamentum nuchae


22/50

22

*Movement occurs at two joints together -like a hinge joint

*Facilitate nodding (flexion) of head

Atlanto-occipital articulation

Examine cervical column and mark the attachment of following at

atlanto-occipital joint

Two Articular Capsules

The Anterior Atlantoccipital membrane

The Posterior Atlantoccipital membrane

Two Lateral Atlantoccipital ligaments

Locate / surface mark the Atlantoaxial joint


23/50

23

Intervertebral discs have no nerve supply, but a patient with prolapsed /

herniated discexperiences so much pain; WHY?

What is tectorial membrane? State its role

What is its location; mark it on the vertebral column?


24/50

24

Atlantoaxial articulation

-Joint b/w 1st / Atlas and 2nd axis

-Tooth-like dens / Odontoid of

axis / C2

-Articulates with body of atlas

(C1)

*facilitates pivoting of the head

Say No!

Ligaments supporting joint:

Two Alar

The Apical OdontoidThe Membrana Tectoria

IN FIGURE ABOVE: Examine the Ligaments Connecting Axis withOccipital Bone


25/50

25

Clinical Conditions Vert column Trauma; Mechanical injuries Herniated discDONE PREVIOUSLY

Iinflammatory & other conditions

Degenerative diseases /Herniated disc

What is whip lash?

Whiplaash include injury to intervertebral joints, discs, and ligaments,cervical muscles, and nerve roots.

1-Spinal Cord TraumaA.

Results from fracture of 1 or more vertebraeB. Symptoms depend upon severity of trauma and

vertebrae involveda. cervical - can cause death or tetraplegiab. thoracic - lower limb paraplegiac. lumbar ( cauda equina) loss of lower limb

function without total paraplegia

2-Inflammation

"Spondyloitis, " an inflammation of the vertebrae. Ankylosingspondylitis - inflammation of articular processes

3-Degenerative disc disease

Spondylomalacia, - "malacia, " which means soft, forms a softening ofthe vertebrae.

Spondylolysis - "spondylo, " means vertebra, and "lysis," whichmeans dissolve, and so it means dissolution of a vertebra.

Ankylosis of the vertebra; often applied nonspecifically to any lesionof the spine of a degenerative nature.

*Bony replacement of ligaments around the disc spaces of thespine, associated with decreased mobility and eventual fusion;marginal osteophyte.


26/50

26

Lab session-2

Anatomy of the spinal cord

Gross Anatomy & the functional anatomy of the Spinal cord / Sensory pathways

/

What is the level f termination of the spinal cord:

-In a child

-in an adult

Define filum terinale

Define cauda equina

What is lumbar punture?

What is the site of choice for performing lumbar puncture?

Name the contents of vertebral canal?


27/50

27

Examine the prosection / model of the spinal cord and identify / locate in the images

below

Grey matter and white matter

Dorsal and ventral horn

Dorsal and ventral root

Spinal nerve

Dorsal root ganglion

Name the white matter funniculi in thoracic segment below

Identify Central canal in lumbar segment

What is the functional difference between dorsal and ventral roots?


28/50

28

Where do ventral and dorsal roots unite to form a spinal nerve?

Label the parts of a spinal nerve in the figure below

Draw a cross section of spinal cord and label:

White mater funniculus & name the tracts located in each one

Between which of the two vertebra do each of the following spinal nerves leave thevertebral canal

C4 nerve

C8 nerve

L5 nerve

At which levels of the spinal cord levels are the following present:

Fasciculus garcilis

Fasciculus cuneatusLateral grey horns

What is the functional role of each of these?

In which funniculus of spinal cord does touch sensation travel?


29/50

29

What types of sensory information are carried by posterior column pathway?

*The fibres of this system run

a-at the level of spinal cord

-in nucleus fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus

b-At the level of the closed medulla

-in nucleus fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus internal arcuate to medial

leminiscus

c-At the level of open medulla

- Medial leminicus to thalmus

State the number of neurons involved in this posterior column pathway/

At what level does this pathway decussate to the opposite side?

Where does the pathway terminate?

Does the dorsal column run ipsilaterally or contalaterally within the cord?

On appropriate drawings / models locate the principal components of spinothalamic

pathway

What types of sensory information are carried by the spinothalamic pathway?


30/50

30

On appropriate drawings locate the principal components of medial leminiscal

pathway / dorsal column

State the number of neurons involved in this pathway/

At what level does this pathway decussate to the opposite side?

Where does the pathway terminate?


31/50

31

Effects of damage to / deterioration of dorsal column pathwaySensory Ataxia

Gait (walking) problemsrelated to loss of proprioception following

degeneration of dorsal columns and/or dorsal roots. caused by:Syphilis Tabes dorsalis Vitamin B-12 deficiencyPeripheral

neuropathy(e.g. as seen in diabetics and alcoholics)Multiple

sclerosis.

*Watches feet while walking, feet tend to slap down; shows a positive

Rombergs sign (person sways and is unsteady if asked to stand with

eyes closed)

Tabes Dorsalis

Irritation of Sensory Receptors

Symptom ofposterior column

As sensory receptors deteriorate, they may malfunction before they stop

functioning causing paresthesia or dysesthesia. E.g. in tabes dorsalis

shooting, excruciating, electrical-like or cramp-like pains occur, and in

peripheral neuropathyunpleasant, abnormal tingling, burning, tightness, &

pins & needles paresthesias occur.

Astereognosis

Another symptom ofposterior column damage. Without fine discriminative

touch person cannot identify objects or textures by touch. Can happen in

Multiple Sclerosisif dorsal column loses its myelin

Syringomyelia

Disease affecting spinal cord as a whole:

Enlarged CSF filled cavity within cervical spinal cord, most often associated

with Chiari malformation (cerebellum bulging through foramen magnum).

Cavity compresses and damages nearby tissue (like hydrocephalus of

cord) Cape anesthesia, loss of pain & temp sensation from hands,

weakness if ventral horns damaged If severe, operate on malformation

or shunt.


32/50

32

Lab session-3

Anatomy of the Brain (CEREBRUM)

Identify the main sulci & Gyri of the brain

Name various poles of the brain in the image below

Why is it important to know the poles?


33/50

33

What is meant by the term primary sensory (or motor) area of cortex?

Name the locations and functions of primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory

Observe the grooves on the surface of cerebral hemispheres

What is the functional importance of these?

Why can we not feel the weight of brain ?

Name the major components of diencephlon

Corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia / CROSS-SECTION

Examine the medial surface of one cerebral hemisphere

Identify & label Thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus callosum, and internal capsule in

the image below

*Both thalamus and hypothalamus can be subdivided into a series of functional cell groups or nuclei.

Some of the thalami nuclei receive input from the general and special senses and project to

corresponding sensory areas of cortex.


34/50

34

Why brain injury carries more significance?

Limited space

Protected environment / CSF

Brain neurons-do not regenerate

Loss of superior control for body functions

Arteries are end arteries

Closely packed neurons

Neurologic Principles that govern the clinicalpresentations ----

UMN (upper motor neurons)

LMN (lower motor neurons)

End-arteries

Collateral circulation


35/50

35

Lab-session-4

Blood Supply of the brain

Examine the arteries supplying the different regions of the brain

Review the arterial Circle of Willis

Why is it called Circle of willis?

SCHEMATIC IM AGE TO SHOW YOU RELATION & LOCATION OF CRICLE

OF WIL LI S & ITS ARTERIES


36/50

36

In the diagram above; or on the models Review, Identify & Label

o Vertebral arteries

o The basilar artery

o

Pontine branches

o Posterior cerebral artery

o Anterior communicating artery


37/50

37

So two major causes of a stroke:

=Blockage of a blood vessel (in the brain or neck) by

=a blood clot in the brain or neck (this is called a thrombosis)

=a blood clot from somewhere else that has moved and now

blocks a blood vessel in the brain or neck (this is called an

embolism)

=constriction or narrowing of an artery in the head or neck (this

is called a stenosis)

=Bleeding of a blood vessel (this is called hemorrhagic stroke)

1-Ischemic strokes

The majority of strokes are caused by a sudden blockage in the

blood vessels (arteries) supplying the brain, by a blood clot

(thrombus)??

The clot may actually form in an artery supplying blood to the

brain??

Clots can also form elsewhere in the body and then travel via

the blood vessels to the brain, where they lodge in an artery and

cut off the blood supply. This form of clot is called an

embolism??

Presentation, Symptoms and Signs of neurologic damage /

disease

Depend on

Location of damage / disease

Upper motor neurons effected or

Lower motor neurons effected

Duration / intensity of trauma or diseaese

2-Haemorrhagic strokes

Some strokes are caused by the sudden bursting

(haemorrhaging) of an artery in the brain, leading to bleeding

inside the brain much less common.


38/50

38

Lab session -5

Basal Nuclei & extrapyramidal system

Name the Components of the extrapyramidal system

Where are the basal nuclei located?

Name three main extrapyramidal tracts originating from basal nuclei

Name three key symptoms usually associated with Parkinson's disease

What is dyskinesia?

Name two types of dyskinesias


39/50

39

Lab session -6

Anatomy of the cerebellum

What is the function of cerebellum?

Can one live without a cerebellum?

Identify the major morphological features of the cerebellum using a diagram


40/50

40

What are the functional roles of superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles?

Name three Functional Divisions of cerebellum

Mark as in or Out: Does information travel into or out of cerebellum via

inferior cerebellar peduncle

middle cerebellar peduncle

superior cerebellar peduncle

To which region of the brain stem does each of above cerebellar peduncleconnect?

Name three ascending tracts bringing proprioceptive information to

cerebellum


41/50

41

How is grey & white matter organised in cerebellum?

What is the clinical significance of cerebellar tonsil?

Name the three major inputs / afferents to cerebellum

Name the three major outputs / efferents of cerebellum

So what does cerebellum do for us?

Damage to the cerebellum can lead to:

1)

loss of coordination of motor movement (asynergia),

2) the inability to judge distance and when to stop (dysmetria)

3) the inability to perform rapid alternating movements

(adiadochokinesia)

4) movement tremors (intention tremor),

5) staggering, wide based walking (ataxic gait),

6) tendency toward falling,

7) weak muscles (hypotonia),

8) slurred speech (ataxic dysarthria),

9) abnormal eye movements (nystagmus).


42/50

42

Lab session 7

Anatomy of the Brain Stem, cranial and spinal nerves

Identify the major features of the brain stem

Identify the 4thventrilcle

Identify cerebral aqueduct


43/50

43

Identify the twelve pairs of cranial nerves in the models provided

What function is controlled through cranial nerves; 3rd, 4th, and 6th?

What function is controlled through cranial nerves; 9th 10th, and 11th?

Name the nerves related to tongue.

Examine the area of distribution of 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11thand 12thcranial nerves


44/50

44

List a few structures innervated by each of these nerves

Examine the branches of the facial nerve

Which cranial nerve supplies the muscle of facial expression?

Which cranial nerve supplies the muscle of mastication?

Define the upper motor neuron lesion

If motor component of facial nerve is damaged, what will be the consequence?

Understand the origin and distibution of the facial nerve?

What is the consequence of damage to the hypoglossal nerve?

Which functions are looked after by the superior & inferior colliculi


45/50

45

Lab session-8

CSF & Ventricular system

Where is CSF produced?

Describe the circulation of CSF?

What is choroid plexus?

What are arachnoid granulations? What is their significance?


46/50

46

Lab-9

Meninges & Dural venous sinuses

Name the three layers of meninges?

Name the layers of dura mater?

What is the primary function of dura?

What is the role of pia mater?


47/50

47

Examine the venous sinuses inside the cranial cavity

Name the paired venous sinuses.

Name the unpaired venous sinuses

What is meant by confluence of sinuses?

List the important communications of CAVERNOUS SINUS


48/50

48

Recommended Textbooks

Author Year Title

Richard S. Snell

(in library)

Any

edition

Clinical Neuroanatomy for Medical

Students

Richard Drake, A.

Wayne Vogl

Any

editionGray's Anatomy for Students:

McMinn Any

editionFunctional & Clinical Anatomy

Lange 25th

EditionOr any

available

Clinical Neuroanatomy

Carpenter

Any

editionCarpenter's Human Neuroanatomy
http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url?%5Fencoding=UTF8&search-type=ss&index=books-uk&field-author=Richard%20S.%20Snellhttp://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url?%5Fencoding=UTF8&search-type=ss&index=books-uk&field-author=Richard%20S.%20Snell


49/50

49

Useful Websites & Other Resources and Reading guidelines.

http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=N

eck

http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Sp

ine

http://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-

cards/

http://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/qz_skull.html

http://academic.pgcc.edu/~aimholtz/AandP/PracPrac/2050_Lab11/skull.html

http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/a

nteriorbones/quiz.html

http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_01/d_01_cr/d_01_cr_ana/d_01_cr_ana.html

http://movementdisorders.ufhealth.org/research/3d-brain-atlas-for-dbs/

http://da.biostr.washington.edu/cgi-bin/DA/imageform
http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neckhttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neckhttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neckhttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neckhttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neckhttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-cards/http://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-cards/http://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-cards/http://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-cards/http://academic.pgcc.edu/~aimholtz/AandP/PracPrac/2050_Lab11/skull.htmlhttp://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/anteriorbones/quiz.htmlhttp://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/anteriorbones/quiz.htmlhttp://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/anteriorbones/quiz.htmlhttp://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/anteriorbones/quiz.htmlhttp://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_01/d_01_cr/d_01_cr_ana/d_01_cr_ana.htmlhttp://movementdisorders.ufhealth.org/research/3d-brain-atlas-for-dbs/http://da.biostr.washington.edu/cgi-bin/DA/imageformhttp://da.biostr.washington.edu/cgi-bin/DA/imageformhttp://movementdisorders.ufhealth.org/research/3d-brain-atlas-for-dbs/http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_01/d_01_cr/d_01_cr_ana/d_01_cr_ana.htmlhttp://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/anteriorbones/quiz.htmlhttp://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/anteriorbones/quiz.htmlhttp://academic.pgcc.edu/~aimholtz/AandP/PracPrac/2050_Lab11/skull.htmlhttp://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-cards/http://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-cards/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neckhttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neck


50/50

50

Reading guidelines

Neuroanatomy Tutorial(University of Utah)is a fairly simple but highlyeffective site for learning gross structure of the brain. Its labeling system isparticularly useful.

Salamons Neuroanatomy and Neurovasculature Web-Atlas

Resource (UCLA)is also a great resource covering both anatomy and

vascularization of the brain.

The Brain from Top to Bottom (McGill University)hasa fantastic

overview of the brain. It is a good starting point.

The Digital Anatomist(University of Washington)is a site useful followingevery neuro LCF :has great gross and histological sections, vascular andpathway diagrams, and MRI animations. There is a self-test for almost everyslide, which is a great way to reinforce the structures and pathways.
http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/NEURANCA.htmlhttp://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/NEURANCA.htmlhttp://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htmhttp://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htmhttp://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htmhttp://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/index_a.htmlhttp://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.htmlhttp://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.htmlhttp://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.htmlhttp://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/index_a.htmlhttp://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htmhttp://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htmhttp://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/NEURANCA.html

Neuro Handbook -AKU 2015 FINAL A

Documents

Transcript of Neuro Handbook -AKU 2015 FINAL A