Neonatal resuscitation (NNR)

Dr. Renu Singh

Burden of the problem

• Birth asphyxia• 23% of the 1 million neonatal deaths in India• Long term neurological complications• Death• NNR (Neonatal resuscitation) :simple,

inexpensive, cost effective method• Problem: NNR often not initiated, incorrect

use of methods

Successful NNR: factors

1. Anticipation: call a skilled personnel2. Adequate preparation3. Accurate evaluation, algorithm based4. Prompt initiation of support

1.Anticipation: High risk delivery • Maternal condition– Advanced maternal age ,DM, HT, stillbirth, fetal loss, early

neonatal death

• Fetal condition– Prematurity, post maturity, congenital anomalies, multiple

gestations

• Ante partum complications: APH, oligo /polyhydramnios

• Delivery complications– Malpresentation, MSAF, instrumental delivery, antenatal

asphyxia with abnormal FHR

2. Adequate preparation

• Radiant warmer is turned on,& is heating• Oxygen source is open with adequate flow

through the tubing• Suction apparatus tested, functioning properly• Laryngoscope is functional with bright light• Resuscitation bag & mask demonstrates an

adequate seal & generation of pressure

Radiant warmer

Successful NNR: factors

1. Anticipation: call a skilled personnel2. Adequate preparation3. Accurate evaluation, algorithm based4. Prompt initiation of support

Evaluation, algorithm based

• Rapid assessment of neonate clinical status

• Is the infant full term?• Is the infant breathing or crying?• Does the infant has good muscle tone?

• Yes: no resuscitation, routine neonatal care• No: needs resuscitation

Approach to resuscitation2010 AHA, AAP

• A: initial steps(provide warmth, clear airway if necessary, dry, stimulate)

• B: breathing(ventilation)• C: chest compressions (circulation)• D: administration of drugs &/or volume

expansion

Resuscitation: initial steps

• Provide warmth• Head position “ sniffing position”• Clearing the airway, if necessary• Drying the baby• Tactile stimulation for breathing

AAP Algorithm

AAP Algorithm

PPV: Positive pressure ventilation

• Form of assisted ventilation• Needed when there is no improvement in HR• Also assess chest wall movements• Should be delivered at rate of 40-60

breaths /min, maintain HR>100 /min• Devices: BMV, ET (endotracheal

tube),LMA(laryngeal mask airway)

Bag & mask ventilation

Endotracheal tube

• If BMV is ineffective/prolonged• When chest compressions are performed• Initial endotracheal suctioning of non vigorous

meconium stained newborn

Endotracheal tube

LMA(Laryngeal mask airway)

• Soft mask, fits over laryngeal inlet when inflated, occludes the oesophageal opening

• Done when BMV is unsuccessful & tracheal intubation is unsuccessful or not feasible

LMA(Laryngeal mask airway)

Targeted SPO2 after birth

1 minute 60-65%

2 minutes 65-70%

3 minutes 70-75%

4 minutes 75-80%

5 minutes 80-85%

10 minutes 85-90%

1. Initial steps in resuscitation2. PPV

AAP Algorithm

Chest compressions

• Started when HR<60 per minute despite adequate ventilation with 100% oxygen for 30 sec

• Delivered at lower third of sternum, to depth 1/3 of AP diameter of chest

• 2 techniques: – 2 thumb-encircling hands technique– Compression with 2 fingers ,second hand

supporting the back– 3:1 ratio::[ 90 comp:30 ventilations]

1. Initial steps of resuscitation2. PPV(ET)3. CHEST COMPRESSIONS

AAP Algorithm

Medications

• Rarely indicated• Most important step to treat bradycardia is

establishing adequate ventilation• HR remains <60bpm,despite adequate

ventilation(ET) with 100% Oxygen & chest compressions

• Epinephrine or volume expansion or both

Epinephrine

• Route of administration: intravenous(IV),ideal• Recommended dose: 0.01-0.03 mg/kg per

dose• Desired concentration: 1:10,000 0.1 mg/ml

Volume expansion

• Suspected or known blood loss• Isotonic crystalloid solution ; normal saline• Blood• Dose calculation: 10 ml/kg

The golden minute

• <30 seconds: complete initial steps• Warmth• Drying• Clear airway if necessary• Stimulate

• 30-60 seconds: assess 2 vital characteristics• Respiration (apnea/gasping/labored/unlabored)• Heart rate (<100/>100bpm)

• Golden Minute Project: skill based training

AAP Algorithm

Post resuscitation care

• Needed for those who required PPV• At risk of deterioration– Hypo/hyperthermia ,hypoglycemia, CNS

complications(apnea, HIE), pulmonary complications(TTN, Pneumonia), hypotension

• Need monitoring ,evaluation• NICU may be necessary

NNR : not indicated

• Conditions with certainly early death• Extreme prematurity(GA<23 weeks)• Birth weight<400g• Anencephaly• Chromosomal abnormality: Trisomy 13

NNR: nearly always indicated

• High rate of survival• Acceptable morbidity• GA≥ 25 weeks• Those with most congenital malformations

NNR?

• Conditions associated with uncertain prognosis

• Survival borderline

• Parental desires concerning initiation of resuscitation should be supported

Discontinuing resuscitative efforts

• Newborn with no detectable heart rate, consider stopping NNR if the heart rate remains undetectable for 10 minutes

Summary

• Most infants transfer from intrauterine to extra uterine life

• 10% need some intervention,1% need extensive resuscitation

• Anticipate the need for NNR• Adequate preparation for NNR• Evaluate the newborn as per AHA/AAP

guidelines & follow the recommended protocol

MCQ1

For successful neonatal resuscitation following is/are needed except:

1.Anticipation2.Adequate preparation3.Skilled personnel4.Delayed initiation of support

MCQ1

• For successful neonatal resuscitation following is/are needed except:

1.Anticipation2.Adequate preparation3.Skilled personnel4.Delayed initiation of support

MCQ2

• Following are true in relation to initial steps of neonatal resuscitation except

1.Provide warmth2.Tactile stimulation3.Endotracheal intubation4.Drying the baby

MCQ2

• Following are true in relation to initial steps of neonatal resuscitation except

1.Provide warmth2.Tactile stimulation3.Endotracheal intubation4.Drying the baby

MCQ3

• The following is the primary measure of adequate ventilation

1.Chest wall movement2.Improvement in heart rate3.Pink extremities4.Spo2 of 100%

MCQ3

• The following is the primary measure of adequate ventilation

1.Chest wall movement2.Improvement in heart rate3.Pink extremities4.Spo2 of 100%

MCQ4

Endotracheal intubation may be indicated at several points during neonatal resuscitation except

1. Ineffective BMV 2. During chest compressions 3. Vigorous meconium stained newborn4. Non vigorous meconium stained newborn

MCQ4

• Endotracheal intubation may be indicated at several points during neonatal resuscitation except

1. Ineffective BMV 2. During chest compressions 3. Vigorous meconium stained newborn4. Non vigorous meconium stained newborn

MCQ5

• The recommended compression to ventilation ratio in neonatal resuscitation is

1.2:12.3:13.4:14.5:1

MCQ5

• The recommended compression to ventilation ratio in neonatal resuscitation is

1.2:12.3:13.4:14.5:1

MCQ6

• The recommended dose(mg/kg per dose) and route of epinephrine in neonatal resuscitation

1.0.01-0.03,IV2.0.01-0.03,IM3.0.03-0.05,1V4.0.05-0.1,IV

MCQ6

• The recommended dose(mg/kg per dose) and route of epinephrine in neonatal resuscitation is

1.0.01-0.03,IV2.0.01-0.03,IM3.0.03-0.05,1V4.0.05-0.1,IV

MCQ7

• Recommended method/clinical indicator of confirming ET placement is

1.Condensation in ET2.Chest movement3.Equal breath sounds on auscultation4.Exhaled C02 Detection

MCQ7

• Recommended method/clinical indicator of confirming ET placement is

1.Condensation in ET2.Chest movement3.Equal breath sounds on auscultation4.Exhaled C02 Detection