Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) 7 March 2001KT2001: The Semantic...

7 March 2001KT2001: The Semantic Network of IKM-I3 1

Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)

The Semantic Network ofIKM-I3

Ronald Poell

Consultant Knowledge Management


Just to put you on the road:City to City - The Road Ahead

The road ahead is empty

It’s paved with miles of the unknown

Whatever seems to be your destination

Take life the way it comes

Take life the way it is

But we can DO something...

Due to copyright restrictions the original sound track and animation are not available in this version


A roadmap to the future of theSemantic Web

• Notion System + IKM-I3• Near future• The Road Ahead


Roadmap - Notion System What already exists


•Conceived 1988 - 1990

Roadmap - Notion System Some facts

•First operational version in 1991

•Various domains (> 200,000 concepts) amongst which:•People and organizations•Documents•Animals and plants•Geography•Speleology•Astronomy

•Prototype for a large scale implementation

•Website: http://www.notionsystem.com


Ontology Knowledge

Engineers

RelationshipsConcepts (Notions)

Notion System is composed of

Is used by

uses

Roadmap - Notion System Basics


Names:

Ontology

Roadmap - Notion System

Ontologie

English

French

Dutch

•Several names

•Each name expresses a concept in a language

or in more then one

•Currently 7163 languages

Multilingual



•Notions belong to a particular type

P

P

P

A

AAA

D

D

?

?

?

?

?

?

PersonsAnimals

Diseases

Whatever you want

•Any kind of relationship•Not domain specific

Flexible knowledge model

Together they form a

Semantic Network


Ronald

[email protected]

Prof. email

TNO

Employee

Employer

FEL Node

Legend

Association

XXX Attribute

2000-05-01

Start date

2000-05-01Start date

XXX Metadata

Roadmap - Notion System Other elements



•Notions are distributed at different Knowledge Servers

•They are interconnected and form the Knowledge Server Network

Distributed data

• Secure communications

using XML / RDF


Usage (1)Roadmap - Notion System

• Domain modelOrganization

Organization

part

Man

Person

Woman

Employee

Employer

Is part of

Is composed of

Works at

Provides work

Is a

Is a

Contains

Is part ofIs composed of

TNO Node

Legend

Association

Possible association


Usage (2)Roadmap - Notion System

TNO

FEL

Division 2

Employee

Employer

Is part of

Is composed of

Is part of

Is composed of

Works at

Provides work for

Is a

Contains

Ronald

OrganizationIs aContains

Organization

part

Is a

Contains

Man

Person

Is a

Contains

Group 2.1

Is a

Is a Is part of

Is composed of

FEL Node

Legend

Association


Metadata (1)Roadmap - Notion System

•Metadata can contain various information

•Example 4D “validity space” of a person

3D

Time

Birthday Burial

Moved to another town

•At various scales

Home

Office

Holiday


Metadata (2)Roadmap - Notion System

•Examples of metadata

•Access authorization (public, private, …)

•Metadata is available for notions and relationships

•Ownership of the information

•How reliable it is

•New metadata can be added when necessary

•Metadata is used for automatic maintenance, filtering, etc.


Metadata (3)Roadmap - IKM-I3

Is a

Contains

Ronald

ManIs a

Contains

Person

0.1Display relevance

1.0Display relevance

1.0

Display relevance

1.0

Display relevance


LogicRoadmap - Notion System

• Inference rules are notions

• Rules are combined in rule-sets (which are notions too)

• Rules and rule-sets have metadata about how they can be

used and combined

• Rules and rule-sets can have relationships to notions

• The rule-set that derives the grandfather of a person is

related to the notion “Grandfather”


Related workRoadmap - Notion System

• Similar ideas and related techniques exist with more or less

differences:

• Topic Maps

• RDF(S) (Resource Description Framework (Schemas))

• OIL (Ontology Inference Layer)

• W3C Semantic Web Activity Statement

• DAML (DARPA Agent Markup Language)


What soon will beRoadmap - Immediate Future


Server

Storage

SemanticNetworkEngine

Services

Applications

Client

Global ArchitectureRoadmap - Immediate Future

Data

SecurityApplication Security

Communication

Security


Cloning of concepts (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future

• Backup

M

C1

C1

C1

C2

C2

C2


Cloning of concepts (2)Roadmap - Immediate Future

• Availability

M

C1

C1

C1

C2

C2

C2

?

C1

M


• Concept extraction and mapping• Enhancing the actual techniques by comparing the text based results (in their

context) to the semantic network

Content Analysis (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future

• Identifying without “name ambiguity” the concepts a

document is about

• Extending the network by adding the documents and

linking them to the concepts identified

• NLP will be able to realize relationship extraction


ND = 1

ND = 2

ND = 3

Network DistanceRoadmap - Immediate Future


Semantic Distance (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future

Ronald

Breda

Noord Brabant

The Netherlands

Europe

The Earth

Solar System

Is Born in

Is Located in

Is Located in

Are Located in

Is Located on

Is Located in

The Semantic Distance between

two nodes is equal to the

minimum number of different

associations that are not used in

a transitive way : SDx(n1,n2)

For Ili,Ali,Ilo transitive:

SD1(Ronald,Breda)=“Is Born in”

SD1(Ronald,Solar System)=“Is

Born in”

SD0(Breda,Solar System)=“Is

Located in”


Ronald

Breda

Noord Brabant

The Netherlands

Europe

The Earth

Solar System

Is Born in

Is Located in

Is Located in

Are Located in

Is Located on

Is Located in

Semantic Distance (2)Roadmap - Immediate Future

Construct virtual

associations with SD0 or SD1

that have a meaning

(semantically significant).

Is Born in

For SD2 and higher virtual

associations you can’t give a

clear meaning. They only

have “something to do” with

each other.


Semantic Similarity (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future

The Semantic Similarity is the shortest path you can take between two

nodes using only associations in a transitive way.

The participating associations are defined in mutually inverted

transitive couples (At and AtI). (SD is always 0).

The similarity increases each time an At is traversed and decreases as

an AtI is traversed in reversed order.

The “turn point” in the path is called the Reference Node (RN).

The SSx is expressed in terms of the associations used, RN and ND.

Nodes with SS0 are most similar.

The greater the absolute value of SS the more dissimilar the nodes are.

Couples of nodes with equal SS but with a lower ND are more similar.


Primate

Person

WomanMan

JudyJaneTarzan

Pongo

chimp

Female

H. sapiens

Homo

At1

At2 At2

At2

At2

At2

At2At1

At1 At1 At1

At1

Va2

Va1

Va2

Semantic Similarity (2)Roadmap - Immediate Future

Tarzan and Jane are more similar

to each other SS0(At1,Person,4)

and SS0(Va2,H. sapiens,2) then

they individually to Judy

SS0(Va2,At2,Primate,6).

Jane is more similar to Judy then

Tarzan is resp.

SS0(Va1,At1,Female,2) and

SS0(Va2,At2,Primate,6)

At1 = Is a - Contains

At2 = Belongs to - Is composed of

At1 At1

At1 At1

Va2

At2 At2

At2

At2

At2

Va2

Va1At1

Va2

At2 At2

At2

At2

At2

Va1 = Virtual Ass with SD0(At1)

Va2 = Virtual Ass SD1(At2,At1)


Primate

Person

WomanMan

JudyJaneTarzan

Pongo

chimp

Female

H. sapiens

Homo

At1

At2 At2

At2

At2

At2

At2At1

At1 At1 At1

At1

Va2

Va1

Va2

Content analysis (2)Roadmap - Immediate Future

At1 = Is a - Contains

At2 = Belongs to - Is composed of

Daktari

Va1 = Virtual Ass with SD0(At1)

Va2 = Virtual Ass SD1(At2,At1)

Where is the error?


Searching and displayRoadmap - Immediate Future

• Search for concepts, not only documents

• User’s context information will be used

• Navigation through the information space will become more

important

• NL questions can be answered


• All users can be authors

Collaborative network (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future

• They can create new concepts

• They can add new relationships between existing concepts

• They “own” the information they created

• Users are concepts

• Agents are users


Collaborative network (2)Roadmap - Immediate Future

• The contents of documents can be part of the network or

only the information about it

• Linking or integration with other sources (e.g. ontology,

database)

• Collaborate with specialized applications providing input

for them and excepting output from them


Communication (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future

• Four forms of communication:

• Human - Machine - Human (H-M-H)• Human - Machine - Machine (H-M-M)

• Machine - Machine - Machine (M-M-M)

• The machine in the middle (here the semantic network) provokes:

• Disruption in time (the creator doesn’t know when it will be

used)• Unknown target (the creator don’t know who will use it)

• For memory only:• Human - Human (H-H) (individual email)• Human - Machine (H-M) (interface to a database)• Machine - Human (M-H) (?)

• Machine - Machine - Human (M-M-H)

• Machine - Machine (M-M) (automatic replication)



• Problems with communication:

• The information communicated needs a context in order to be

perceived as the emitter intended (implicit or explicit)

• Humans need other contextual information then machines

(author and title versus ISBN)

• Trust



Primate

Person

WomanMan

JudyJaneTarzan

Pongo

chimp

Female

H. sapiens

Homo

At1

At2 At2

At2

At2

At2

At2At1

At1 At1 At1

At1

Va2

Va1

Va2

Clarence

lion

At2Daktari

•Thinking context was SS •You didn’t trust me (I could

have made a mistake)•There were 2 data contexts

(Tarzan, Daktari) but you “saw”

only one


Communication - Context (1)Roadmap - Immediate Future

Judy

Jane Tarzan

chimp

Clarence

Dr Marsh Tracy

Daktari

Jul 24, 2000 at 06:04PM

Zoo officials said the female chimp named Judy was electrocuted

when she jumped on a power line. http://www.wfaa.com/wfaa/articledisplay/0,1002,12539,00.html


Roadmap - Immediate Future Communication - Context (2)

• Defining which other nodes (and attributes) are contextually

important for a particular node (for human users)

• Use Network Distance, Semantic Distance and Semantic

Similarity

• In combination with user behavior (e.g. word associations in

queries)

• Combine the existing pure text based technologies to the

advantages of the semantic web

• For machines use URI’s (RDF), UUID’s (Notion System), PSI (Topic

Maps) or Constants (Upper Cyc Ontology)

• There is still a lot of research to be done on human behavior,

cultural and ethnical differences,… in relation to the SW.


What will beRoadmap - The Road Ahead


Context sensitive dataRoadmap - The Road Ahead

Navigation types

Historical view1950

Future view (Where are you Hall?)2010

Device dependant display


Delivery of InformationRoadmap - The Road Ahead

• The availability of information can be managed in different ways:

• Restricted to groups or individuals

• Public

• Globally to be paid (License)

• Pay-per-view access

• Payment varies over time

• “Hot news” is delivered for a fee• “Old news” is free


Persistency and DynamicsRoadmap - The Road Ahead

• Some information should only be available for a short time

• Concepts and relationships will remain available and are made

persistent

• Short life span over timeResults from a inference engine on a particular question

• Not interesting for the future“Normal” values from a sensor (out of normal range values will have consequences

and we can imagine we want to preserve this information)

• Relevance decay models based on non-usage or age


Context of assessmentsRoadmap - The Road Ahead

• Other ones are only true within a particular context

• Some assessments are “universally” true

• Scientists have different opinions on a subject

• Probability that an assessment is true

• Inference conclusions (using assessments that are not 100%

true themselves)

• The absence of information can interpreted in the whole

range from false to true. Depending on the kind of

information and the available related information in the

network we can determine a probability that it might be true.


Glue and enablerRoadmap - The Road Ahead

• The semantic web will be the glue for enhancing various existing

technologies (providing a reference framework)

• Multi media (non text based) content extraction

• Speech recognition

• Automatic summarization

That we even can’t imagine now

• The semantic web will be an enabler for new technologies

• Machine translation

• Non text based search (Asking “Who is this?” )


(Mobile) Agent technology (1)Roadmap - The Road Ahead

• Dynamic Concept Cloning allows load balancing and

assures a high degree of availability

• Partial Contents Cloning if security is involved

• Concept Locators will replace the Knowledge Servers

• Instead in being dead data, concepts will be able to act and

react

• Concepts are (mobile) Information Bearing Agents

• Delegated Function Cloning assures task delegation for load

balancing (e.g. Change monitoring)


(Mobile) Agent technology (2)Roadmap - The Road Ahead

• Periodically started actions

• External Evaluations: similar concepts, quality, isolation of

groups of concepts

• Internal Evaluations: quality, contradictions, reestablish derived

data, check data (e.g. email addresses, URL’s)


Finally (1)Roadmap - The Road Ahead

…is the fact that you’ll be able to take

your PDA and connect it up to the

conference web site. And they will do

mind melt and immediately your PDA

will be able to work out where you are

and suddenly for the first time you won’t

have to being importing and exporting

data between all these systems. Well

that’s kind of fun and I think it would be

useful.

Integrating devices IN the

Semantic Network

Tim Berners-Lee

XML2000When Contents

Has been

mentioned by


• Your car will tell everyone involved that you are late because you

are in a traffic jam (the traffic jam itself has become a node)

• Just imagine...

• Your smartcard will tell your fridge that he heard that the wife

of your boss...

• Smart camera for aggression detection (R. Kemp -TNO-FEL)

• Intelligent devices are not new but a part of their “intelligence”

comes from the information available in the semantic web

• They are not only using the Semantic Web they are an integral

part of it

Finally (2)Roadmap - The Road Ahead

• The complete domotic house


The Road Ahead...

Roadmap - The Semantic Web

is full of challenges and promises...

Thank you for your attention

Copyright notice:

Use of reproductions with authorization for this presentation:

EMI Music Holland B.V., 2000: Cover Photo CD “The Road Ahead” - City to City

Tim Berners-Lee: Sound extract, presentation on XML2000.


PartnersWe are still looking for partners who want to collaborate in the

developments related to the Semantic Web illustrated here.

Some of the themes:• distributed data• new human interfaces• cloning related techniques• ...

There is also a need for collaboration on related topics like P3P,

CC/PP, RDF, … which are not (yet) fully suited to fulfill the

needs of a Semantic Web in this form.

Coordination:

Program: Geurt-Jan van Renswoude [email protected]

Conceptual: Ronald A. Poell [email protected]

Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) 7 March 2001KT2001: The Semantic...

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