CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

17
C C E E N N T T R R A A LI LI S S M M vs. vs. R R E E G G I I O O N N A A L L I I S S M M in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish
  • date post

    18-Dec-2015
  • Category

    Documents

  • view

    226
  • download

    2

Transcript of CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

Page 1: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

CCEENNTTRRAALILISSMM vs.vs. RREEGGIIOONNAALLIISSMMin RUSSIA

Andrei Treivish

Page 2: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

CENTRALISM: PREREQUISITES PRO et CONTRA

• Byzantine, Holden Horde and other Asiatic impacts

• Deep historical tradition conditioned by frequent wars, revolts and expansion

• Ethnically / culturally melting colonization process

• Huge landmass, long distances and hampered communications

• Ethnic and regional diversity + 90 years of federalism

• Recurrent crises of central power

Page 3: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

SUMMING UP DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF

REGIONALISM

A TRIAD:

• of regional (provincial) self-consciousness and identity, local spirit and divotion to this level of 'patriotism' and tradition etc.

• of their realization in regional public activities (movements and institutions), more or less radical and successful

• of their recognition along with the needs and interests of regional development as a rightful and legal form of civil society; attention of state policies to them

Page 4: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

CENTRALISM and

MONOCENTRISM of settlement systems

Page 5: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

All-Russia's rank-size ratiosHistorical Russian

Empire, USSR and RF

50 largest cities

Minsk

MoscowWarsaw

Moscow

Lodz

Leningrad

St.P-g

Odessa

TashkentKiev

NovosibirskN.Novg.

10

100

1000

10000

1 10 100

Size (population) in 1,000

10

Moscow Leningrad – St.P-gMoscow

Togliatti

Novosibirsk

N.Novgorod

MoscowSt.P-g

Rostov on Don

-

Moscow

Saratov

St.P-g

100

1000

10000

1 10 100City rank (1-50)

2002 1989

1959

1926

1897

1867

Russian Federation in its

contemporary limits

Russian Empire

1897

USSR 1989

RF 1989

Leningrad

Moscow

30 largest urban agglomerations of four giant countries in the early 21st century

Chicago-Milwaukee

Samara-Togliatti

N.Y.- Philadelphia

Moscow

Hong KongBeijing

Belo Horizonte

Rio de Janeiro

Shanghai

BRAZIL

St.Peter.

Dilli

Mumbai;Los Angeles

Sao Paulo

CHINA

INDIA

RUSSIA

USA

100

1000

10000

100000

1 10 100Ранг ГА (1-30)

Size in 1,000

Kolkata

Page 6: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

2 3 5 550.50.003

CENTRALISM IN REGIONAL URBAN SYSTEMS

sole city in the region

smaller

larger

times10the capital is

1

RATIO OF THE REGIONAL CAPITAL'S POPULATION TO THE LARGEST ONE AMONG

OTHER CITIES, 2008 Official regional centre (capital)

The second (largest) city

Page 7: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

BASIC TYPES OF RUSSIA'S 'REGIONIMS'

Urban proper (town or fortress, etc.) Ethnic (tribal)Religious Personal humanNatural geographic (hydronim etc.)Other, combined or uncertain

Names of regions (near 2005) and of their centres (capitals)

SAME AS THE CENTRE'S NAME classified by etymology of the latter:

DIFFERENT FROM THE CENTRE'S NAMEEthnic

Natural geographic

Combined natural-ethnic and abrogated (Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets AO)Abrogated by 2008 – joint with

the larger 'maternal' region Personal human, different from that of the centre

Murmansk

KaliningradSt. Peters-

burgArkhangelsk

Petrozavodsk

Pskov

Naryan-MarVologda

Novgorod

Tver

Salekhard

Khanty-Mansiysk

Dudinka

SyktyvkarYakutsk

Anadyr

Tura

Magadan

Palana

Kudymkar

Ust-OrdynskoyeIrkutsk

Krasnoyarsk

KyzylUlan-Ude

Chita

Aginskoye

BlagoveshchenskKhabarovsk

Birobidjan

Vladivostok

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy

Abakan

Tomsk

Novosibirsk

Barnaul

Omsk

Gorno-Altaysk

Tyumen

Kurgan

Chelyabinsk

Yekaterinburg

Kirov

Kostroma

Orenburg

Ufa

PermKazan

Astrakhan

Izhevsk

Bryansk

KurskBelgorod

Rostov on DonVoronezh

Moscow

Kaluga

Saratov

Samara

Penza

N.N.Orel

Volgograd

Vladimir

Ivanovo

Smolensk Yar.

Elista

Krasnodar

Stavropol

Maykop

TulaR. Y-O.

V.: Vladimir; R.: Ryazan; L.: Lipetsk; T.: Tambov; N.N.: Nizhniy Novgorod; Y-O.: Yoshkar-Ola; Ch.: Cheboksary; S: Saransk; U.: Ulyanovsk; Cher.: Cherkessk; VK.: Vladikavkaz

L.T. Ch.

S.

Makhachkala

GroznyyMagas

U.

Cher.Nalchik

VK.

Page 8: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

Years (up to 2000)

50 150 250 350450 550

TIME SPENT IN THE STATE HEADED BY

MOSCOW OR ST. PETERSBURG

'LENGTH OF SERVICE' in average upon contemporary

regions' areas

Page 9: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

ЧИСТЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОДУКТ11 макрорайонов, 73 региона,

РСФСР=100 1996

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Ка

ли

ни

нгр

.об

л.

СЕ

ВЕ

Р

С.-

ЗА

ПА

Д

ЦЕ

НТ

Р

В.-

ВЯ

ТС

КИ

Й

ЦЧ

Р

ПО

ВО

ЛЖ

ЬЕ

С.К

АВ

КА

З

УР

АЛ

З.С

ИБ

ИР

Ь

В.С

ИБ

ИР

Ь

Д.В

ОС

ТО

К

ВАЛОВОЙ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОДУКТ11 макрорайонов, 79 регионов, РФ=100

2002

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Кали

нинг

р.об

л.

СЕ

ВЕ

Р

С.-

ЗАП

АД

ЦЕ

НТ

Р

В.-

ВЯ

ТС

КИЙ

ЦЧ

Р

ПО

ВО

ЛЖ

ЬЕ

С.К

АВ

КАЗ

УР

АЛ

З.С

ИБ

ИР

Ь

В.С

ИБ

ИР

Ь

Д.В

ОС

ТО

К

ЧИСТЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОДУКТ11 макрорайонов, 73 региона,

РСФСР=100

0

50

100

150

200

250

Кали

нинг

р.об

л.

СЕ

ВЕ

Р

С.-

ЗАП

АД

ЦЕ

НТ

Р

В.-

ВЯ

ТС

КИЙ

ЦЧ

Р

ПО

ВО

ЛЖ

ЬЕ

С.К

АВ

КАЗ

УР

АЛ

З.С

ИБ

ИР

Ь

В.С

ИБ

ИР

Ь

Д.В

ОС

ТО

КВАЛОВОЙ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОДУКТ

11 макрорайонов, 79 регионов, РФ=100

1996

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Кали

нинг

р.об

л.

СЕ

ВЕ

Р

С.-

ЗАП

АД

ЦЕ

НТ

Р

В.-

ВЯ

ТС

КИЙ

ЦЧ

Р

ПО

ВО

ЛЖ

ЬЕ

С.К

АВ

КАЗ

УР

АЛ

З.С

ИБ

ИР

Ь

В.С

ИБ

ИР

Ь

Д.В

ОС

ТО

К

Macroregions and 'independent' regionsRegions within macroregions1990

Regional disparities in per capita net material (by Soviet methodology) and gross regional products (new

methodology), current prices, RF = 100NET MATERIAL PRODUCT (11 MACRO-REGIONS and 73 REGIONS)350

1996

Kal

inin

grad

obl

.

Kal

inin

grad

obl

.

NO

RTH

NO

RTH

N-W

EST

CEN

TRE

C. C

HER

NO

ZEM

VOLG

A

N.C

AU

CA

SUS

UR

ALS

W.S

IBER

IA

E.SI

BER

IA

FAR

EA

STGRP (11 MACRO-REGIONS and 79 REGIONS)

N-W

EST

CEN

TRE

Kal

inin

grad

obl

N-W

EST

N-W

EST

Kal

inin

grad

obl

NO

RTH

NO

RTH

CEN

TRE

20021996

VOLG

A-V

YATK

AV.

-VYA

TKA

VOLG

A-V

YATK

AV.

-VYA

TKA

CEN

TRE

C. C

HER

NO

ZEM

C. C

HER

NO

ZEM

C. C

HER

NO

ZEM

VOLG

A

VOLG

A

VOLG

A

N.C

AU

CA

SUS

N.C

AU

CA

SUS

N.C

AU

CA

SUS

W.S

IBER

IA

W.S

IBER

IAW

.SIB

ERIA

UR

ALS

UR

ALS

UR

ALS

E.SI

BER

IA

E.SI

BER

IA

E.SI

BER

IA

FAR

EA

ST

FAR

EA

ST

FAR

EA

ST

Page 10: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

2006

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Аля

ска

Гава

йи

ТИХ

ОО

К.

ГОР

НЫ

Е

ЮЗ

ЦЕ

НТР

ЮВ

ЦЕ

НТР

Ю.-А

ТЛ.

СЗ

ЦЕ

НТР

СВ

ЦЕ

НТР

СР

.-АТЛ

.

Н.А

НГЛ

ИЯ

USA: 9 macro-regions, 51 region

2004

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

СЕ

ВЕ

Р

С.-З

АП

АД

ВО

СТО

К

С.-В

ОС

ТОК

ЦЕ

НТР

ЗАП

АД

ЮГ

Анд

ам.о

-ва

2005

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

СЕ

ВЕ

Р

ЦЕ

НТР

О-З

.

С.-В

ОС

ТОК

ЮГ

Ю.-

ВО

СТО

К

BRAZIL: 5 macroregions, 27 regions

2005

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

С.-В

ОС

ТОК

СЕ

ВЕ

Р

С.-З

АП

АД

Ю.-З

АП

АД

ЦЕ

НТР

-ЮГ

ВО

СТО

К

CHINA: 6 macro-regions, 31 region

INDIA: 7 macro-regions, 35 regions

RUSSIA: 11 macro-regions, 79 regions

2005

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Кали

нинг

р. О

бл

СЕ

ВЕ

Р

С.-З

АП

АД

ЦЕ

НТР

В.-В

ЯТС

КИЙ

ЦЧ

Р

ПО

ВО

ЛЖ

ЬЕ

С.К

АВ

КАЗ

УР

АЛ

З.С

ИБ

ИР

Ь

В.С

ИБ

ИР

Ь

Д.В

ОС

ТОК

Per capita GRP by region and macro-region of selected giant states in the mid-2000s, percentages of each national average

Dispersion of percapita GRPs (number of regions): USA (51) – 38,4; EU – 42–50 (over 100); MEXICO (32) – 53; BRAZIL (27) – 57; INDIA (35) – 66;

CHINA (31) – 71; RF (79) – 67; РФ (88, АО included) – 133

Macroregions and 'independent' regionsRegions within macroregions

Page 11: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

Basic types of GRP sectoral structures in 1998 and 2004

H-A

S

IH-I

A-S

I-S

H-S

No data

EXPLANATIONS:

H-A – hyper-agrarian, A-S – agrarian-service, H-I – hyper-industrial,

I – predominantly industrial, I-S – industrial-service,

S – service, H-S – hyper-service

1998

2004

TYPES

Page 12: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

THE AUTHOR'S POSITION

Regionalism and regionalization (booming regionalism in the 1990s

Russian sense)

are antonyms of CENTRALISM AND CENTRALIZATION (of monotony and

unification etc.), but not yet synonymous with

SEPARATISM AND DISINTEGRATION

Regionalism can grow into separatism as a result of a long suppression and disregard

(especially in times of troubles)

Page 13: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

POLAR VIEWS OF RUSSIAN REGIONALISM

• It is extremely weak as well as Russia's historical provinces and unofficial vernacular regions. The

very Russian culture and, thus, identity are aspatial (relatively indifferent to space in a huge flat and

expanding country).

• It does exist but really is special in a centralised state which either incorporates it into its own

regional system, or leaves "beyond the power". Russian regions and regionalism belongs to a polis-shaped type and often "secret" (at the local levels in

particular).

Page 14: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

Some regularities of administrative division and of Russia's regional system

1

10

100

1000

10000

0.0 0/1 1,0 10,0 100,0 1000.0

РОССИЯ-87

чел. / км ?

тыс. км ?

Population density per 1 km²

y = 842512x-0,8078

R2 = 0,5137

1000

10000

100000

1000000

1 10 100 1000

Ср. площадь единиц, км?

РФ-89

Ср. плотность населения, чел. / км?

РФ-78 (без АО)РФ: Аз. частьРФ: Евр. часть

АМЕРИКА

АФРИКА

АЗИЯ

ЕВРОПА

Average regions' area, km²

RF: 78 (AO excluded)

RF: 89

RF: EastRF: West

AMERICAS

AFRICA

EUROPE

ASIA

Average population density per 1 km²

RUSSIA: 87 REGIONS

Area of basic units as function of population density by the 21st century:

Worldwide and Russia's

A sheme of Russia's regional 'stairs'

2 PARTS (European and Asian)

7 – 13 MACRO-REGIONS

50 – 90 MAIN ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS

300 – 400 UYEZD (INTRA-OBLAST REGIONS)

2,000 – 3,000 LOCAL REGIONS and INDEPENDENT CITIES

WORLD: STATES AND Region's area, 1000 km²

Page 15: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995

'PENDULUM' OF RUSSIA'S REGIONALIZATION – CENTRALIZATION: AN AUTHOR'S SCHEME

Collapse of Russaian Empire, Civil war

Collapse of the USSR disintegration

SEPERATISM

REGIONALISM REGIONALISM

HYPER-CENTRALISM

Great Gosplan oblasts

Sovnarkhoz

Reg

ion

al

ho

zras

chet

Page 16: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

The last group of questions:

INTEGRATION OR CENTRALIZATION?

1. The reasons for a new centralization: mostly economic or

political?

2. What is more probable and preferable, tactically and

strategically?

Page 17: CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM CENTRALISM vs. REGIONALISM in RUSSIA Andrei Treivish.

If the pendulum of centralism – regionalism does swing anyway, it would better

quicker and lesser in amplitude,

but how can Russia ajust it?