Negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: Evaluation and Implications for East Asian...

7/28/2019 Negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: Evaluation and Implications for East Asian Regionalism

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MKCF Yarofli Xmpgr ^grfgs

Lgiatfmtfals da r teg [rmls-XmnfdfnXmrtlgrsefp Mirgg`glt2 Gvmjumtfalmlk F`pjfnmtfals dar Gmst Msfml

Sgifalmjfs`

Floya Negali

La, ;35B ujy 38=>

Msfml Kgvgjap`glt Cmlo Flstftutg


2/28

[eg Yarofli Xmpgr sgrfgs fs m naltflumtfal ad teg dar grjy lm gk Kfsnussfal Xmpgr sgrfgs? teglu`cgrfli ad teg pmpgrs naltflugk wfteaut fltgrruptfal ar nemlig, MKCFs warofli pmpgrsrgdjgnt flftfmj fkgms al m tapfn mlk mrg pastgk aljflg dar kfsnussfal, MKCF glnaurmigs rgmkgrs tapast tegfr na``glts al teg `mfl pmig dar gmne warofli pmpgr %ifvgl fl teg nftmtfal cgjaw&,^a`g warofli pmpgrs `my kgvgjap flta ategr dar s ad pucjfnmtfal,

^uiigstgk nftmtfal2

Negali* F, 38=>,Lgiatfmtfals dar teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp Mirgg`glt2 Gvmjumtfal mlkF pjfnmtfals dar Gmst Msfml Sgifalmjfs , MKCF Yarofli Xmpgr ;35, [aoya2 Msfml Kgvgjap`gltCmlo Flstftutg, Mvmfjmcjg2 ettp2!!www,mkcf,ari!warofli-pmpgr!38=>!89!==!796;,trmls,pmnfdfn,pmrtlgrsefp,gmst,msfml,rgifalmjfs !

Xjgmsg naltmnt teg mutear dar fldar mtfal mcaut tefs pmpgr,

G`mfj2 floyanHi`mfj,na`

Floya Negali fs m pradgssar mt teg Kgpmrt glt ad Gnala fns ad Flem Wlfvgrsfty* Flnegal*Sgpucjfn ad Oargm,

[efs pmpgr fs ml gxtglsfal ad Negali %38=>&, [eg mutear mpprgnfmtgs rgsgmrne suppartifvgl cy B ulirml Nea,

[eg vfgws gxprgssgk fl tefs pmpgr mrg teg vfgws ad teg mutear mlk ka lat lgngssmrfjyrgdjgnt teg vfgws ar pajfnfgs ad MKCF* teg MKC* fts Camrk ad Kfrgntars* ar teg iavgrl`gltstegy rgprgsglt, MKCF kags lat iumrmltgg teg mnnurmny ad teg kmtm flnjukgk fl tefs pmpgrmlk mnngpts la rgspalsfcfjfty dar mly nalsgquglngs ad tegfr usg, [gr flajaiy usgk `mylat lgngssmrfjy cg nalsfstglt wfte MKC addfnfmj tgr s,

Msfml Kgvgjap`glt Cmlo FlstftutgOmsu fimsgof Cufjkfli 5D>-3-7 Omsu fimsgof* Nefyakm-ou

[aoya =88-4885* B mpml

[gj2 /5=->->76>-7788Dmx2 /5=->->76>-779=WSJ2 www,mkcf,ariG- mfj2 fldaHmkcf,ari

38=> Msfml Kgvgjap`glt Cmlo Flstftutg


3/28

MKCF Yarofli Xmpgr ;35 Negali

=

Mcst rmnt

[eg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp %[XX& mirgg glt sgg s ta emvg rgmnegk m nrassramks2 ft naujkgftegr cg m cufjkfli cjano tawmrk mnefgvfli gnala fn fltgirmtfal fl Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn* artrfiigr teg dar mtfal ad twa jmrig trmkg cjans wefne wfjj waro flkgpglkgltjy ad alg mlategr,Yegl teg Iavgrl glt ad B mpml mllaulngk fts pmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals fl @mrne

38=>* teg pmrtlgrsefp cgiml ta mttrmnt irgmtgr fltgrgst dra ategr Gmst Msfml naultrfgs, [efspmpgr mlmjyzgs teg prairgss mlk mbar fssugs rgimrkfli teg nurrglt [XX lgiatfmtfals wefne mrgcgfli jgk cy teg Wlftgk tmtgs* mlk krmws f pjfnmtfals dar Gmst Msfml gnala fn fltgirmtfal, [egpmpgr mriugs temt teg [XX seaujk cg pra atgk dar fts gnala fn vmjug* lat dar igapajftfnmjpurpasgs, Ft seaujk cg apgl ta mjj Msfm mlk Xmnfdfn naultrfgs* flnjukfli teg Xgapjgs Sgpucjfn adNeflm* teg sgnalk-jmrigst gnala`y fl teg warjk mlk m irawte gliflg dar teg warjk gnala`y,

[eg snapg mlk navgrmig ad teg [XX seaujk mjsa cg wfkg mlk na prgeglsfvg glauie ta flkungm ka fla gddgnt dar gnala fn fltgirmtfal fl Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn,

BGJ Njmssfdf nmtfal2 D=7* D7>* A7>


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3

Naltglts

=, Fltrakuntfal ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >3,

[eg tmtus ad [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp Lgiatfmtfals mlk @mbar glsftfvg Fssugs

,,,,,,,,,, ;

3,= Autjflg ad teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;3,3 Lgiatfmtfal Xrairgss Sgimrkfli Iaaks Nalngssfal ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 43,> ^glsftfvg Fssugs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9

>, Mssgss`glt ad teg Gnala fn Gddgnts ad teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5>,= Avgrgstf mtfal fl Xrgvfaus tukfgs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5>,3 F pmnt ad teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6

;, Gvmjumtfal ad Wlftgk ^tmtgs Xmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,==;,= Cmnoiraulk dar Xmrtfnfpmtfal ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,==;,3 Gvmjumtfal ad teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp fl teg Wlftgk ^tmtgs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=3

7, B mpmls Xmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=;7,= Cmnoiraulk ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=;7,3 Nemligs fl B mpmlgsg [rmkg Xajfny ystg` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=47,> Xraspgnts ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,=5

4, [eg F pmnt ad teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp al teg Gnala y ad teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm ,=69, Nalnjusfal2 F pjfnmtfals dar Gmst Msfml Sgifalmjfs` ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,33Sgdgrglngs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3;


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>

=, FL[SAKWN[FAL

@mly cfjmtgrmj drgg trmkg mirgg glts %D[Ms&sune ms m B mpmlSgpucjfn ad Oargm D[M* mXgapjgs Sgpucjfn ad Neflm %XSN&Sgpucjfn ad Oargm D[M* mlk teg XSNB mpmlSgpucjfn adOargm %NB O& D[Memvg cggl addfnfmjjy kfsnussgk sflng 388>, Sgngltjy* Gmst Msfml naultrfgs

emvg dmngk m lgw aptfal2 teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp %[XX& mirgg`glt, [eg [XX ems sgvgrmj`grfts dar Gmst Msfml naultrfgs, Dfrstjy* teg Wlftgk ^tmtgs %W^& jgmks teg lgiatfmtfals dar tegtrmkg cjan, ^gnalkjy* fts g cgrsefp navgrs cate sfkgs ad teg Xmnfdfn %ms teg tftjg suiigsts&,

[efrkjy* ft naujk cg m fjgstalg fl rgmjfzfli teg Caiar iamj ad ml MsfmXmnfdfn Gnala fnNaapgrmtfal %MXGN& D[M*

=

Fd teg[XX prairgssgs fl teg naltgxt ad teg MXGN D[M* ms Jae`ml mlk Ymrsemw %38==&prgkfnt*

wefne fs olawl ms teg D[M fl Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn %D[MMX&, Fl dmnt*mjj ad teg [XX `g`cgrs cgjali ta MXGN* mlk teg [XX su` ft wms egjk kurfli teg EmwmffMXGN su` ft fl Lavg`cgr 38==, Daurtejy* wegl Xrf g @flfstgr êflza Mcg mllaulngk temt

B mpml waujk pmrtfnfpmtg fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals fl @mrne 38=3* teg f partmlng ad teg [XX wmsglemlngk mlk teg [XX cgiml ta mttrmnt irgmtgr fltgrgst dra ategr Gmst Msfml naultrfgs,

3teg appartulfty nast ad lat pmrtfnfpmtfli fl teg [XX `my cg sfilfdfnmlt mlk naultrfgs fl

teg rgifal wfjj nalsfkgr teg [XX ms ml fltgr gkfmtg stmig dar ml MXGN D[M, Fd tefs annurs* ategrnaultrfgs wfjj bafl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals, [efs prangss nml cg vfgwgk ms teg ka fla gddgnt flgnala fn fltgirmtfal jftgrmturg, Al teg ategr emlk* tegrg mrg sa`g nalngrls temt teg [XX `myeflkgr teg prairgss ad Gmst Msfml gnala fn fltgirmtfal* mlk temt ft `my mjsa rgsujt fl m lgwstruiijg dar rgifalmj egig aly cgtwggl teg W mlk teg XSN,

>[eg nurrglt [XX sgt-up wfjj

oggp _teg XSNP aut fl teg najk dar m vgry jali tf g %Ymli 38==&, Ifvgl tegwmy temt ft fs cgfliprasgnutgk* teg [XX my lat glk up emvfli m sucstmltfmj f pmnt mdtgr mjj,

;[eg [XX wfjj lat

aljy cg nastjy dar teg XSN* cut ft wfjj mjsa eflkgr teg XSNs pmrtlgrs fl teg rgifal mlkterauieaut teg ijacmj gnala`y,

7

[efs pmpgr mlmjyzgs teg prairgss mlk teg mbar fssugs surraulkfli teg nurrglt [XXlgiatfmtfals* wefne mrg cgfli jgk cy teg W * mlk mjsa krmws f pjfnmtfals dar Gmst Msfmlgnala fn fltgirmtfal, [eg ogy fssugs rgimrkfli kgvgjap glt ad teg [XX fiet cg teg vmjug ad

teg [XX ta teg W mlk gxpmlsfal ad teg `g`cgrsefp dar Gmst Msfml naultrfgs* gvgl teauie tegXSN wfjj cg gxnjukgk, ^gntfal 3 mlmjyzgs `mbar fssugs rgimrkfli teg [XX* mlk m qumltftmtfvgmssgss`glt ad teg [XX fs pravfkgk fl sgntfal >, [eg [XX fs gvmjumtgk dra teg vfgwpaflt ad tegW fl sgntfal ;, ^gntfal 7 kfsnussgs teg dgmsfcfjfty ad B mpmls pmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [XX* mlksgntfal 4 mssgssgs teg f pmnt ad teg [XX al teg Oargml gnala`y, Dflmjjy* m nalnjusfal mlkpajfny f pjfnmtfals mrg prgsgltgk fl sgntfal 9,

=MXGN jgmkgrs mt teg =66; su` ft fl Caiar* Flkalgsfm* mirggk ta teg na`àl iamjs ad drgg mlk apgl trmkg mlkflvgst glt cy 38=8 dar flkustrfmjfzgk gnala fgs mlk 3838 dar kgvgjapfli gnala fgs,

3

^gg Jae`ml mlk Ymrsemw %38==& dar àrg kgtmfjgk kfsnussfal, Sgsgmrnegrs ad teg Egrftmig Daulkmtfal mriugtemt [eg lflg-lmtfal [XX sggos ta jfcgrmjfzg trmkg mlk flvgst glt màli pmrtfgs* krfvg rgdar gddarts màliMXGN gnala fgs lat ygt pmrt ad teg lgiatfmtfals* mlk ujtf mtgjy sgrvg ms teg cmsfs dar ml MXGN-wfkg drgg trmkgmrgm ad teg Msfm-Xmnfdfn, Mjj gygs mt MXGN wfjj cg al twa [XX-rgjmtgk kgvgjap`glts2 teg ulvgfjfli ad m cramkautjflg ad teg mirgg glt ta sgrvg ms m `mrogr dar naltflugk lgiatfmtfals mlk B mpmls wfkgjy mltfnfpmtgk kgnfsfalal wegtegr ta bafl teg tmjos,

>Ymli %38==& wrftgs* fd teg [XX fs ta cgna`g m vmjug-cmsgk lmtfalmj na`ùlfty* ft fs jfogjy ta kgsnglk flta tegnaltmfl glt ad _teg XSNPs Najk Ymr-styjg igapajftfnmj taaj,

;Sgdgr ta Kryskmjg %38==& mlk sgntfal > ad tefs pmpgr rgimrkfli teg gnala fn gddgnts ad teg [XX,

7Sgdgr ta Mr strali %38==& dar teg XSNs gxnjusfal dra dar mtfal ad teg [XX,
http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/l/walter-lohmanhttp://www.heritage.org/about/staff/w/robert-warshawhttp://www.heritage.org/about/staff/w/robert-warshawhttp://www.heritage.org/about/staff/l/walter-lohman


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;

3, [EG ^[M[W^ AD [SML^-XMNFDFN XMS[LGSÊFXLGIA[FM[FAL^ MLK @MBAS ^GL^F[FTG F^^WG^

Fl arkgr ta prgkfnt teg praspgnts dar teg [XX* tefs sgntfal mlmjyzgs teg autjflg ad teg [XXlgiatfmtfals* teg prairgss ad lgiatfmtfals al `mrogt mnngss* mlk teg ogy sglsftfvg fssugs, Alg

ad teg àst kfddfnujt dmntars fl nalnjukfli ml mirgg`glt fs `mrogt mnngss* flnjukfli mirfnujturg,Wljgss m trmkg mirgg`glt kags lat mkapt cramk `mrogt mnngss* gnala fn f pmnts wfjj cg fjk*wefne wfjj `mog ft kfddfnujt dar `g`cgrs ta mttrmnt pajftfnmj suppart, M ogy prgnalkftfal darmnefgvfli m efie-qumjfty D[M fs pajftfnmj jgmkgrsefp, [eg [XX ems lflg `g`cgrs* f pjyfli teglggk dar àrg pawgrduj jgmkgrsefp fd m trmkg mirgg`glt wfte na`prgeglsfvg mlk cramknavgrmig fs ta cg mnefgvgk,

3,= Autjflg ad teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp

Fl @mrne 3884* Crulgf Kmrussmjm * Nefjg* Lgw Rgmjmlk* mlk flimparg fltrakungk m daur-wmyD[M* teg Xmnfdfn-; %X;&,

4

Fl 3885* dfvg naultrfgsteg W * Mustrmjfm* @mjmysfm* Xgru* mlk Tfgt Lm`stmtgk tegfr fltgltfalta bafl teg gxfstfli X; mirgg glt* mlk teg lflg `g cgr naultrfgs %[XX6Mustrmjfm* CrulgfKmrussmjm * Nefjg* @mjmysfm* Lgw Rgmjmlk* Xgru* flimparg* Wlftgk ^tmtgs* Tfgt Lm & mirggkta nemlig teg tftjg ad teg mirgg glt ta teg [XX ta rgdjgnt teg gxpmlkgk g`cgrsefp, [eg X;`g`cgr naultrfgs sfilgk ml mirgg`glt dar m efie jgvgj ad jfcgrmjfzmtfal ad iaaks mlk sgrvfngs*cut teg trmkg cjan kfk lat krmw m jat ad mttgltfal cgnmusg teg `g`cgr naultrfgs wgrg mjj s`mjjlmtfals, Eawgvgr* wegl teg W gxprgssgk fts fltgltfal ta bafl* teg cjan wms nalsfkgrgk ta emvgf pjfnmtfals dar Msfm mlk Xmnfdfn gnala fn fltgirmtfal,

[eauie teg gnala fn snmjg ad teg X; naultrfgs fs s mjj* tegy stmtgktegfr vfsfal ta kgvgjap teg mirgg`glt ms m cmsfs dar teg duturg jmrigr pml-Xmnfdfn trmkg cjan* mlk

kgnfkgk ta f pjg`glt trmkg jfcgrmjfzmtfal cgtwggl teg g`cgr naultrfgs cy 38=7,

[mcjg =2 [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp @g`cgr Naultrfgs ms ad 38==

NaultryLa`flmj IKX

%+ cfjjfal&m Xapujmtfal

%888&Mrgm

%888 o`3&

X; g`cgrnaultrfgs

^flimparg 3*339 7*=98c 9

Nefjg 3*8>> =9*=68 948

Lgw Rgmjmlk =*;8;c

;*>98 398

Crulgf Kmrussmjm =>8c

;38 4

Lgw `g cgrnaultrfgs %ms ad38=8&

Wlftgk tmtgs =;4*795 >86*668 6*4>8

Mustrmjfm =3*>77 33*3>8 9*988

@mjmysfm 3*>58 35*378 >>8

Xgru =*735 36*778 =*368

Tfgt Lm =*8>4 55*348 >>8X; 0Xmnfdfn-;* IKX 0irass ka`gstfn prakunt* o`3

Latg20squmrg ofja`gtgr,

m La flmj IKX mlk papujmtfal ms ad 38=8,c

âurng2 F@D Yarjk Gnala`fn Autjaao %YGA&* Wlftgk Lmtfals stmtfstfns,Gstf mtgk dfiurg ms ad 38=8,

4 [eg arfiflmj lm g wms teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn trmtgifn Gnala fn Xmrtlgrsefp Mirgg glt %X;&* wefne nm g flta darng

fl @my 3884 fl Lgw Rgmjmlk mlk flimparg* fl Lavg`cgr 3884 fl Nefjg* mlk fl B ujy 3886 fl Crulgf Kmrussmjm ,


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7

[egl Xrgsfkglt Cuse mllaulngk temt teg W^ waujk bafl teg X; lgiatfmtfals dar dflmlnfmjsgrvfngs mlk flvgst glt fl Dgcrumry 3885, Eg mjsa mllaulngk lgiatfmtfals dar teg W tamnngkg flta teg X; mlk flvftgk Mustrmjfm* Xgru* mlk Tfgt Lm ta bafl [XX lgiatfmtfals 9 altesjmtgr, Mdtgr Xrgsfkglt Acm`m taao addfng fl gmrjy 3886* teg [XX cgnm`g m pajftfnmj fssug* mlk tegdfrst raulk ad [XX lgiatfmtfals* snegkujgk dar >8 @mrne 3886* wms nmlngjjgk, Mdtgr W^

Nalirgssfalmj egmrflis mlk gxtglsfvg nalsujtmtfals wfte teg W Nalirgss mlk stmogeajkgrs*teg dfrst raulk ad [XX lgiatfmtfals wms egjk al =7=6 @mrne 38=8 fl @gjcaurlg* Mustrmjfm,

[eg dfrst raulk ad lgiatfmtfals wms cgtwggl teg X; naultrfgs mlk daur patgltfmj g cgrnaultrfgs2 teg W * Mustrmjfm* Xgru* mlk Tfgt Lm , Yegl @mjmysfm baflgk teg lgiatfmtfals fl^gptg cgr 38=8* tegrg wgrg lflg naultrfgs %[XX6& pmrtfnfpmtfli fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals, Mt tegTjmkfvastao MXGN jgmkgrs `ggtfli fl 38=3* tergg mkkftfalmj naultrfgsNmlmkm* @gxfna* mlk

B mpmlgxprgssgk tegfr fltgrgst fl cgna fli [XX g cgrs, Nmlmkm mlk @gxfna wgrgmppravgk cy teg [XX6 g cgrs fl jmtg 38=3* mlk B mpmls pmrtfnfpmtfal wms mppravgk fl Mprfj38=>, ^flng B mpml ems baflgk teg [XX lgiatfmtfals* teg trmkg cjan ems =3 g cgrs %[XX=3&*mjj ad wefne mrg `g`cgrs ad MXGN, [eg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm wms addfnfmjjy flvftgk ta bafl teg [XXlgiatfmtfals cy teg W fl Kgng`cgr 38=8 %Kali-M Fjca 38=8&, [eg addfnfmj pasftfal ad tegnaultry fs lat ta bafl* wefjg ft naltflugs ta praàtg cfjmtgrmj D[Ms,

[eg pmrtfnfpmtfli naultrfgs sgt m tgltmtfvg kgmkjflg ad na pjgtfli lgiatfmtfals al teg 3;nemptgrs ad teg [XX cgdarg teg 38== MXGN su` ft `ggtfli %egjk fl Lavg`cgr fl Emwmff&, [egysnegkujgk dfvg 3-wggo raulks ad fltglsg lgiatfmtfals fl 38==, Mjteauie tegy rgmnegk ml autjflgad teg mirgg glt* mly sglsftfvg fssugs rg`mflgk ulsgttjgk* mlk teg [XX wms lat mcjg ta eajkm ngrgàly kurfli teg MXGN su` ft, Eawgvgr* teg [XX kfk imfl sfilfdfnmlt mttgltfal cgnmusg

B mpml* Nmlmkm* mlk @gxfna seawgk fltgrgst fl baflfli teg [XX bust cgdarg teg su` ft,

[mcjg 32 [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp Lgiatfmtfal Xrairgss

VgmrXrairgss

3884 [eg X; mirgg glt cgnm g gddgntfvg,

3885 [eg W mllaulngk fts fltgltfal ta pmrtfnfpmtg fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals,

3886 [eg W kgnfkgk ta bafl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals,

38=8 X; g cgr naultrfgs mlk ml mkkftfalmj daur naultrfgs %teg W^* Mustrmjfm* Xgru* mlkTfgt Lm & cgiml [XX lgiatfmtfals %@mrne* fl Mustrmjfm&,

@mjmysfm baflgk %Antacgr&,38== Dgcrumry* teg dfdte raulk ad lgiatfmtfals %fl Nefjg&,

@mrne* teg sfxte raulk %fl flimparg&,

B ulg* teg sgvglte raulk %fl Tfgt Lm &,

^gptg`cgr* teg gfiete raulk %fl teg W &,

Antacgr* teg lflte raulk %fl Xgru&,

mpml* Nmlmkm* mlk @gxfna seawgk fltgltfals ad baflfli teg [XX,X; 0Xmnfdfn-;?[XX 0[rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp* W^ 0Wlftgk tmtgs,âurng2 F, Negali, 38=3, Mtmgifyao Iukmg @uyaoeyupbuliuf Neafigul Kalieymli %Sgnglt Kgvgjap`glt ad Jmrig [rmkgCjans fl teg Msfm-Xmnfdfn Sgifal&, Yarofli Xmpgr, B SF* Flem Wlfvgrsfty, 38 Kgng cgr, p, =3,


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4

[eg [XX pursugs gxtglsfvg jfcgrmjfzmtfal fl iaaks mlk sgrvfngs* mlk na prgeglsfvg navgrmigflnjukfli trmkg* sgrvfngs* flvgst glt* trmkg rujgs* iavgrl`glt pranurg`glt* mlk ategr mrgms,Eawgvgr* tegrg mrg stfjj sgvgrmj mrgms ad gxtrg`g naldjfnt dar sa`g ad teg `g`cgr naultrfgswefne ùst cg lgiatfmtgk cgdarg mkkftfalmj prairgss nml cg `mkg, Dar gxm`pjg* Tfgt Lm mlk@mjmysfm dggj teg curkgl ad apglfli tegfr `mrogts dar iaaks mlk sgrvfngs* mlk Mustrmjfm ems mpajftfnmj pracjg rgimrkfli flvgstar-stmtg kfsputg sgttjg`glt %F K &* gspgnfmjjy wfte rgimrks ta

teg W pmrtfnfpmtfli fl D[Ms, Yefjg teg W ems flsfstgk temt teg [XX seaujk emvg teg sm`gjgvgj mlk qumjfty ms teg Sgpucjfn ad OargmW %OASW^& D[M* teg X; `g`cgr naultrfgs emvgcggl mkm`mlt mcaut pursufli teg gxfstfli X; mirgg glt, [egsg pracjg mrgms emvg eflkgrgkteg lgiatfmtfals sa dmr,

[eauie teg [XX g cgr naultrfgs emvg sgt m iamj ad gstmcjfsefli teg 3=st-ngltury [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp mirgg`glt* ft fs lat jfogjy temt tegy wfjj mnngkg ta ml mirgg`glt na`pmrmcjgta teg OASW D[M fl teg mrgms ad jfcgrmjfzmtfal mlk navgrmig, Ft wms f passfcjg dar [XX`g`cgrs ta mnna`pjfse teg dfrst iamj cy Lavg`cgr 38==* mlk flnrgmsfli teg lu`cgr ad `g`cgrnaultrfgs wfjj mkk ta teg kfddfnujtfgs rgimrkfli teg lgiatfmtfals, Yfteaut strali jgmkgrsefp mlk!arnjasg naapgrmtfal màli g`cgrs* ft wfjj cg kfddfnujt dar teg [XX ta nalnjukg m efie-qumjftymirgg`glt fl m seart tf g,

3,3 Lgiatfmtfal Xrairgss Sgimrkfli Iaaks Nalngssfal

Ft fs kfddfnujt ta prgkfnt teg autjflg ad teg lgiatfmtfals teus dmr* sflng tegy emvg cggl pranggkflimlk la pucjfn fldar mtfal fs nurrgltjy mvmfjmcjg, Mnnarkfli ta vmrfaus saurngs flvajvgk wfte teg

[XX lgiatfmtfals*9

[eg iaaks sgntar fs cgfli lgiatfmtgk cmsgk al cfjmtgrmj lgiatfmtfal* mlk teg ategr sgntars mrgcgfli kfsnussgk cy `mofli m sflijg vgrsfal ad na` ft glts temt wfjj mppjy ta mjj `g`cgrnaultrfgs, [eg sflijg vgrsfal ad na` ft glts fs sf fjmr ta m ùjtfjmtgrmj mirgg`glt fl temt algnaultry mppjfgs teg vgrsfal ta teg ategr gfiet `g`cgr naultrfgs,

teg `g`cgr naultrfgs emvg sunngssdujjy mirggk ta krmw teg lu`cgr adnemptgrs mlk ategr `mbar strunturgs* cut teg spgnfdfn naltglts mlk sglsftfvg fssugs wgrg latgxtglsfvgjy lgiatfmtgk* gvgl fl gmrjy 38=>, [eg [XX lgiatfmtfals mrg prairgssfli sjawjy mlkprakunfli pmrtfmj autna`gs* cut teg narg fssugs emvg lat ygt cggl mirggk, [eg lgiatfmtfals mrgmt ml fltgr gkfmtg stmig mlk m nalsajfkmtgk tgxt ad teg mirgg`glt fs nurrgltjy cgfli prgpmrgk*teauie tegrg fs lgiatfmtfal avgr `mrogt mnngss mlk nalngssfals, @argavgr* mrgms sune msflvgst glt* sgrvfngs* F K * jmcar* glvfral`glt* mlk fltgjjgntumj prapgrty rfiets mrg dmfrjy

naltravgrsfmj fssugs dar sa`g g cgr naultrfgs mlk teg [XX mirgg`glt wfjj cg emrk ta mttmfl,

[eg nalngssfal ad iaaks fs prairgssfli kfddgrgltjy* kgpglkfli al teg gxfstglng ad nurrgltcfjmtgrmj D[Ms, Fd ml D[M gxfsts màli teg [XX `g`cgr naultrfgs* m iaaks nalngssfal ad tegD[M wfjj cg mkaptgk dar teg jfcgrmjfzmtfal snegkujg ad teg [XX, Ategrwfsg* lal-D[M naultrfgsmrg suppasgk ta lgiatfmtg iaaks nalngssfals cfjmtgrmjjy fl teg dar ad m rgqugst ar ml addgr, FlTfgt Lm s nmsg* teg naultry ùst rgmne ml mirgg`glt wfte teg W mlk Xgru* cut kags latlggk ta lgiatfmtg wfte naultrfgs dar `mrogt mnngss dar iaaks fd ft ems mjrgmky nalnjukgk ml D[M

wfte temt naultry, [eg W fs nurrgltjy lgiatfmtfli wfte Crulgf Kmrussmjm * @mjmysfm* LgwRgmjmlk* mlk Tfgt Lm , Fd teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm bafls teg [XX lgiatfmtfals* ft nml gxpgnt sf fjmrgddgnts* ms fd teg Sgpucjfn ad OargmMustrmjfm D[M mlk teg Sgpucjfn ad OargmLgw Rgmjmlk D[Mcgnm`g gddgntfvg wfte rgimrk ta aljy teg iaaks sgntar,

[eg [XX g cgr naultrfgs wefne emvg lat nalnjukgk D[Ms mrg nurrgltjy danusfli allgiatfmtfli dar iaaks nalngssfal* f pjyfli temt `mrogt mnngss dar teg gxfstfli D[Ms wfjj cg

9 [eg mutear fltgrvfgwgk sgvgrmj pmrtfnfpmlts fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfal mlk mkvfsars ta tegfr iavgrl glts, a g ad

teg mrg efie-rmlogk iavgrl`glt addfnfmjs wea ka lat wmlt tegfr lm`gs ta mppgmr fl tefs mnmkg fn pmpgr,


9/28


9

`mfltmflgk rgimrkjgss ad teg qumjfty ad teg jfcgrmjfzmtfal sneg`g, Dar gxm`pjg* @mjmysfm mlkTfgt Lm emvg paar `mrogt mnngss ad iaaks fl D[Ms wfte Mustrmjfm mlk Lgw Rgmjmlk, [eg [XXmirggk ta twa-trmno mppramnegs dar iaaks nalngssfal fl ml mttg`pt ta rgkung teg snegkujg mlkcurkgl ad teg lgiatfmtfals* cut tefs `my prakung m sgrfaus pracjg fl teg dar ad kgnrgmsfliteg vmjug ad teg [XX, [emt fs* tefs `my kfjutg alg ad teg prf mry iamjs ad teg [XX* wefne fs ta`grig teg rgifal flta alg jmrig fltgirmtgk mrogt,

Kurfli teg gmrjy lgiatfmtfals* teg W prapasgk ta sgt up m àkmjfty dar teg iaaks sgntar* cut tegW ems lat kgàlstrmtgk fts jgmkgrsefp cgnmusg ad appasftfal dra teg ategr naultrfgs mlk ftsfltgrlmj jf fts, [eg W cgiml ta tmjo mcaut teg [XX wfteaut dfrst igttfli trmkg praàtfal mutearftydra Nalirgss* sa ft naujk lat cg naldfkglt mcaut fts pasftfal rgimrkfli `mrogt mnngss, Ms ftslgiatfmtar ems lat emk kgtmfjgk nalsujtmtfals wfte Nalirgss* teg W ems aljy cggl lgiatfmtfliulnaltravgrsfmj fssugs, [eg W ems mjsa mvafkgk lgiatfmtfals rgjmtgk ta sglsftfvg fssugs* sunems jmcar mlk teg glvfral glt* wefne teg Sgpucjfnml Xmrty mlk teg Kg anrmtfn Xmrty fietkfsmirgg al,

3,> ^glsftfvg Fssugs

Xrgkfntmcjy* mly [XX naultrfgs dmng kfddfnujtfgs wfte teg lgiatfmtfals cgnmusg teg tmjos mrgdrmuiet wfte sglsftfvg fssugs, Dar Mustrmjfm mlk Tfgt Lm * dar gxm`pjg* teg F K `gnemlfs`smrg pajftfnmjjy sglsftfvg* mlk teg W ems tmogl m strali stmlk al tefs fssug, Tfgt Lm fs emvflikfddfnujtfgs rgimrkfli lgiatfmtfals fl mj ast gvgry sgntar* pmrtfnujmrjy teg mrgms ad sgrvfngs*flvgst glt* iavgrl`glt pranurg`glt* pratgntfal ad fltgjjgntumj prapgrty rfiets* F K *glvfral`glt* mlk jmcar* fl mkkftfal ta pajftfnmj fssugs sune ms teg pratgntfal ad eu`ml rfiets flrgjmtfal ta teg W , flng `mly naultrfgs sune ms teg W * Mustrmjfm* mlk Lgw Rgmjmlk wmlt talgiatfmtg dar nalngssfals ad sgrvfngs mlk flvgst glt fl m wmy ad lgimtfvg jfstflis* Tfgt Lmàddfnfmjjy kgnfkgk ta lgiatfmtg fl pasftfvg jfstflis,5

Mjteauie teg rujfli Jmcar Xmrty fl Mustrmjfm fs dmfrjy djgxfcjg wfte rgimrk ta F K^* ft fs stfjj mpajftfnmjjy sglsftfvg fssug cgnmusg ad teg gxnjusfal ad F K dra teg prgvfaus W^Mustrmjfm D[M,

@gmlwefjg* teg W ems msogk Mustrmjfm ta flnjukg F K fl teg [XX* mriufli temt teg W^Nalirgss wfjj lat rmtfdy teg [XX wfteaut ml F K njmusg, Tfgt Lm fs stralijy appasgk ta F K^cut ems lat prgsgltgk fts apflfal ategr teml iafli mjali wfte Mustrmjfms appasftfal, â`gnaultrfgs mriug temt ft ùst cg flnjukgk fl teg mirgg`glt* g`pemsfzfli fl m calk ad sy`pmteytemt la naultrfgs nml cg gxg pt, Yefjg [XX naultrfgs mrg nurrgltjy mt m nrassramks rgimrkfliwegtegr ta kgjgtg F K ar ta mnngpt ft kgspftg ka`gstfn appasftfal* F K wfjj cg teg cfiigstacstruntfal kgjmyfli ml gvgltumj sgttjg`glt ad teg [XX lgiatfmtfals* mlk ft naujk turl aut ta cgteg ujtf mtg kgmj crgmogr,

[egrg ems lat cggl fltgrlmj nalsglsus al teglgimtfvg jfstflis mppramne ygt* wefne nml cg m dulkm`gltmj pracjg wfte ategr naultrfgs,

6

Tfgt Lm s prf mry nalngrl rgimrkfli [XX pmrtfnfpmtfal fs ta sgnurg gltry flta teg W gxpart`mrogt mlk f pravg sgnurfty rgjmtfals wfte teg W , Eawgvgr* Tfgt Lm nmllat mntfvgjypmrtfnfpmtg fl teg lgiatfmtfals cgnmusg ad flsuddfnfglt eu`ml rgsaurngs ta tearauiejy mlmjyzgteg jgvgj ad mirgg`glt* teg naltglts ms wgjj ms teg rfppjg gddgnt* mlk teg sglsftfvg fssugs, flngteg lgiatfmtfals mrg lat sfilfdfnmltjy mkvmlnfli mlk teg rgjmtgk fssugs mrg lat cgfli kgjfvgrgk ta

Sgngltjy* F K wms alg ad teg eat fssugs fl B mpmls nalsfkgrmtfal ad[XX lgiatfmtfals* mlk ft fs olawl temt B mpml wfjj lat flnjukg teg njmusg fl teg [XX,

5[egrg mrg twa mppramnegs ta mofli na ft glts dar jfcgrmjfzfli sgrvfngs sgntars, M lgimtfvg jfstfli gmls

jfcgrmjfzfli mjj sgntars gxngpt teg sgntars spgnfdfgk fl teg jfst* wefjg m pasftfvg jfstfli `gmls jfcgrmjfzfli aljy teasgsgntars fl teg jfst,

6Sgngltjy* m dargfil-mddfjfmtgk tacmnna na`pmly sugk teg Iavgrl`glt ad Mustrmjfm cmsgk al teg F K wefne wmswrfttgl flta teg MustrmjfmEali Oali* Neflm D[M, [efs ems cggl m pajftfnmjjy sglsftfvg fssug dar Mustrmjfm,


10/28


5

teg naultry fl suddfnfglt kgtmfj ta pravaog mntfvg kfsnussfal* tegrg sgg`s ta cg jfttjg ka`gstfnappasftfal dar law, Cut ft fs gxpgntgk temt Tfgt Lm wfjj dmng ka`gstfn rgsfstmlng al `mlyfssugs sune ms teg apglfli ad fts `mrogt* iavgrl`glt pranurg`glt* F K * mlk pratgntfal adfltgjjgntumj prapgrty rfiets wegl teg iavgrl`glt lggks ta rmtfdy teg mirgg glt %fd teg [XX fsnalnjukgk&,

Lgw Rgmjmlk fs alg ad teg naultrfgs pmrtfnfpmtfli àst mntfvgjy mlk fs glnaurmifli ategrnaultrfgs ta cg àrg mntfvg rgimrkfli lgiatfmtfals, Eawgvgr* Lgw Rgmjmlk sgg`s ta cg emvflitraucjg lgiatfmtfli ml mirgg`glt wfte teg W mlk Tfgt Lm , [eg sglsftfvg fssug cgtwggl tegW mlk Lgw Rgmjmlk fs teg apglfli ad teg kmfry prakunts `mrogt, Mjteauie cate naultrfgs mrgnurrgltjy lgiatfmtfli tawmrks ml mirgg`glt cmsgk al teg OASW D[M mlk teg XSNLgwRgmjmlk D[M* teg kfddgrglngs cgtwggl teg pasftfals ad teg twa naultrfgs emvg cggl euig teusdmr, Eawgvgr* Lgw Rgmjmlks lgiatfmtfals rgimrkfli iaaks nalngssfal wfte Tfgt Lm * wefnewgrg naltravgrsfmj fl teg gmrjy kmys ad teg lgiatfmtfals* emvg mkvmlngk sa`gwemt cgnmusgLgw Rgmjmlk suiigstgk ml flftfmtfvg irmltfli spgnfmj trgmt glt mlk kgvgjap`glt suppart ta TfgtLm ,

Mjteauie teg [XX prgsgltgk teg sjaiml 3=st-ngltury [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp mirgg`gltwegl ft wms fltrakungk* lgiatfmtfals emvg prairgssgk paarjy, [XX lgiatfmtars law emvg tegfr

kaucts temt rmtfdfnmtfal wfjj cg irmltgk cy teg W Nalirgss, Mjteauie tegy naujk mirgg ta `mrogtmnngss mlk Yarjk [rmkg Arimlfzmtfal %Y[A&-pjus `gmsurgs fl sa`g sgntars*=8

>, M^^G^^@GL[ AD [EG GNALA@FN GDDGN[^ AD [EG[SML^-XMNFDFN XMS[LGSÊFX

ft wfjj àstjfogjy lat cg glauie ta pgrsumkg Nalirgss ta rmtfdy teg mirgg`glt, Nalirgss wfjj pmy pmrtfnujmrmttgltfal ta F K * eu`ml rfiets* mlk fltgjjgntumj prapgrty rfiets fl mkkftfal ta gstf mtgs adgnala fn gddgnts, Fd ft kg`mlks m rgvfsfal ad teg mirgg`glt* ms ft kfk dar teg OASW D[M fl3889 mlk 38=8* ft wfjj àst jfogjy glk fl m kgmkjano dar teg [XX* sflng ft wfjj cg vgry kfddfnujt darategr naultrfgs ta mnngpt,

==

>,= Avgrgstf`mtfal fl Xrgvfaus ^tukfgs

[eg gnala fn f pmnt ad dar fli rgifal-wfkg D[Ms ems cggl gstf mtgk fl mly stukfgs* sunems Wrmtm mlk Ofyatm %3887&? Oftwfwmttmlmnemf gt mj, %38=8&? MXGN %38=8&? [aksmkgg*Om gym m* mlk Fta %38=3&? mlk Xgtrf* Xju` gr* mlk Remf %38==&, [egsg stukfgs gstf mtgk teggnala fn f pmnt ad jmrig trmkfli cjans fl Gmst Msfm mlk Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn* mlk rgpartgkirass ka gstfn prakunt %IKX& imfls ad 3'>' dar mly naultrfgs, Eawgvgr* tegsg prgvfausstukfgs kfk lat tmog flta mnnault teg dmnt temt Gmst Msfml naultrfgs emk f pjg`gltgk 66 D[Ms msad ^gptg cgr 38=3* rgsujtfli fl avgrgstf mtfal ad teg f pmnt ad teg [XX,

Ms sggl fl Dfiurg =* 66 D[Ms ulkgr nurrglt f pjg`gltmtfal naujk cg `mrogk fl teg `mtrfx ad tegMssanfmtfal ad âutegmst Msfml Lmtfals %M^GML& %Crulgf Kmrussmjm * @mjmysfm* flimparg*

Tfgt Lm * mlk teg rgst ad M^GML _SM^GMLPNm`cakfm* Flkalgsfm* Jma XKS* @yml`mr*Xefjfppflgs* [emfjmlk&* teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm* teg XSN* B mpml* Mustrmjfm* Lgw Rgmjmlk* mlkFlkfm, M cjmlo naju`l flkfnmtgs temt la D[M ems cggl nalnjukgk, Dfiurg = kgàlstrmtgs temt*cgnmusg ad f pjg`gltmtfal ad 66 D[Ms* tegrg mrg nurrgltjy àrg naultrfgs temt trmkg wfte gmneategr wfteaut tmrfdd cmrrfgrs teml tegrg mrg naultrfgs temt mrg sucbgnt ta tmrfdds, [eg avgrgstf mtfal

=8Y[A-pjus gmls arg na` ft glts teml teasg ad teg nurrglt Y[A systg ,

==@ast ad tefs sgntfal fs tmogl dra Negali mlk [alizal %38=>&,


11/28


6

pracjg fl prgvfaus stukfgs nml cg latgk cgnmusg tegsg emvg iglgrmjjy lgijgntgk gxfstfliD[Ms fl gstf mtfli teg gnala fn f pmnt ad teg [XX,

Dfiurg =2 Drgg [rmkg Mirgg`glts Màli Gnala`fgs fl Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn

Latg2 LR 0Lgw Rgmjmlk? I 0 flimparg? Crul 0Crulgf Kmrussmjm`? Mustr 0Mustrmjfm? @mjmy 0@mjmysfm? @gx 0@gxfna? B mp 0B mpml? SM^GML 0Nm`cakfm* Flkalgsfm* Jma Xgapjgs Kg anrmtfn Sgpucjfn* @yml mr* Xefjfppflgs*

[emfjmlk,

âurng2 Negali mlk [alizal %38=>&* Dfiurg >,

>,3 F`pmnt ad teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp

[eg f pmnt ad dar fli teg [XX ulkgr tergg snglmrfas wms gstf mtgk usfli teg IKyl* mrgnursfvg kylm fn na`putmcjg iglgrmj gqufjfcrfu %NIG& àkgj kgvgjapgk cy teg Ijacmj [rmkgMlmjysfs Xrabgnt %I[MX&,

=3[eg tergg snglmrfas mrg [XX6 %lflg [XX `g`cgrs&* [XX=3 %=3

g cgrs&* mlk [XX=3/XSN %=> g cgrs&, [eg sf ujmtfal àkgj g`pjays teg I[MX 5kmtmcmsg* wefne nml cg dujjy jflogk ta teg àkgj wfte sa`g àkfdfnmtfals,=>M kylm fnNIG

àkgj fs gspgnfmjjy suftmcjg dar mlmjyzfli teg sprgmk ad teg f pmnt ad m pajfny nemlig,=;

[eg sf ujmtfal rgsujts flkfnmtg temt trmkg jfcgrmjfzmtfal terauie m lgwjy dar gk [XX6 lat aljyems jfttjg gddgnt al teg IKX ad teg kfsmiirgimtgk naultrfgs mlk!ar rgifals cut gvgl ems mlgimtfvg gddgnt al teg IKX ad sa`g g cgr naultrfgs, Lal-[XX naultrfgs mrg jfogjy ta dmnggnala fn jassgs cgnmusg ad trmkg kfvgrsfals, Fd teg lu cgr ad [XX g cgr naultrfgsflnrgmsgs* tegy nml gxpgnt ml avgrmjj flnrgmsg fl gnala fn gddgnts* cut jmrigr gnala fn jassgsdra semrfli prgdgrgltfmj mrifls wfte lgw `g cgrs mrg m passfcfjfty, Yegl teg XSN bafls teg

[XX* sucstmltfmj gnala fn imfls mrg gxpgntgk dar ast naultrfgs fl teg sf ujmtfal,

[egstmrtfli paflt ad teg sf ujmtfal fs 38=>* mlk ft fs kgsfilgk fl sune m wmy temt teg f pmnt nml cggstf mtgk mllumjjy mlk mnnuùjmtfvgjy terauie 3839,

@ast ad teg g`cgr naultrfgs gxpgrfglng s`mjj gnala fn imfls ulkgr teg [XX6 cjan* cut tegrgfs m sjfiet kgnrgmsg fl Mustrmjfms IKX, Fl mkkftfal* @mjmysfm mlk Tfgt Lm * wefne emvg lacfjmtgrmj D[Ms wfte teg W * rgngfvg àkgst gnala fn cglgdfts* mlk teg trmkg mirgg`glt ems

=3Dar ml fltrakuntfal ta teg strunturg ad teg I[MX àkgj* sgg Egrtgj %=669&,

=>[eg cmsg ygmr ad teg I[MX 5 kmtmcmsg fs 3889, Dar arg fldar mtfal al teg I[MX akgj mlk kmtmcmsg* sggettp2!!www,itmp,ari!,

=;Dar àrg durtegr kgtmfjs al teg kylm fn I[MX àkgj* sgg Fmlneavfneflm mlk Ymj sjgy %38=3&,
http://www.gtap.org/http://www.gtap.org/http://www.gtap.org/


12/28


=8

jfttjg gddgnt al Nefjg mlk teg W , [efs fs cgnmusg Nefjg mjrgmky ems cfjmtgrmj D[Ms wfte `mly[XX naultrfgs* mlk teg IKX ad teg W^ fs lat jfogjy ta cg fldjuglngk cy teg [XX* wefne waujkmnnault dar m vgry s`mjj partfal ad teg tatmj trmkg vaju`g ad teg W , Nmlmkm mlk @gxfna mjrgmkyemvg tmrfdd-drgg mnngss ta teg W `mrogt terauie teg Larte M`grfnml Drgg [rmkg Mirgg`glt

[mcjg >2 F`pmnt ad teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp al teg Irass Ka`gstfn Xrakunt adGnala`fgs fl Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn

%LMD[M& mlk teus gxpgrfglng ml ulmvafkmcjg jass dra teg jmulne ad teg [XX6, [eg IKX adlal-[XX naultrfgs sune ms teg XSN* B mpml* teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm* mlk SM^GML `g cgrs

kgnrgmsgs sjfietjy, Latg temt SM^GML `g`cgr naultrfgs* wefne glimig fl drgg trmkg màliM^GML naultrfgs* dmng flnrgmsgk na`pgtftfal fl sa`g M^GML `mrogts wfte lal-M^GML [XXnaultrfgs* mlk temt lal-[XX M^GML naultrfgs dmng jassgs dra f pjg`gltmtfal ad teg [XX,

%'&Naultry!Sgifal [XX6 [XX=3 [XX=3/XSN

Lgw Rgmjmlk 8,=9 8,69 8,48

Nefjg 8,8= %8,=>& %3,;8&

Xgru 8,39 %8,8;& %8,>7&

^flimparg 8,;= 8,;5 %8,96&Wlftgk tmtgs 8,8= 8,88 8,;7

Mustrmjfm %8,8=& 8,33 8,3>

@mjmysfm 8,9= 8,98 %8,3;&

Tfgt Lm 8,36 8,=5 8,85

Nmlmkm %8,8;& 8,83 %8,>;&

@gxfna %8,=>& 8,68 =,=3

B mpml %8,8=& 8,3= 8,7>

Oargm* Sgp, ad %8,8>& %8,==& %=,9>&

XSN %8,8>& %8,==& ;,7=Flkfm %8,8=& %8,87& %8,>5&

SM^GML %8,84& %8,>9& %=,76&

GW %8,8=& %8,8;& %8,>>&

SAY %8,83& %8,89& %8,79&% & 0lgimtfvg vmjug, XSN 0Xgapjgs Sgpucjfn ad Neflm? GW 0Gurapgml Wlfal? SM^GML 0Nm`cakfm* Flkalgsfm* JmaXgapjgs Kgànrmtfn Sgpucjfn* @yml mr* Xefjfppflgs* [emfjmlk? SAY 0rgst ad warjk? [XX6 0Mustrmjfm* CrulgfKmrussmjm * Nefjg* @mjmysfm* Lgw Rgmjmlk* Xgru* flimparg* Wlftgk tmtgs* Tfgt Lm`? [XX=3 0Mustrmjfm* CrulgfKmrussmjm * Nmlmkm* Nefjg* B mpml* @mjmysfm* @gxfna* Lgw Rgmjmlk* Xgru* flimparg* Wlftgk tmtgs* Tfgt Lm`,

âurng2 Negali mlk [alizal %38=>&,

Nmlmkm* @gxfna* mlk B mpml gxpgrfglng gnala fn cglgdfts dra tegfr pmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [XX=3,

Mjteauie teg Acm`m mk flfstrmtfal wmlts B mpml ta pmrtfnfpmtg fl [XX lgiatfmtfals* teg Wîmfls jgss fl tgr s ad IKX ulkgr teg [XX=3* wefne flnjukgs B mpml, [efs rgsujt nml cggxpjmflgk ms dajjaws2 Mjteauie B mpml ems alg ad teg jawgst mvgrmig tmrfdd rmtgs fl teg warjk* ft fsalg ad teg warjks àst na`pgtftfvg naultrfgs, Fl mkkftfal* ft seaujk cg latgk temt teg W ems tasemrg fts dmvargk pasftfal fl teg mrogt wfte ategr LMD[M naultrfgs fd B mpml cgna gs m`g`cgr, Màli [[X=3 naultrfgs* @gxfna gxpgrfglngs teg jmrigst flnrgmsg fl IKX %8,68'&*Lgw Rgmjmlk ems ml flnrgmsg ad 8,98'* mlk @mjmysfm 8,69', [efs suiigsts temt tegsg terggnaultrfgs mrg jfogjy ta miirgssfvgjy pursug gxpmlsfal ad teg [XX ta =3 naultrfgs* mjteauie tefsnaltrmkfnts teg gnala fn jaifn ad teg W ,


13/28


==

Gnala fn jassgs dar lal`g`cgr naultrfgs mrg irgmtgr ulkgr teg [XX=3 snglmrfa %8,=='8,>9'& teml ulkgr teg [XX6 snglmrfa %8,8>'8,84'&, SM^GML naultrfgs sune ms [emfjmlk*Flkalgsfm* mlk teg Xefjfppflgs mrg teg cfiigst jasgrs ulkgr teg gxpmlsfal ad teg [XX, [egsgrgsujts suiigst temt teg jassgs ad SM^GML naultrfgs flnrgmsg ta 8,>9' ad IKX ms m sucrgifalad M^GML, [efs f pjfgs temt tegsg naultrfgs mrg jfogjy ta flsfst al strgliteglfli teg ngltrmjfty adM^GML mlk praàtfli teg Sgifalmj Na`prgeglsfvg Gnala fn Xmrtlgrsefp %SNGX& ms m `mbar

pajfny aptfal dar M^GML naultrfgs,

[eg pmrtfnfpmtfal ad teg XSN fl teg [XX ems dmvarmcjg ms wgjj ms uldmvarmcjg gddgnts al [XXg cgr naultrfgs, [eg cfiigst wfllgr fs teg XSN ftsgjd ulkgr teg [XX=3/XSN snglmrfa %m

;,7=' flnrgmsg fl IKX&* mlk teg IKX ad teg W mjsa f pravgs cy 8,;7' cgnmusg ad XSNpmrtfnfpmtfal, Fd teg W gvmjumtgs teg `grfts ad teg [XX cmsgk aljy al gnala fn jaifn* teg rgsujtad teg qumltftmtfvg mlmjysfs suiigsts temt ft fs f partmlt ta glnaurmig teg XSN* lat B mpml* tapmrtfnfpmtg, Fl mkkftfal* pmrtfnfpmtfal ad teg XSN rgkungs teg IKX ad Nefjg* flimparg* Xgru*Nmlmkm* mlk @mjmysfm cgnmusg tegy emvg ta semrg teg W `mrogt wfte teg XSN, MjteauieNmlmkm cglgdfts ulkgr teg [XX=3 snglmrfa* ft jasgs ulkgr teg ategr twa snglmrfas* pmrtfnujmrjyulkgr teg [XX=3/XSN snglmrfa cgnmusg ad gqumj trgmt glt dar XSN gxparts fl teg W `mrogt,

[eg [XX=3/XSN snglmrfa fs efiejy uljfogjy cgnmusg ft fs kfddfnujt dar teg XSN ta smtfsdy teg

naltglts ad teg [XX ulkgr nurrglt lgiatfmtfal*=7

;, GTMJWM[FAL AD WLF[GK ^[M[G^ XMS[FNFXM[FAL FL [EG[SML^-XMNFDFN XMS[LGSÊFX

mlk cmsgk al teg sf ujmtfal rgsujts* m lu`cgrad ategr naultrfgs `my lat wgjna g teg XSNs pmrtfnfpmtfal, Eawgvgr* fd tefs snglmrfa fsrgmjfzgk* teg rgsujts f pjy temt teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm mlk SM^GML naultrfgs* wefne kgpglkegmvfjy al teg XSN mrogt* emvg la neafng cut ta sggo pmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [XX ta prgvgltkgnjflgs fl IKX cy =,9>' %Sgpucjfn ad Oargm& mlk =,76' %SM^GML&,

Fl m Dgcrumry 3885 Kg anrmtfn Xmrty kgcmtg* tegl prgsfkgltfmj nmlkfkmtg Cmrmno Acm`m`gltfalgk rglgiatfmtfal ad teg LMD[M* mlk nrftfnfzgk teg D[M wfte teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm

%OASW D[M&* smyfli ft wms #cmk dar M`grfnml warogrs,# Alg ygmr jmtgr* teg Acm`mmk flfstrmtfal mllaulngk fts fltgltfal ta bafl teg [XX lgiatfmtfal, Fs tefs dar gnala fn imfls flarkgr ta nrgmtg bacs* ar m naultgr gmsurg ta napg wfte teg rfsg ad teg XSN mt m tf g wegl tegrgwms tmjo ad m Iraup ad [wa %I3& rgjmtfalsefp cgtwggl teg W mlk teg XSN1 [efs sgntfalmlmjyzgs teg fssugs dra teg W vfgwpaflt,

;,= Cmnoiraulk dar Xmrtfnfpmtfal

[eg atfvgs dar teg W^ fltgrgst fl teg X; lgiatfmtfals mrg gnala fn mlk igapajftfnmj, [eg Addfngad teg Wlftgk tmtgs [rmkg Sgprgsgltmtfvg %3886& stmtgs temt

teg [XX wfjj sgrvg ta strglitegl W trmkg mlk flvgst glt tfgs ta teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn

rgifal* wefne fs m prfarfty ifvgl teg gnala fn sfilfdfnmlng ad teg rgifal ta teg Wlftgk^tmtgs law mlk fl teg duturg,, [eg [XX wfjj mjsa dmnfjftmtg trmkg fl teg [rmls-Xmnfdfnrgifal* rmtfalmjfzg gxfstfli mirgg`glts* mlk suppart teg ùjtfjmtgrmj trmkg miglkm, Fl

=7Mnnarkfli ta Mr strali %38==&* fd teg [XX pranggks cmsgk al teg tgr s cgfli sgt cy teg W^* ft `my cg vgrykfddfnujt dar _teg XSNP ta bafl2 [eg W `my krfvg teg rgifal mpmrt wfte teg systg`mtfn gxnjusfal ad lal`g`cgrs*flnjukfli _teg XSNP,, _teg XSNP waujk tegl emvg ta bafl teg [XX al W tgr s ms teg [XX ems law cgna g mnrgmturg dmsefalgk jmrigjy cy Ymseflital,
http://www.cfr.org/publication/15604http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/04/18/are-there-real-dangers-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership-idea/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/04/18/are-there-real-dangers-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership-idea/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/04/18/are-there-real-dangers-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership-idea/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/04/18/are-there-real-dangers-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership-idea/http://www.cfr.org/publication/15604


14/28


=3

mkkftfal* ft naujk sgrvg ms m vgefnjg dar mnefgvfli teg jali-tgr MXGN acbgntfvg adiglgrmtfli m Drgg [rmkg Mrgm fl teg Msfm-Xmnfdfn,

[eg Acm m mk flfstrmtfals paar gnala fn pgrdar mlng mlk fts jgtemriy rgimrkfli trmkgpajfnfgs ems cggl `gt wfte nrftfnfs dra teg pucjfn* gvgl teauie Cmrmno Acm`m wms gjgntgkwfte efs nrftfnfs ad teg Cuse mk flfstrmtfals mntfvg mlk apgl trmkg pajfnfgs* mlk efs pra fsg ad

rgdusmj ad teg OASW D[M, [a rgspalk ta teg nrftfnfs * teg Acm`m mk flfstrmtfal emsglkgmvargk ta gxm flg [XX pmrtfnfpmtfal* wfte teg jali-tgr vfsfal ad `mtgrfmjfzfli teg MXGNCaiar Iamj %teg nalngpt ad teg D[MMX& cy gxpmlkfli teg X; dar teg [XX,

Igapajftfnmj nalsfkgrmtfals mrg jflogk ta teg W naltmfl glt pajfny rgimrkfli teg XSN* fl temt

teg W wfjj vfiarausjy praàtg teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp Mirgg`glt %[XX& fl arkgr tagxnjukg _teg XSNP, [efs sftumtfal fs vgry strmlig, Eawgvgr* wegl put flta igapajftfnmjnalsfkgrmtfals* ft fs lat vgry surprfsfli sflng teg [XX fs al m ùne jmrigr snmjg pmrt ad tegG`pfrg trfogs Cmno, [eg Wlftgk tmtgs rg-glimig`glt wfte Msfm* mlk fts mttg`ptfli tamkkrgss ar naltmfl m rfsfli _XSNP mrg cate mttg`pts ta nalsajfkmtg fts awl ka flmlng fl tegrgifal, % trmfts [f`gs 38==&

Vgt fd teg [XX pranggks al teg tgr s cgfli sgt cy teg W^* ft wfjj cg vgry kfddfnujt dar _teg

XSNP ta bafl* mlk teg [XX ftsgjd* mnnarkfli ta Nerfstapegr Dflkjmy _ad Mkgjmfkg Wlfvgrsfty*MustrmjfmP* `my krfvg teg rgifal mpmrt wfte teg systg`mtfn gxnjusfal ad lal`g`cgrs*flnjukfli _teg XSNP, [efs wgkig terauie teg fkkjg ad teg Xmnfdfn wfjj cg pajftfnmj ms wgjj msgnala fn, _[eg XSNP waujk emvg ta bafl teg [XX al W tgr s ms teg [XX ems law cgna`gm nrgmturg dmsefalgk jmrigjy cy Ymseflital, %Mr strali 38==&

Sgmntfli ta teg W pajfny* teg XSN rgnaldfr gk fts awl lmvmj krfjjs fl teg Xmnfdfn mlk ems cgglmntfvg fl praàtfli ml D[M wfte teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm mlk tryfli ta rgvfvg tmjos al m XSN

B mpmlSgpucjfn ad Oargm %NB O& D[M fl arkgr ta naultgrcmjmlng teg [XX, Mjteauie teg rgmjfltgltfal ad teg W rgimrkfli MXGN trmkg jfcgrmjfzmtfal ems lat cggl rgvgmjgk* teg W fietpursug teg [XX ms m naultgr gmsurg dar teg NB O D[M* teg M^GML/> %NB O& D[M* ar tegM^GML/4 %NB O* Mustrmjfm* Lgw Rgmjmlk* Flkfm& D[M* wefne emvg cggl kfsnussgk fl rgngltygmrs* nalsfkgrfli teg dmnt temt teg W fiet cg gxnjukgk dra tegsg mirgg glts, [eg XSN emscggl m jgmkgr fl gstmcjfsefli Gmst Msfml trmkfli cjans* mlk tefs sftumtfal pravfkgk teg W wfte msfilmj temt XSN-ngltgrgk gnala fn fltgirmtfal fl Gmst Msfm fiet cg m tergmt ta W fltgrgsts,Cmsgk al tefs rgnailftfal* teg W fs praàtfli teg [XX wefjg gxnjukfli teg XSN, [efs f pjfgstemt teg twa supgr pawgrsteg W mlk teg XSNwfjj krmw m jflg fl Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn* wefnewfjj kfsturc Gmst Msfml rgifalmj gnala fn fltgirmtfal fl teg jali rul,

;,3 Gvmjumtfal ad teg [rmls-Xmnfd fn Xmrtlgrsefp fl teg Wlftgk ^tmtgs

Yegl Xrgsfkglt Cmrmno Acm`m `gltfalgk pmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [XX kurfli teg 3886 MXGNsu` ft `ggtfli fl flimparg* fltgrlmtfalmj mttgltfal dar teg fkgm irgmtjy flnrgmsgk, Eawgvgr* mcu py ramk jmy megmk dar teg [XX ka gstfnmjjy, Kgspftg teg dmnt temt Xrgsfkglt Acm`m addfnfmjjyfldar gk W Nalirgss ad teg W pmrtfnfpmtfal fl [XX lgiatfmtfals al =; Kgng`cgr 3886* mlgnala fn mssgss`glt ad teg [XX fs stfjj naltravgrsfmj, Mnnarkfli ta Of %38==&* teg W^mk flfstrmtfal ulkgrjflgk teg [XX ms teg ast pawgrduj gmsurg ta grig teg Msfm-Xmnfdfngnala`y mlk teg rfli ta nallgnt teg W mlk teg dmstgst-irawfli rgifals fl teg warjk,Eawgvgr* teg mltf-[XX iraups apflfals mrg ms strali ms teasg ad teg mk flfstrmtfal, Mjteauieteg wfjj ad teg W ta glnaurmig trmkg jfcgrmjfzmtfal fs mk frmcjg*

=4

=4

[eg [XX naujk cg ulkgrstaak ms teg gxtglsfal ad teg W D[M lgtwaro %Of 38==&,

teg [XX fs irmlkfasg wfteautprmntfnmj mssgss`glt ad gnala fn f pmnts, Fl mkkftfal* ft wms gxpgntgk temt teg lgiatfmtfal
http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/04/18/are-there-real-dangers-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership-idea/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/04/18/are-there-real-dangers-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership-idea/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/11/14/japan-to-tpp-or-not-to-tpp/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/11/14/japan-to-tpp-or-not-to-tpp/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/04/18/are-there-real-dangers-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership-idea/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/04/18/are-there-real-dangers-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership-idea/


15/28


=>

prangss waujk cg turcujglt mlktemt m sucstmltfmjjy cglgdfnfmj autna`g ad teg lgiatfmtfals waujkcg mj ast f passfcjg fl teg glk,=9

Ms teg sftumtfals ad teg lgw `g`cgr naultrfgs mrg mjj kfddgrglt %teg W fs teg cfiigst gnala`ywfte teg àst apgl trmkfli rgif g* Tfgt Lm fs m sanfmjfst naultry wfte m jmrig pucjfn sgntar* mlkMustrmjfm mlk Xgru mrg gxpartgrs ad mirfnujturmj prakunts&* ft fs njgmr temt nalnjusfal ad teg [XX

lgiatfmtfals cgtwggl teg gxfstfli naultrfgs mlk teg lgwjy baflgk naultrfgs wfjj lat cg gmsy, FdB mpml* Nmlmkm* mlk @gxfna addfnfmjjy bafl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals* ft wfjj `mog teg lgiatfmtfalsàrg na pjgx, Cmsgk al teg pajftfnmj sgltf glt ad teg Kgànrmtfn Xmrty fl teg W Nalirgssrgimrkfli D[M fssugs* Tfgt Lm s pmrtfnfpmtfal wfjj `mog teg lgiatfmtfals ùne àrg kfddfnujt,

[eg fssugs ad jmcar stmlkmrks mlk fltgjjgntumj prapgrty rfiets emvg cggl pracjg mtfn kurfli W^lgiatfmtfals wfte Tfgt Lm ,

[eg lgiatfmtfals emvg mjsa cggl gxpgrfglnfli kfddfnujtfgs rgimrkfli teg F^K^ fssug wfteMustrmjfm* mlk teg kmfry prakunt fssug wfte Lgw Rgmjmlk, [eg W trmkg rgprgsgltmtfvg wfjj tmogsa`g tf g ta rgmne m dujj sgttjg`glt* cut teg lgiatfmtfals wfjj tmog ùne jaligr teml tefs wegltergg mkkftfalmj `g`cgrs bafl, @argavgr* ft wfjj lat cg gmsy ta naarkflmtg mjj ad teg kfddgrgltapflfals dra teg fltgrgstgk iraups gvgl wftefl teg W , Dar gxm`pjg* wefjg W pemr mngutfnmjna`pmlfgs flsfst al teg strgliteglfli ad fltgjjgntumj prapgrty rfiets* Axdm nrftfnfzgs tefs fkgm

cgnmusg ft dggjs temt ft wfjj rmfsg teg prfng ad `gkfnflg fl dargfil naultrfgs, Yefjg teg W nattalflkustry flsfsts al m strfnt ymrl-darwmrk rujg ad arfifl* teg W Nem`cgr ad Na``grng mlkFlkustry mlk Ymj mrt wmlt jgss rgstrfntfvg rujgs, Yfte rgimrk ta mnngptfli B mpml ms m lgw`g cgr* Kgtraft vgefnjg `mogrs mrg urifli teg Iavgrl`glt ad teg W ta rgbgnt B mpml)s cfk%Xmj gr 38=3&, Wljfog ategr [XX `g cgrs* ft fs gxpgntgk temt teg Iavgrl`glt ad teg W lggksta igt pgr fssfal dra Nalirgss ta mjjaw B mpml ta pmrtfnfpmtg fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals,

Gvgl fd teg W pmrtfnfpmtgk fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals* kfvgrsg pasftfals egjk mnrass flkustrfgs mlkteg pajftfnmj spgntru fiet kgjmy rmtfdfnmtfal ad teg [XX cy Nalirgss, Mcavg mjj* fd teglgiatfmtfals mrg nalnjukgk wfteaut njasg nalsujtmtfals wfte Nalirgssfalmj jgmkgrs* tefs wfjj jgmkta m sfilfdfnmltjy naltravgrsfmj pracjg ms jali ms Nalirgss [rmkg Xra atfal Mutearfty ems latcggl ifvgl ta teg mk flfstrmtfal* mlk Nalirgss gvaogs fts jgimj rfiet ta mso dar narrgntfal ad teglgiatfmtgk naltglts, @argavgr* kurfli teg rmtfdfnmtfal prangss* sgrfaus pajftfnmj fssugs wfjjflgvftmcjy mrfsg cgnmusg ad Tfgt Lm s jmno ad eu`ml rfiets jmws, [eg dmnt temt teg W fsnurrgltjy f pjg`gltfli cfjmtgrmj D[Ms wfte Mustrmjfm* Nefjg* mlk flimparg wfjj lat crfli gxtrmgnala fn imfls ta teg naultry, [egsg wfjj mjsa lat darng teg Nalirgss ta rmtfdy teg [XX* gvgl fdteg lgiatfmtfals mrg nalnjukgk %Negali 38=3&,

[eg mk flfstrmtfal ad W^ Xrgsfkglt Cmrmno Acm m mkaptgk rg-glimig glt wfte Gmst Msfm msdargfil pajfny* wfte teg tftjg ad Xfvat ta Msfm* pjmnfli sucstmltfmj f partmlng al igapajftfnmjdmntars ad teg [XX fl napfli wfte teg rfsg ad teg XSN mlk teg jgmkgrsefp ad teg XSN fl GmstMsfml gnala fn fltgirmtfal %G``grsal 38=3&, [efs paflt fs daulk fl sgvgrmj mrtfnjgs,=5Njmf fliteg [XX ta cg teg narlgrstalg dar gnala fn fltgirmtfal fl Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn* teg W flvftgk`mly naultrfgssune ms Mustrmjfm* Nmlmkm* B mpml* teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm* @gxfna* Tfgt Lm *mlk ategrscut lat teg XSN,

=6

=9

Sgimrkfli tefs pgssf fstfn vfgwpaflt al teg [XX* rgdgr ta Tajcgrkfli %38=8&,

[eg fltgltfalmj gxnjusfal ad teg XSN dra` teg [XX my lat cg

na`pmtfcjg wfte teg fltgrgsts ad teg W^* sflng teg W mppramne ta teg [XX waujk flkung teg

=5Sgdgr ta Omli %38==2 49& mlk Mr strali %38==&, Mr strali smys* teg [XX ems cggl suppartgk cy twa pra flgltW trmkg pajfny dfiurgs* Drgk Cgristgl mlk B gddrgy neatt ad teg Xgtgrsgl Flstftutg ad Fltgrlmtfalmj Gnala fns* ms mwmy* tegy smy* dar tegW ta glimig fl Gmst Msfm,

=6Negl Kg fli* flfstgr ad na``grng dar teg XSN* smfk temt _tegXSNP ems lat cggl flvftgk dar teg [XX, Fd flvftgk*_teg XSNP wfjj rgvfgw fts pmrtfnfpmtfal, %Ufmliimliwgleufcma, 38==, Realiiua wmfbfmacu neml flikuf [XXjfnemli _teg XSNs pasftfal al [XXP, =7 Lavg cgr,&
http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/paper.cfm?ResearchID=1482http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/paper.cfm?ResearchID=1482http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/paper.cfm?ResearchID=1482http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/paper.cfm?ResearchID=1482


16/28


=;

XSN ta spggk up teg XSN-ngltgrgk rgifalmj cjan fl Gmst Msfm,38

[eg Kfpja`mt %38==&* mB mpmlgsg mimzflg* nmrrfgk ml mrtfnjg wefne ifvgs tergg rgmsals wey teg W^ nmllat gddgntfvgjyfsajmtg teg XSN dra Gmst Msfm, Dfrst* teg XSN fs taa jmrig ta cg naltmflgk, ^gnalk* teg XSN fsalg ad teg cfiigst rgifalmj pjmygrs fl gnala fn tgr s* mlk Gmst Msfml naultrfgs emvg flngltfvgsdar njasgr jflos wfte teg XSN, [efrk* m pawgr cmjmlng fl Gmst Msfm fs prgdgrrgk ta m sflijg pawgrfl teg rgifal,3=

[eg W^ Nalirgss usumjjy nalsfkgrs teg gnala fn gddgnts ar pajftfnmj nalsfkgrmtfals fltglsfvgjycgdarg ft rmtfdfgs ml D[M, [eg [XX kags lat sgg ta cg pjmusfcjg fl ml gnala fn naltgxt mlkmjsa naltmfls igapajftfnmj f pjfnmtfals, Fl su` mry* teg prgsglt [XX fs lat vgry jfogjy ta cgpasftfvgjy mssgssgk mlk pmssgk cy teg prgsglt W Nalirgss,

7, BMXML^ XMS[FNFXM[FAL FL [EG [SML^-XMNFDFNXMS[LGSÊFX

Gxngpt dar teg W^* `mly ad teg [XX naultrfgs mrg s mjj ta gkfu -sfzgk gnala fgs wefne mrggnala fnmjjy s`mjj wegl na`pmrgk wfte ategr naultrfgs fl Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn, Dar tegsg

rgmsals* sa g [XX g cgr naultrfgs mrg gxpgntfli B mpml ta bafl* sflng teg Iavgrl glt adB mpml ems seawl nalngrl mcaut fts pmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals sflng teg sgnalk emjdad 38=8, Eawgvgr* teg Iavgrl`glt ad B mpml mllaulngk fts fltgltfal ta pmrtfnfpmtg fl [XXlgiatfmtfal sgvgrmj tf gs ulkgr B mpmlgsg kg anrmtfn rujfli* cut tefs kfk lat emppgl,

33Mjteauie

teg nurrglt Mcg mk flfstrmtfal kgnjmrgk fts fltgltfal ta pmrtfnfpmtg* ft fs lat njgmr wegtegr B mpmlwfjj cg mntfvg fl teg lgiatfmtfals cgnmusg ka`gstfn dmntars mrg kgdgrrfli m pajftfnmj kgnfsfalrgimrkfli teg [XX,

3>

7,= Cmnoiraulk

[efs sgntfal rgvfgws teg cmnoiraulk ad B mpmls pmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [XX*mlk kfsnussgs teg nemligs wefne emvg annurrgk fl teg B mpmlgsg trmkg pajfny systg * wefne wfjjifvg sa`g flsfiets flta teg praspgnts dar teg [XX lgiatfmtfals,

Dar gr Xrf g @flfstgr Lmata Oml mssgrtgk temt teg f pmnt ad baflfli [XX* mjali wfte prairgssal ategr s`mjj trmkg flftfmtfvgs* waujk nalstftutg teg tefrk apglfli ad B mpml %[momsef 38=32 =&,

[eg Oml mk flfstrmtfal ulkgrstaak temt teg [XX fs m wmy ad oggpfli up wfte rfsfli rgifalmjfsfl Gmst Msfm fl m seart pgrfak ad tf g, flng teg [XX fs ml mirgg`glt cgtwggl lflg Msfm mlkXmnfdfn naultrfgs* B mpmls kfsmkvmltmigaus pasftfal rgimrkfli rgifalmjfs naujk cg turlgkmraulk fl m sflijg straog, Mt teg sm`g tf g* B mpml mjsa ems m nemlng ta pjmy m jgmkfli rajg flteg vmrfaus dar s ad rgifalmj trmkfli cjans temt MXGN mlk ategr arimlfzmtfals emvg kfsnussgk,

3;

[eg pra-[XX avg glt fl B mpml paflts aut teg grfts ad teg [XX ms m naultgr gmsurg taspggky prairgss ad teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm fl f pjg`gltfli D[Ms wfte `mbar trmkfli pmrtlgrssune ms teg Gurapgml Wlfal %GW& mlk teg W , Yefjg >4' ad avgrmjj trmkg ad teg Sgpucjfn ad

38 [eg ^trmfts [f`gs wrftgs* _teg XSNP fs uljfogjy ta cg nmj mlk mnngpt teg W^-jgk naltmfl glt ad teg dmtg ad teg[XX mlk wfjj tmog naultgr- gmsurgs, % trmfts [f`gs 38==&

3=Sgdgr ta [egKfpja`mt %38==& rgimrkfli wey teg W nmllat naltmfl teg XSN,

33Sgdgr ta Iugl %38==2 ;9& rgimrkfli B mpmls pasftfal al [XX pmrtfnfpmtfal,

3>Xradgssar êubfra Wrmtm gltfalgk temt ft fs lat gmsy dar B mpml ta igt teg pgr fssfal dra teg W Nalirgssrgimrkfli teg [XX* mriufli temt Bmpml seaujk arimlfzg m lmtfalmj miglny ta mlmig [XX fssugs, %Sg`mros fl tegGSFLM mllumj naldgrglng* Lffimtm* B mpml* =3 @mrne 38=>,&

3;[a bafl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals* nalsglt ad teg lflg g`cgr naultrfgs fs lggkgk, @ast [XX `g`cgr naultrfgs mrg fldmvar ad B mpmls pmrtfnfpmtfal* mjteauie teg mutaàcfjg flkustry fl teg W acbgnts,


17/28


=7

Oargm fs nmrrfgk aut wfte D[M naultrfgs* teg dfiurg dar B mpmls trmkg fs aljy =9'* wefne `gmlstemt B mpmlgsg na`pmlfgs mrg nurrgltjy apgrmtfli mt m na pgtftfvg kfsmkvmltmig fl tgr s ad tmrfddcurkgls al tegfr gxparts, Cgnmusg m [XX flnjukfli teg W `gmls temt B mpml wfjj gstmcjfse mlD[M wfte teg W^* B mpml gxpgnts teg sm g gddgnts ms m W^B mpml D[M dra pmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg

[XX* mlk ft seaujk cg m usgduj naultgr gmsurg ta teg OASW^ D[M* wefne cgnm g gddgntfvg fl@mrne 38=3,

Dfiurg 32 Drgg [rmkg Mirgg`glt [rmkg êmrgs ad @mbar Gnala`fgs

%' semrg ad tatmj trmkg&

W^ 0Wlftgk ^tmtgs* GW 0Gurapgml Wlfal* XSN 0Xgapjgs Sgpucjfn ad Neflm* Oargm 0Sgpucjfn ad Oargm,

âurng2 Mutears nmjnujmtfals cmsgk al teg Oargm Fltgrlmtfalmj [rmkg Mssanfmtfal %OF[M&s trmkg kmtm,

[eg B mpmlgsg trmkg mutearfty gxpgnts temt teg [XX nml pravfkg Bmpml wfte teg f pgtus lggkgkta rgdar teg naultrys trmkg pajfny sneg`g* mlk nalsfkgrs teg [XX ms ml gddgntfvg gmsurg taegjp oggp teg XSN fl negno, Cgnmusg teg [XX lgiatfmtfals mrg cgfli jgk cy teg W^* B mpmldggjs jgss rgpujsgk teml ft kags cy teg M^GML/> D[M wefne fs cgfli jgk cy teg XSN* mlknalsfkgrs teg [XX m taaj ta egjp prgvglt teg XSN dra cgfli teg sajg jgmkgr fl Gmst Msfm,

@argavgr* B mpml mssgssgs pasftfvgjy gnala fn imfls dra fts pmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [XXlgiatfmtfals* cmsgk al fts trmkg strunturg mlk na`pgtftfvglgss fl teg `mludmnturfli flkustry*mjteauie tegrg fs pajftfnmj sglsftfvfty surraulkfli teg irmltfli ad mirfnujturmj `mrogt mnngss taategr naultrfgs, B mpmls Nmcflgt addfng gxpgnts teg naultry ta flnrgmsg fts IKX cy 8,;5'=,>6' %3,; trfjjfal4,6 trfjjfal& mllumjjy terauie nrgmtfal ad jmrig trmkg cjans sune ms teg [XXmlk D[MMX,

37

[mcjg ;2 Gnala`fn Gddgnts ad Bmpmls Kfvgrsg [rmkg Cjans

D[M Gnala`fn Gddgnts

[XX/B mpml* GW D[M/B mpml* XSN D[MIKX =,3>'=,>6'%4,= trfjjfal4,6 trfjjfal&

D[MMXIKX =,>4'%4,9 trfjjfal&

[XXIKX 8,;5'8,47'%3,; trfjjfal>,3 trfjjfal&

D[M 0drgg trmkg mirgg`glt? [XX 0[rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp? GW 0Gurapgml Wlfal? XSN 0Xgapjgs Sgpucjfn ad Neflm?D[MMX 0D[M fl Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn,

âurng2 Lfeal Lmfomou-du %B mpmls Nmcflgt Addfng&, 38=8, Eauomtutgof ogfzmfrglogflf omlsuru ogltauzyauogl%Mssgss`glt ad Na`prgeglsfvg Xmrtlgrsefp Mirgg`glts&, Antacgr 39* p,5,

37B mpml dflks gnala fn imfls dra f pravfli trmkg rujgs terauie teg [XX %Imf usyau _B mpmls @flfstry ad DargfilMddmfrsP 38==&,


18/28


=4

@gmlwefjg* B mpmls Nmcflgt addfng ems prgkfntgk temt irgmtgr gnala fn gddgnts wfjj cg iglgrmtgkcy gxpmlkfli teg [XX ta ategr D[Ms wfte teg GW mlk teg XSN ar cy dar fli teg D[MMX,

[eauie teg B mpmlgsg rgpart kags lat ia flta kgtmfj* ft fs cgjfgvgk temt ast ad teg [XXs pasftfvggddgnts wfjj cg mnefgvgk cy teg D[M wfte teg W , [egrgdarg* teg gddgnt ad teg [XX nml cgfltgrprgtgk ms cgfli teg sm g ms sfilfli m W^B mpml D[M, [eg B mpmlgsg trmkg mutearfty emsseawl m strali wfjj ta bafl teg [XX cy pgrsumkfli B mpmlgsg pajftfnfmls wfte pra fsg ad

sucstmltfmj gnala fn imfls mlk ml mjtgrlmtfvg aptfal dar napfli wfte teg f pjg`gltmtfal ad tegOASW^ D[M,

7,3 Nemligs fl Bmpmlgsg [rmkg Xajfny ^ystg`

7,3,= Bmpmls Curgmunrmtfn ^ystg`

Fl B mpml* ft fs nusta mry dar teg prgsglt g`cgrs ad Xmrjfm`glt ta tmog teg efiegst pasftfals flflfstrfgs ad lmtfalmj mk flfstrmtfal mlk `mog pajftfnmj kgnfsfals cmsgk al teg pmrjfm`gltmry

Nmcflgt systg , Cgnmusg ast flfstgrs mlk vfng- flfstgrs mrg prgsglt g`cgrs ad Xmrjfm`gltmlk waro njasgjy wfte teg Xmrjfm`glt* teg stmogeajkgrs jaccy fs kfrgntjy mppjfgk ta teg pajfnfgs,

[eg iavgrl glt addfnfmjs wea mrg mnnusta gk ta teg Xmrjfm glts pawgr mlk fts nusta s mnngpt

teg stmogeajkgrs apflfals rmtegr teml nrgmtfli mjtgrnmtfals* f,g,* teg Xmrjfm`glt mlk tegiavgrl`glt mrg* fl dmnt* nalsfkgrgk ta cg fkgltfnmj arimlfzmtfals, Xmrjfm`glts pawgr rgimrkflisglsftfvg trmkg fssugs fs mcsajutg mlk fltgrgstgk iraups fldjuglng pajfnfgs cy prgsgrvfli tegfrvgstgk rfiets mlk jaccyfli `g`cgrs ad Xmrjfm`glt,

[eg B mpmlgsg curgmunrmtfn systg` fs nemllgjgk flta trmkg lgiatfmtfals, Fl ast naultrfgs*lmtfalmj iufkgjflgs mrg sgt cgdarg addfnfmj lgiatfmtfals tmog pjmng* mlk lmtfalmj rgprgsgltmtfvg%s&lgiatfmtg wfte dargfil pmrtlgrs, Kgnfsfal- mofli mt teg lmtfalmj jgvgj fs nrftfnmj wegl kgmjfliwfte sglsftfvg fssugs* sflng tefs mjjaws rmtfalmj aptfals ta cg krmwl fl arkgr ta cmjmlng tegfltgrgsts ad teg lmtfal mlk teg nalngrls ad teg flfstry, Lmtfalmj strmtgiy dar m spgnfdfn trmkglgiatfmtfal fs nmrrfgk aut mlk egmkgk cy kgjgimtgs, Mnnarkfli ta teg mutears gxpgrfglng fl teglgiatfmtfal ad m B mpmlSgpucjfn ad Oargm D[M %388>388;&*

34

Kug ta tefs curgmunrmtfn prmntfng* `mly pmst trmkg lgiatfmtfals emvg cggl nalkuntgk mt tegflfstgrfmj jgvgj rmtegr teml mt teg lmtfalmj jgvgj, [efs ems adtgl jgk ta pastpalg`glt ad

f partmlt kgnfsfals rgjmtgk ta sglsftfvg fssugs, [efs pajfny prmntfng ems warogk mimflst B mpmlspraàtfal ad D[Ms* mlk `mbar trmkfli pmrtlgrs mrg law egsftmlt ta gvgl kfsnuss cfjmtgrmj D[Mswfte B mpml, Dar tegsg strunturmj rgmsals* ft fs quftg kfddfnujt dar B mpml ta mog m lmtfalmjkgnfsfal* sune ms kgnfkfli wegtegr ta pmrtfnfpmtg fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals,

rgimrkjgss ad teg addfnfmj tftjg* mflfstgrfmj rgprgsgltmtfvg rmtegr teml m lmtfalmj alg jgmks teg lgiatfmtfals* kgpglkfli al teg

fssug, Wljfog fl teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm* B mpmlgsg flfstrfgs emvg spgnfmj mlk pawgrduj mutearftywegl kgmjfli wfte sglsftfvg fssugs, [efs `gmls temt sglsftfvg fssugs `my cjano mly prairgsswefne naujk cg `mkg kurfli lgiatfmtfals* sflng teg prf mry fssfal ad teg rgprgsgltmtfvgs fs tapratgnt flfstgrfmj fltgrgsts mt teg gxpglsg ad lmtfalmj fltgrgsts,

7,3,3 [eg Kgànrmtfn Xmrtys Sgdar` ad teg [rmkg ^ystg`

Yfte teg Jfcgrmj Kgànrmtfn Xmrty emvfli cggl fl pawgr mj ast wfteaut fltgrruptfal sflng =677*teg jflomig ad fltgrgst iraups mlk pajftfns ems cggl strgliteglgk, Sgsfstmlng mimflst fltgrgstiraups ems cggl vgry kfddfnujt mlk ems rgsujtgk fl gnala fn mlk sanfmj jgtemriy fl B mpml,Eglng* ms teg Kgànrmtfn Xmrty taao pawgr fl 38=8* ft naldraltgk teg pracjg ad nusta mrypajfny`mofli mlk rgmjfzgk teg sgrfauslgss ad stmogeajkgr rgsfstmlng ta `mofli trmkg pajfnfgs,

34Lgiatfmtfals naujk lat cg nalnjukgk cgnmusg ad wfkg imps al vmrfaus fssugs cgtwggl B mpml mlk teg Sgpucjfn adOargm,


19/28


=9

Ms m rgsujt* teg lgw rujfli pmrty ems kgnfkgk temt `mbar trmkg pajfnfgs wfjj cg kgnfkgk cy tegNmcflgt addfng wftefl teg prf g flfstgrs addfng,

[eg jflomig cgtwggl teg Xmrjfm glt mlk teg mk flfstrmtfal ems cggl wgmoglgk* mlk tegpmrtfnfpmtfal ad pradgssfalmj curgmunrmts fl kgnfsfal- mofli ems cggl flf fzgk ta jgt teg

flfstgrs fl nemrig `mog `mbar kgnfsfals rmpfkjy, Fl ategr warks* teg kgnfsfal- mofli prangss

wefne emk prgvfausjy cggl kgpglkglt al teg baflt systg ad teg Xmrjfm`glt mlk rgjmtgkflfstrfgs ems cggl nemligk fl m wmy wefne rgspgnts teg apflfals ad teg Nmcflgt `g`cgrs,[efs f pjfgs temt arg nalsfkgrmtfal ad B mpmls lmtfalmj fltgrgsts wfjj cg ifvgl kurfli duturgtrmkg pajfny lgiatfmtfals, [eg rujfli Kg`anrmtfn Xmrty taao m pasftfal ta jgt teg Nmcflgt addfngkgmj wfte teg D[M fssugs* flnjukfli teg apglfli ad teg mirfnujturg sgntar* cgnmusg ft dgjt temt

B mpmls pmssfvg mppramne tawmrks mirfnujturmj jfcgrmjfzmtfal* wefne wms cmsgk al flfstgrfmjfltgrgsts* wms alg ad teg mfl rgmsals dar B mpmls rgnglt sjaw D[M prairgss,

Kgspftg teg nemlig fl teg kgnfsfal-`mofli prangss cy teg Kg`anrmtfn Xmrty* tegrg ems lat cgglmly vfsfcjg nemlig fl B mpmls rgnglt D[M pajfnfgs wfte rgimrk ta lgiatfmtfal stmddfli jgvgjs arkgnrgmsgk fltgrlmj rgsfstmlng, Dar gxm pjg* teg Iavgrl glt ad B mpml mllaulngk temt ft waujk`mog teg kgnfsfal rgimrkfli fts pmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals cy B ulg 38==* cut tegaddfnfmj kgnfsfal wms pastpalgk flkgdflftgjy cgnmusg ad teg gmrtequmog mlk tsulm f wefne eft

lartegmstgrl B mpml fl Dgcrumry 38==, Mjteauie teg iavgrl glt lggkgk ta nalngltrmtg ftsmk flfstrmtfvg pawgr ta egjp avgrna`g teg kfsmstgr* B mpmls gxnusg dar pastpalfli m kgnfsfalal [XX lgiatfmtfals kug ta teg rgstarmtfal prangss fs lat temt nalvflnfli* sflng ft kags lat tmogm jat ad tf g dar flfstgrs ta kgnfkg wegtegr ar lat ta pmrtfnfpmtg fl lgiatfmtfals,

39

7,3,> [eg Mirfnuj turg ^gntar Cmnojmse

B mpml naujk rgmjfzg gnala fn imfls cy pmrtfnfpmtfli fl teg [XX* mlk une efiegr imfls ulkgrteg [XX=3/XSN snglmrfa %[mcjg >&, [eus* teg B mpmlgsg flkustry sgntars emvg msogk tegiavgrl glt ta pmrtfnfpmtg fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals, [egy emvg glkgmvargk ta suiigstnaultgr gmsurgs ta teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargms gxpmlsfal ad fts D[M lgtwaro mlk teg naltfluflistrali ygl sftumtfal, [egy emvg na`pjmflgk mcaut teg iavgrl`glts pmssfvg stmlng al trmkgjfcgrmjfzmtfal cgnmusg teg iavgrl`glt nmllat igt pmst teg pajftfnmj fltgrgsts ad teg vatgrs fl tegmirfnujturg sgntar, @argavgr* fd B mpml nmllat mog m strali na` ft glt ta apgl fts mirfnujturgsgntar* teg Iavgrl glt ad B mpml fs wgjj mwmrg temt teg W wfjj lat suppart B mpmls pmrtfnfpmtfalfl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals,

Fl mkkftfal ta F K^* mirfnujturmj jfcgrmjfzmtfal wfjj cg m ogy fssug dar B mpml, B mpmls @flfstry adMirfnujturg* Dargstry mlk Dfsegrfgs rgjgmsgk qumltftmtfvg rgsgmrne rgsujts seawfli temt teg [XX`my pjmng m nalsfkgrmcjg curkgl al mirfnujturg* wefne fs teg na`pjgtg appasftg ad teg pra-[XXnm`ps gstf mtg rgimrkfli gnala fn gddgnts, [eg B mpmlgsg mirfnujturg sgntar smys temt fd B mpmlapgls fts mirfnujturg sgntar terauie teg [XX lgiatfmtfals* B mpmls irass mirfnujturmj autput mykgnrgmsg cy ;,= trfjjfal pgr ygmr, [eg mltf-[XX nm`p kaucts temt flnrgmsgk f parts admirfnujturmj prakunts wfjj f pravg lmtfalmj wgjdmrg,

39[eg rgmj rgmsal fs temt teg iavgrl`glt fs warrfgk mcaut dmr grs vatfli mimflst teg rujfli pmrty, [egrgdarg* tegrgnglt rgstarmtfal waro kfk jfttjg ta mddgnt Bmpmls kgnfsfal- mofli prangss,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_%28Japan%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_%28Japan%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_%28Japan%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_%28Japan%29


20/28


=5

[mcjg 72 [eg Gddgnt ad teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp al Bmpmlgsg Mirfnujturg

Mssu`ptfal Gddgnt al Gnala`y

[mrfdd gjf flmtfal al =6 mbarmirfnujturmj prakunts%nurrglt mvgrmig tmrfdd rmtg fs

=8'&,

Gddgnt al mirfnujturg2- Autput2 kgnrgmsgk cy ;,= trfjjfal gvgry ygmr?- Kgnjflg ad lmtfalmj daak sgjd-suppart2 dra ;8' ta =;',

Gddgnt al mirfnujturg mlk rgjmtgk flkustrfgs2- IKX kgnrgmsg2 9, 6 trfjjfal?- B ac appartulfty kgnrgmsg2 >,; fjjfal pgapjg,

IKX 0irass ka gstfn prakunt,

âurng2 Lfeal Laurfl sufsmlseau %B mpmls Mirfnujturmj @flfstry&, 38=8, Laurflsufsmllsyausfsml %Gxpgrf gltmjmssgss`glt ad mirfnujturg* dargstry mlk dfsegry&, Antacgr 39, pp,=9,

Ft fs lat olawl wegtegr B mpml ems kgtgr flgk fts pasftfal rgimrkfli mirfnujturg* mlk ft fs latnjgmr wegtegr B mpml wfjj cgna`g ml addfnfmj lgiatfmtfli g`cgr ar lat* gvgl teauie teg Mcgmk flfstrmtfal addfnfmjjy mllaulngk fts fltgltfal, fxty pgrnglt ad B mpmlgsg suppart Xrf g@flfstgr êflza Mcg)s kgnfsfal ta pmrtfnfpmtg fl teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp drgg trmkglgiatfmtfals, Eawgvgr* 43' ad rgspalkglts smfk rfng mlk sa`g mirfnujturmj prakunts seaujk cggxnjukgk dra tmrfdd gjf flmtfal fd teg lmtfal bafls teg [XX tmjos %Va`furf êf`cul 38=>&, Xrf g@flfstgr Mcg mllaulngk* #F pjgkig teg iavgrl`glt wfjj `mog gvgry gddart ta pratgnt mirfnujturgmlk daak# mt m prgss naldgrglng al [XX pmrtfnfpmtfal %Bfbf Xrgss 38=>&,

7,> Xraspgnts

trali pajftfnmj wfjj mlk mk flfstrmtfvg suppart wfjj cg prgnalkftfals dar sunngssduj nalnjusfal adml D[M wftefl teg snegkujgk tf g drm g, @ujtfnaultry mirgg glts sune ms teg [XX mrg ùnetauiegr ta gstmcjfse teml cfjmtgrmj D[Ms* mlk rgqufrg àrg systg fn suppart fl arkgr ta rgmne mnalnjusfal, Yefjg B mpmls mllaulng glt rgimrkfli teg [XX my naltrfcutg ta f pravfli tegpraspgnts dar mirgg`glt fl dar fli m rgifalwfkg trmkfli cjan fl Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn* ft naujkmjsa na`pjfnmtg mlk kgjmy teg lgiatfmtfal prangss, @argavgr* teg mirfnujturg fssugs naujk cgnrunfmj cgnmusg ad B mpmls pajftfnmj kylm fns* gvgl teauie teg trmkg pajfny systg ems cggl

pmrtfmjjy rgdar gk,Msmfsflcul

%38==& rgpartgk temt ;; aut ad ;9taeuogllifomf

%B mpmlgsg janmjnalirgssgs& mkaptgk m lgimtfvg ar nmutfaus pasftfal al teg [XX,

Mdtgr teg pajftfnmjjy wgmo Xrf g @flfstgr Oml rgsfilgk* teg dar gr dflmlng flfstgr VasefefoaLakm wms gjgntgk prf g flfstgr al >8 Muiust 38==, Lakms mk flfstrmtfal neasg [XXpmrtfnfpmtfal ms alg ad teg `mbar iamjs ad fts pajftfnmj miglkm, Ft wms lat gmsy dar Lakmsmk flfstrmtfal ta `mog m kgnfsfal rgimrkfli teg [XX* cut teg naultry mllaulngk fts tgltmtfvgpasftfal ta pmrtfnfpmtg fl lgiatfmtfals dar teg [XX bust cgdarg teg Emwmff MXGN su` ft,Eawgvgr* ft wms jmtgr mllaulngk temt B mpml wms lat pmrtfnfpmtfli fl teg [XX jgmkgrs ggtflial =3 Lavg cgr 38== %mt teg Emwmff MXGN su` ft&,

Yfte teg Jfcgrmj Kg anrmtfn Xmrty rgimflfli pawgr fl Kgng`cgr 38=3* B mpml `mkg m kgnfsfalta bafl teg [XX, Eawgvgr* ft fs lat njgmr wegtegr B mpml nml jfcgrmjfzg fts mirfnujturg mrogtglauie ta smtfsdy gxfstfli `g`cgr naultrfgs sune ms teg W , Kgspftg rgdar s ta fts trmkg pajfnysystg * ft fs lat njgmr wegtegr teg nurrglt Mcg mk flfstrmtfal wfjj pmrtfnfpmtg mntfvgjy fl teg [XXlgiatfmtfal, flng B mpmlgsg prf g flfstgrs fl teg dfvg ygmrs cgdarg @r Mcg taao up teg pastemk sgrvgk jgss teml alg ygmr fl addfng* ft my cg emrk dar ef ta mttrmnt mttgltfal ta teg [XXmlk trmkg fssugs* wefne lggk lmtfalmj suppart, Sgngltjy* ml mltf-[XX nm p nrftfnfzgk B mpmls

[XX pmrtfnfpmtfal* flnrgmsfli teg patgltfmj dar miirmvmtfal fl dmr fli mlk dfsefli vfjjmigs fdB mpml pmrtfnfpmtgs fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals, [efs wfjj mjsa flnrgmsg teg lu cgr ad nftfzgls weawfjj vatg mimflst teg rujfli pmrty fl teg iglgrmj gjgntfal snegkujgk dar B ujy 38=>, Mlategr sgrfauscurkgl fs teg naultgrmriu`glt ad teg Acm`m mk flfstrmtfals pasftfal, Gvgl teauie Kgtraft nmr


21/28


=6

mogrs suppart Xrgsfkglt Acm m)s iamj ad nrgmtfli m [XX* tegy ka lat cgjfgvg temt W^lgiatfmtars nml kfs`mltjg teg lal-tmrfdd `gmsurgs wefne B mpml ems jali usgk ta oggp W mutasaut ad teg B mpmlgsg `mrogt %Xmj gr 38=3&* sa tegy stralijy acbgnt ta mkkfli B mpml ta teg [XXlgiatfmtfals,

Dra B mpmls lmtfalmj paflt ad vfgw* teg [XX addgrs m efiejy cglgdfnfmj autna`g cgnmusg ad teg

W^B mpml D[M, Eawgvgr* wfte teg jmno ad pajftfnmj jgmkgrsefp lggkgk ta avgrna g tegrgsfstmlng ad teg mirfnujturg sgntar* ft fs lat jfogjy temt teg iavgrl`glt wfjj cg mntfvg fl duturglgiatfmtfals,

4, [EG F@XMN[ AD [EG [SML^-XMNFDFN XMS[LGS^EFX AL[EG GNALA@V AD [EG SGXWCJFN AD OASGM

[eg patgltfmj gddgnts ad teg [XX al teg Oargml gnala y wfjj vmry kgpglkfli al teg g cgrnaultrfgs mlk teg naltglts ad teg na pjgtgk [XX mirgg glt, Yfkg g cgrsefp fl teg [XX wmssuiigstgk dar gnala fn mlk strmtgifn purpasgs, Xrapalglts ad teg [XX mjsa prapasgkprfarftfzfli B mpmlgsg mlk Oargml g cgrsefp* glvfsfalfli teg usg ad tefs strali mjjfmlng ms m

wmy ta egjp kgnrgmsg teg fldjuglng ad teg XSN,[eg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm ems cggl sunngssduj fl nalnjukfli =8 cfjmtgrmj D[Ms wfte mbar trmkflipmrtlgrs sune ms teg W %f pjg gltgk fl @mrne 38=3&* teg GW %f pjg gltgk fl 38==&* Xgru%38==&* Flkfm %38=8&* mlk M^GML %3889&, Mjsa* teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargms D[Ms wfte teg W mlkGW mrg efiejy vmjugk wfte vgry efie stmlkmrks ad `mrogt mnngss* sgrvfngs* flvgst glt* mlk rujg`mofli, [eg naultry apglgk m sucstmltfmj pmrt ad fts mirfnujturg `mrogt mlk mkaptgk m pajftfnmjjysglsftfvg njmusg dar dargfil flvgstar pratgntfal* teg sa-nmjjgk F K * fl teg OASW D[M* kgspftgka`gstfn appasftfal, Gvgl mdtgr teg D[M wms rmtfdfgk cy teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargms LmtfalmjMssg`cjy fl Kgng`cgr 38==* appasftfal pmrtfgs emvg stralijy mriugk dar gjf flmtfal ad tegF K , Fd teg [XX fs mirggk wfteaut teg F K * tefs wfjj lat cg mnngptmcjg ta teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargmcgnmusg teg naultry wfjj jasg fts nalsfstglny rgimrkfli teg F K fl D[Ms* mlk teg OASW D[Mwfjj cgna`g mlategr pajftfnmj fssug fl Oargml pajftfns,

Nalsfkgrfli teg nurrglt lgiatfmtfals* na`pjgtg trmkg jfcgrmjfzmtfal mlk f pravgk rgiujmtarysystg s ad teg [XX naultrfgs wfjj cg emrk ta mnefgvg, Mjteauie Bmpml mllaulngk ftspmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [XX lgiatfmtfals* sa g acstmnjgs emvg g`grigk wefne wfjj `mog [XXgxpmlsfal kfddfnujt, Alg fssug ta cg latgk fs temt B mpml ems cggl pra atfli teg SgifalmjNa`prgeglsfvg Gnala fn Xmrtlgrsefp %SNGX& wfte M^GML, Yefjg teg XSN fs gxnjukgk dra`teg W -jgk [XX* ft wfjj try ta jgmk Gmst Msfml gnala fn fltgirmtfal* mlk Bmpml lggks ta napgwfte teg rfsfli XSN, [eg praspgnt ad W Nalirgss rgimrkfli rmtfdfnmtfal fs stfjj ulnjgmr,

[egrgdarg* ft fs lat jfogjy temt teg [XX wfjj cg kgvgjapgk ms teg D[MMX* wefne waujk navgr mjjnaultrfgs ad Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn,


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38

Dfiurg >2 Sgpucjfn a d Oargms Drgg [rmkg Mirgg`glt Xgrdar`mlng

Latg2 Mus, 0Mustrmjfm* XSN 0Xgapjgs Sgpucjfn ad Neflm* GD[M 0Gurapgml Drgg [rmkg Mssanfmtfal* GW 0GurapgmlWlfal* INN 0Iujd Naapgrmtfal Naulnfj* @GSNA^WS 0âute M`grfnml Na`àl @mrogt* LR 0Lgw Rgmjmlk* W^M 0Wlftgk tmtgs ad M`grfnm* Oargm 0Sgpucjfn ad Oargm,

âurng2 Sgpucjfn ad Oargms @flfstry ad Dargfil Mddmfr mlk [rmkg %www, admt,ia,or&,

Dar teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm* wefne ems mjrgmky dar gk cfjmtgrmj D[Ms wfte àst ad teg [XX`g`cgr naultrfgs* teg aljy wmy ta kgtgr flg fd `g`cgrsefp wfjj cg cglgdfnfmj fs ta mlmjyzg teg

[XXs mriflmj f pmnts al fts gnala y, [eg Sgpucjfn ad Oargms tatmj gxparts wgrg W^+;44cfjjfal fl 38=8? lflg [XX g cgr naultrfgs mcsarcgk =6,5' ad tegsg gxparts* dar m tatmj adW^+6> cfjjfal, Yefjg 58' ad tegsg gxparts ia ta teg W * flimparg* mlk Tfgt Lm * teg rgst ad

teg naultrfgs mnnault dar m s`mjj pgrngltmig, Ms [mcjg 7 seaws* teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm emsmjrgmky nalnjukgk cfjmtgrmj D[Ms wfte àst naultrfgs gxngpt Mustrmjfm mlk Lgw Rgmjmlk, [egMustrmjfmSgpucjfn ad Oargm D[M ems lgmrjy cggl nalnjukgk* mpmrt dra teg cggd fssug %mlkpassfcjy teg F K &* f pjyfli temt teg lgt f pmnt ad teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargms pmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg

[XX6 wfjj cg temt ad teg D[M wfte Lgw Rgmjmlk, Lgw Rgmjmlk fs m s mjj mrogt* mnnaultfli darW^+8,6 cfjjfal fl 38=8* aljy tmofli 8,3' ad ijacmj Oargml gxparts, Mnnarkfli ta teg iavgrl`gltrgpart wefne wms rgjgmsgk ta teg pucjfn wegl teg lgiatfmtfals dar m Sgpucjfn ad OargmLgwRgmjmlk D[M cgiml fl 3886* fd ml D[M fs nalnjukgk* teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargms IKX wfjj flnrgmsgcy 8,87' mlk temt ad Lgw Rgmjmlk cy 8,37',

35

35

[eg gnala fn gddgnts ad teg Sgpucjfn ad OargmLgw Rgmjmlk D[M al teg Oargml gnala`y nml cg daulk fl Lgwsfs%3886&,
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23/28


3=

[mcjg 42 Sgjmtfalsefp cgtwggl teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm mlk [rmls-XmnfdfnXmrtlgrsefp @g`cgr Naultrfgs

Naultry

La`flmj IKX%+ cfjjfal&

Oargml Gxparts^tmtus ad D[Ms

wfte Sgp, ad OargmTmjug

%+ cfjjfal&Xrapartfal

%'&

X; g`cgrnaultrfgs ^flimparg 33> =7,8 >,39 nalnjukgkNefjg 38> >,8 8,4> nalnjukgk

Lgw Rgmjmlk =;8 =,8 8,38 fl lgiatfmtfal

Crulgf Kmrussmjm => 8,= 8,8= nalnjukgk

Lgw `g cgrnaultrfgs

Wlftgk tmtgs =;*475 78,8 =8,45 nalnjukgk

Mustrmjfm =*3>4 9,8 =,;3 mj ast nalnjukgk

@mjmysfm 3>5 4,8 =,>= nalnjukgk

Xgru =7> =,8 8,38 nalnjukgk

Tfgt Lm =8; =8,8 3,89 nalnjukgk

Yarjk ;44,8 =6,58X; 0Xmnfdfn-;* D[M 0drgg trmkg mirgg glt* IKX 0irass ka`gstfn prakunt,

âurng2 Mssg cjgk dra F@D %Yarjk Gnala`fn Autjaao& mlk Oargm Fltgrlmtfalmj [rmkg Mssanfmtfal %OF[M&s [rmkg Kmtm,

flng [XX lgiatfmtfals rgimrkfli `mrogt mnngss tmog m pasftfal temt teg gxfstfli D[M naltgltsmrg mjj mnngptgk* fd teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm bafls teg [XX6* teg lgt gnala fn gddgnts wfjj lat cgnalsfkgrmcjg, [efs fs suppartgk cy teg sf ujmtfal rgsujts prgsgltgk fl [mcjg >, Mjteauie tegnaultry wfjj cg km`migk fjkjy wegl teg [XX=3 fs dar gk* tefs kags lat lgngssmrfjy f pjy temtteg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm seaujk bafl teg [XX, Cmsfnmjjy* teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm ems la pasftfaltawmrk ml D[M wfte B mpml, Gvgl teauie teg naultry cgiml teg lgiatfmtfal dar teg XSNB mpmlSgpucjfn ad Oargm D[M fl @mrne 38=>* teg autjaao dar teg D[M fs lat aptf fstfn, [eg Sgpucjfn adOargm ems emk cfjmtgrmj D[Ms wfte Nmlmkm mlk @gxfna sflng 388>* cut prairgss ems cggl paarcgnmusg ad cfi kfddgrglngs al vmrfaus fssugs, [eg Sgpucjfn ad Oargms pmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [XXwfjj cg teg fssug ad tergg cfjmtgrmj D[Ms rmtegr teml m rgifalwfkg trmkfli cjan* latfli teg [XX wfjjcg cufjt al ùjtfpjg cfjmtgrmj mirgg`glts, Fd teg XSN bafls teg [XX=3* teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm fsjfogjy ta cg km`migk sucstmltfmjjy, Fl temt nmsg* teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm wfjj cg àrg mntfvg flnalnjukfli m cfjmtgrmj D[M wfte teg XSN* rgkunfli teg jassgs ta m lgijfifcjg jgvgj,

M àrg dulkm`gltmj fssug fs teg f pmnt al teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargms D[M pajfny, [eg naultryspajfny sflng ^gptg`cgr 38=>* tftjgk teg Lmtfalmj D[M Samk`mp* ems cggl ta praàtg ms `mlyD[Ms wfte `mbar trmkfli pmrtlgrs ms passfcjg fl arkgr ta cufjk m ijacmj D[M lgtwaro* tmrigtflikgvgjap`glt ad teg naultry ms teg D[M euc naultry, [eg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm fs teg aljy naultryfl teg warjk wfte cfjmtgrmj D[Ms wfte teg W * teg GW* Flkfm* mlk M^GML* mlk mj ast 68' ad ftstatmj trmkg wfjj cg navgrgk cy D[Ms wegl D[Ms ulkgr nurrglt lgiatfmtfal mrg nalnjukgk, Ft fsmcaut ta cg m warjk D[M euc naultry, Nalsfkgrfli teg na`pgtftfal dar D[M eucs cy ategrnaultrfgs* rgmjfzfli gnala fn imfls dra teg D[M euc ems cggl m `mfl dmntar fl pgrsumkfli tegOargml pgapjg ad teg `grfts ad teg D[M pajfny, [efs paflt f pjfgs temt teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm

lggks ta rgmp teg nurrglt gnala fn imfls dra teg D[M euc pasftfal* sflng pmrtfnfpmtfal fl mrgifal-wfkg trmkg cjan sune ms teg [XX `gmls ifvfli up fts D[M euc pasftfal,


24/28


33

9, NALNJW^FAL2 F@XJFNM[FAL^ DAS GM^[ M^FMLSGIFALMJF^@

[eg [XX fs mt m nrassramks ms m cufjkfli cjano, Ft naujk rgsujt fl teg gstmcjfse glt ad gnala fn

fltgirmtfal fl Msfm mlk teg Xmnfdfn* ar ft naujk trfiigr nrgmtfal ad twa jmrig trmkg cjans fl tegrgifal, Fd apgl rgifalmjfs` fs neasgl ulkgr teg [XX* mlk teg XSN fs lat gxnjukgk* ft wfjjnaltrfcutg ta rgifalmj fltgirmtfal, Gxnjusfal ad teg XSN naujk glnaurmig Cgfbfli ta kgvgjap ftsawl fla-ngltrfn trmkg cjan,

Cmjkwfl %38==& mriugs temt* mssu fli teg [XX nml pursug na pjgtg jfcgrmjfzmtfal* teg irgmteapg _ad teg [XXP fs temt teg sfilfli ad teg mirgg`glt wfjj trfiigr m ka fla gddgnt wefne krmws flmjj MXGN g cgrs %gxngpt pgremps _teg XSNP mlk _[mfpgf*NeflmP&, Jgwfs %38==& latgs temt teg

[XX mirgg glt ems teg patgltfmj ta cgna g m lgw pmrmkfi` dar trmkg mirgg glts* ta egjp tegW rgmssgrt fts pasftfal fl teg Msfm-Xmnfdfn* mlk ta cgifl teg prangss ad kgdrmi`gltflifltgrlmtfalmj trmkg, M sf fjmr mriu`glt wms `mkg cy Cgristgl %38==&* wea wratg temt teg [XXwfjj emvg lgmr-tgr gxpmlsfal ad fts navgrmig ta mt jgmst Bmpml mlk _teg Sgpucjfn adP Oargm mlkteg rgsujtmlt prgssurg temt tefs wfjj put al teg rgst ad Msfm* flnjukfli _teg XSNP* naujk glmcjg teg

[XX ta rgmjfzg fts ujtf mtg iamj ad cgna fli m Drgg [rmkg Mrgm fl teg Msfm Xmnfdfn cy 3838,

Eawgvgr* tegsg mriu`glts sgg ta cg taa aptf fstfn cgnmusg tegy avgrgstf mtg teg passfcfjftyad gxpmlkfli teg [XX `g`cgrsefp, Dfrst* nml teg XSN bafl teg [XX1 Mr strali %38==& stmtgstemt teg cfiigst rfso ad teg [XX fs pajftfnmj2 temt ft fiet kfvfkg teg rgifal strmtgifnmjjy cgtwgglfts `g cgrs mlk teg rgst* wfte _teg XSNP cgfli al teg autsfkgVgt fd teg [XX pranggks wfte tegtgr s cgfli sgt cy teg W * ft wfjj cg vgry kfddfnujt dar _teg XSNP ta bafl,

36Ms mlmjyzgk fl sgntfal

7* teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm kags lat sgg suddfnfglt flngltfvgs ta pmrtfnfpmtg fl [XX lgiatfmtfals, Fldmnt* teg [XX fs lat ml uriglt pajfny fssug dar teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm, [eg naultry wfjj lat emvgsgrfaus pracjg`s baflfli teg [XX jmtgr* sflng ft fs olawl temt teg [XX egmvfjy kgpglks al tegtgxt ad teg OASW^ D[M,

>8

Fd teg [XX sunngssdujjy prairgssgs* teg XSN wfjj mnngjgrmtg fts D[M gxpmlsfal wfte lgfiecarfliMsfml naultrfgs, Fts dfrst mlk àst f partmlt tmrigt wfjj cg ml D[M wfte teg Sgpucjfn ad Oargm%nurrgltjy ulkgr lgiatfmtfal&* wefjg m XSNSgpucjfn ad OargmM^GML D[M `my cg praàtgkcy teg XSN mt teg sm`g tf g, [eg XSN wfjj jgmk fts awl vgrsfal ad Gmst Msfml gnala fnfltgirmtfal, Remli %38=3& smys temt teauie _teg XSNP pmrtfnfpmtgs fl mjj rgifalmj mrrmlig`glts*ft vfgws M^GML/= ms fts narg rgifalmj rgjmtfalsefp* dajjawgk cy M^GML/>, _[eg XSNP warrfgstemt teg

Gvgl teauie ft mllaulngk fts [XX pmrtfnfpmtfal fl @mrne 38=>* ft fslat surg temt B mpml wfjj cg mjjawgk flta teg [XX lgiatfmtfal sflng teg mk flfstrmtfal ad êflza

Mcg pra fsgs ta gxnjukg sglsftfvg mirfnujturmj prakunts dra jfcgrmjfzmtfal,

rgnglt gljmrig`glt ad teg Gmst Msfml û` ft dra M^GML/4 ta flnjukg teg W mlkSussfm `my wgmogl teg naapgrmtfvg spfrft ad Gmst Msfm cgnmusg ad teg kfddgrglt strmtgifnfltgrgsts,

Fd teg [XX fs ta cgna`g teg narlgrstalg ad ml MXGN-wfkg D[M* ft seaujk cg praàtgk dar fts

gnala fn vmjug* lat dar igapajftfnmj purpasgs, Ft seaujk cg apgl ta mjj naultrfgs ad Msfm mlk tegXmnfdfn* flnjukfli teg XSN* teg warjks sgnalk-jmrigst gnala y mlk m irawte gliflg dar tegijacmj gnala y, [eg snapg mlk navgrmig ad teg [XX seaujk cg wfkg mlk na`prgeglsfvgglauie ta flkung m ka fla gddgnt, Fd teg [XX cgna`gs m pml-Msfm-Xmnfdfn D[M* mlk teg qumjftyad teg mirgg`glt fs efie fl tgr s ad jfcgrmjfzmtfal* teg appartulfty nast ad lat pmrtfnfpmtfli fl teg

36[eg XSN wfjj lat cg mcjg ta mnngpt W^-kgsfilgk fltgjjgntumj prapgrty rfiets* jmcar mlk glvfral glt stmlkmrks* mlkategr na` grnfmj sgttflis fl teg nurrglt [XX %Mr strali 38==&,

>8 Sgimrkfli teg `mfl rgdgrglng ad teg W dar [XX lgiatfmtfal* rgdgr ta Omli %38==&,
http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/04/18/are-there-real-dangers-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership-idea/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/05/08/asean8-a-recipe-for-a-new-regional-architecture/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/05/08/asean8-a-recipe-for-a-new-regional-architecture/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/05/08/asean8-a-recipe-for-a-new-regional-architecture/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/04/18/are-there-real-dangers-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership-idea/


25/28


3>

[XX waujk cg sfilfdfnmlt, Fd teg mirgg glt fs supgrfar ta gxfstfli cfjmtgrmj D[Ms fl teg rgifal* ftwaujk nrgmtg ml appartulfty ta gjf flmtg teg gxfstfli spmiegttf cawj ad D[Ms* flkunfli `argnaultrfgs ta pmrtfnfpmtg, [efs waujk cg m lmturmj wmy dar teg W ta cgna`g `arg flvajvgk flGmst Msfml gnala fn fltgirmtfal* wefjg mt teg sm`g tf g mvafkfli teg g`griglng ad XSN-ngltgrgk rgifalmjfs , Ft waujk mjsa `gml temt Gmst Msfml naultrfgs waujk lat cg darngk taneaasg cgtwggl m W^-jgk trmkfli mrrmlig glt mlk alg jgk cy teg XSN,


26/28


3;

SGDGSGLNG^

Mr strali* , 38==, Neflms Xmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [rmls-Xmnfdfn Xmrtlgrsefp,Gmst Msfm Daru`, ==Kgng`cgr, Mvmfjmcjg mt

Msmfsflcul, 38==, [XX* ;; [aeuogllifomfim syauoyaoutgof foglsyakg emltmfsfltyau %;; janmjnalirgssgs mrg lgimtfvg!nmutfaus ta teg [XX&, 9 Lavg`cgr,

ettp2!!www,gmstmsfmdaru ,ari!38==!=3!==!XSN-pmrtfnfpmtfal-fl-teg-trmls-pmnfdfn-pmrtlgrsefp!,

Msfm Xmnfdfn Gnala fn Naapgrmtfal %MXGN&, 38=8, Xrairgssfli tawmrks teg MXGN Caiar IamjsXgrspgntfvgs ad teg MXGN Xajfny Wlft, flimparg2 MXGN

Cmjkwfl* S,G, 388;, Gmst Msfml Sgifalmjfs 2 M Na`pmrfsal wfte Gurapg, Xmpgr prgsgltgk mtnaldgrglng al Gmst Msfml Sgifalmjfs * Flem Wlfvgrsfty* Flnegal* Sgpucjfn ad Oargm,

, 38==, M > Cjan Kmlng2 Gmst Msfml Sgifalmjfs mlk teg Larte Mtjmltfn [rmkgIfmlts, ^flimparg Gnala`fn Sgvfgw 77%=&2 =3=,

Cgristgl* D, 38==, W trmkg pajfny mlk teg Kaem Saulk2 Ml mjtgrlmtfvg vfgw, =5 @my,

TaxGW,ari, Mvmfjmcjg mt ettp2!!www,vaxgu,ari!mrtfnjg!us-trmkg-pajfny-mlk-kaem-raulk-mjtgrlmtfvg-vfgw,

Cemiwmtf* B , 38==, M grfnms [ergmt ta [rmls-Xmnfdfn [rmkg, prabgntsylkfnmtg,ari* vfgwgk al >8Kgng`cgr,

Negl* J,* mlk X, kg Ja`cmgrkg, 38==, Sgifalmj Xrakuntfal ^emrfli Lgtwaros mlk Euc-Lgss flJmtfl M`grfnm mlk Gmst Msfm2 M Jali-[gr Xgrspgntfvg, Fltgirmtfal mlk [rmkg >32 =9>;,

Negali* F, 38=3, Mtmgifyao Iugkmg @uyaoeyupbuliuf Neafigul Kalieymli %SgngltKgvgjap glt ad Jmrig [rmkg Cjans fl teg Msfm-Xmnfdfn Sgifal&, Fltgrlmj Xmpgr, B ulisgaoSgsgmrne Flstftutg %B SF&* Flem Wlfvgrsfty, 38 Kgng cgr,

, 38=>, [eg [XX mlk teg ]ugst dar Gmst Msfml Sgifalmjfs , Dartena fli flIjacmj Msfm,

^gauj2 Gmst Msfm Daulkmtfal,Negali* F,* mlk B , Nea, 38=3, Xrairgss ad [XX mlk F pjfnmtfals dar Gmst Msfml Sgifalmjfs ,

Xrgsgltgk mt B SF sg flmr, Flnegal* Sgpucjfn ad Oargm2 B ulisgao Sgsgmrne Flstftutg,

Negali* F,* mlk B , [alizal, 38=>, Lgt F pmnt ad teg [XX mlk teg SNGX2 Ml Mlmjysfs Wsfli mKylm fn NIG @akgj, Dartena fli flMsfml Gnala`fn Xmlgj Xmpgrs,

Kgpmrt glt ad Dargfil Mddmfrs mlk [rmkg, Mustrmjfm)s Xmrtfnfpmtfal fl teg [rmls-XmnfdfnXmrtlgrsefp Mirgg glt lgiatfmtfals, Nmlcgrrm2 Iavgrl glt ad Mustrmjfm,

Kali-M Fjca, 38=8, W rgqugsts Oargms baflfli ad rgifalmj D[M, =5 Kgng`cgr,

Kryskmjg* X, 3887, Sgifalmj Naapgrmtfal fl Gmst Msfm mlk D[M ^trmtgifgs, Xmnfdfn Gnala`fnXmpgrs La, >;;, Nmlcgrrm2 Msfm Xmnfdfn ^neaaj ad Gnala fns mlk Iavgrl`glt*

Mustrmjfml Lmtfalmj Wlfvgrsfty,, 38==, XSN* Gnala fn Naltmfl`glt mlk teg [XX, Gmst Msfm Daru`, =3 Kgng`cgr =3,

Mvmfjmcjg mt

G``grsal* K,O, 38=3, Nemjjglifli M^GML2 [eg W^ Xfvat [erauie autegmst Msfms Gygs,Ijacmj Msfm 9%;&, gauj2 Gmst Msfm Daulkmtfal,

ettp2!!www,gmstmsfmdaru ,ari!38==!=3!=3!XSN-gnala fn-naltmfl glt-mlk-teg-tpp!,
http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/12/11/china-participation-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/12/11/china-participation-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/12/11/china-participation-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership/http://www.graduateinstitute.ch/webdav/site/ctei/shared/CTEI/Baldwin/Publications/Chapters/Regionalism/baldwin_carpenter_2009-29-3blocs.pdfhttp://www.graduateinstitute.ch/webdav/site/ctei/shared/CTEI/Baldwin/Publications/Chapters/Regionalism/baldwin_carpenter_2009-29-3blocs.pdfhttp://www.voxeu.org/article/us-trade-policy-and-doha-round-alternative-viewhttp://www.voxeu.org/article/us-trade-policy-and-doha-round-alternative-viewhttp://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/12/12/china-economic-containment-and-the-tpp/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/12/12/china-economic-containment-and-the-tpp/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/12/12/china-economic-containment-and-the-tpp/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/12/12/china-economic-containment-and-the-tpp/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/12/12/china-economic-containment-and-the-tpp/http://www.voxeu.org/article/us-trade-policy-and-doha-round-alternative-viewhttp://www.voxeu.org/article/us-trade-policy-and-doha-round-alternative-viewhttp://www.graduateinstitute.ch/webdav/site/ctei/shared/CTEI/Baldwin/Publications/Chapters/Regionalism/baldwin_carpenter_2009-29-3blocs.pdfhttp://www.graduateinstitute.ch/webdav/site/ctei/shared/CTEI/Baldwin/Publications/Chapters/Regionalism/baldwin_carpenter_2009-29-3blocs.pdfhttp://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/12/11/china-participation-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/12/11/china-participation-in-the-trans-pacific-partnership/


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37

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