NBio 146
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Transcript of NBio 146
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NBio 146
Neurobiology of Disease
Localization:
Neuroanatomy Review
http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/
http://web.odu.edu/webroot/instr/sci/kcarson.nsf/pages/492_592desc
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Planes of Section
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Anatomical TermsAnterior/PosteriorSuperior/InferiorLateral/MedialDorsal/VentralRostral/Caudal
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Anatomical Planes of Section in the Brain
Horizontal, axial/ transverse/coronal, sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal
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Central Visual Pathways
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Central Visual Pathways
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1.
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4.
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Homonymoushemianopia
Bitemporalhemianopia
quadrantanopia
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Motor Pathways
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Internal Capsule
Corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers arise from primary motor cortex.Corticobulbar axons terminate in the brainstem.85% of corticospinal axons decussate in the lower medulla.15% form the anterior corticospinal tract.
Internal capsule has anterior limb, posterior limb and genu.
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Upper MN Lower MNIndividual muscles? No, groups Yes, sometimes
Atrophy? Minimal Marked
Spasticity? Yes No
Reflexes Hyper- Hypo-
Babinski? Yes No
Fasiculation? No YesNerve Conduction
Normal Slow
Tone increased decreased
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Plantar Response
Scrape object on sole of foot.Babinski sign indicative of UMN lesion.
Normal in infants up to 1 yr.
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General Organization of the Motor Systems
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Neurological Differential Diagnosis 2
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Computerized Tomography (CT)
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As in conventional X-rays, bone and other calcified structuresare dense and appear white in CT scans. Less dense materialssuch as air appear black. Clear fluid such as CSF is black or dark gray.Isodense = intermediate density similar to brain tissueHyperdense = increased tissue density = much lighter than brain tissue in CTHypodense = decreased tissue density = much darker than brain tissue in CTAdipose tissue is hypodense bcz fat is less dense than water.Muscle has similar density to brain tissue.White matter is slightly darker (less dense) than gray matter due to the lipid content of myelin.
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MRI Function
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Comparison of CT and MRI Images
Basic MRI image shows greater anatomical detail
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SPECT imaging of increased blood flow to area of seizure
Bold fMRI map of sensorimotor and language cortexBroca’s and Wernicke’s areasshown during speechSqueezing a ball with right & left hands