NATO UNCLASSIFIED Libya Crisis 2011 & Operation Unified Protector Oberammergau, 14th – 18th...

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

Libya Crisis 2011&

Operation Unified Protector

Oberammergau, 14th – 18th January 2013

Jean-Dominique Duliere (IS Ops)

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

Libya Crisis – Operation Unified Protector (OUP)

• Introduction and Background

• How the Operation was launched and OUP

• Facts, Figures and Lessons Identified

• Conclusion

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

OPERATION UNIFIED PROTECTOR

Introduction and Background

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

• Introduction to the crisis

Misratah

Andorra

Croatia

Cyprus

Holy See

Liechtenstein

Monaco

San Marino

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATYORGANISATION (NATO) (28)

Canada

Belgium

Germany

Greece

Italy

Netherlands Spain

United Kingdom

Denmark

Hungary Czech Rep Poland

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE) (56)

Albania

EURO-ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP COUNCIL (EAPC) (50)

United States

Norway

EUROPEAN UNION (EU) (27)

France

Luxembourg

Portugal

Iceland

Turkey

Romania

Slovakia

Bulgaria

Estonia Latvia

Lithuania

Slovenia

Mediterranean Dialogue (MD) (7)

Algeria

Egypt

Israel

Jordan

Mauritania

Morocco

Tunisia

Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) (4)

Kuwait

Qatar

UAE

Bahrain

Partners across the world (8)

Australia New Zealand Mongolia

Japan South KoreaAfghanistan

Kazakhstan1

Moldova1

Russia1

Ukraine

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Malta

Tajikistan1

Armenia1 Azerbaijan1

Belarus1

Georgia

Serbia

Austria

Finland

FYROM*

Kyrgyzstan1

Switzerland

Sweden

Uzbekistan1

Turkmenistan1

PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE (PfP) (22)

Ireland

Montenegro

MAP(3)

PARP (18)

Intensified Dialogue (5)

Special Relationship(3)

Annual National Programme(4)

Mediterannean Dialogue (MD) (7)

Iraq PakistanAFRICAN UNION

ARAB LEAGUE GCC

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

Libya Crisis 2011 Reminder – CMP in Outline

POLITICAL-MILITARY ESTIMATE PROCESS

PHASE 2

Assessment

PHASE3

ResponseOptions

Development

PHASE 4

PHASE 5

Plannin

g

Executi

on

PHASE 6

Transiti

on

PHASE 1

Indications &

Warning

NAC Decision

6-Phase NATO Crisis Management Process

Initial Guide

NID NED PMRs

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

January February

Glo

bal

Po

liticalL

ibya

Even

tsN

CR

S

OUP - Events and Actions

NA

TO

A

ction

s

PHASE 2Assessment

PHASE 1Indications & Warning

Ghadaffi condemns Tunisia uprising

Protests begin in Benghazi

Protesters killed in BenghaziBenghazi falls

to Rebels

UNSCR 1970

Zawiya falls to Rebels

EU imposes arms

embargo

AU declines action

against Libya

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2820 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Intelligence Assessment on

Libya

IMS tasker to SHAPE to continue

NAC

HA

AE

NF

Z

PHASE 2Assessment


PHASE 2Assessment


EU foreign ministers meeting

Ben Ali flees Tunisia

Mubarak stands down in Egypt

Ghaddafi urges loyalists to

fight off rebels

Protests reach Tripoli –

gunmen fire on protestors

UN Talks

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• Unrest Background ( December 2010 – August 2011)

Other demonstrationsCountries which had protested

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January February

Glo

bal

Po

liticalL

ibya

Even

tsN

CR

SN

AT

O

Actio

ns

PHASE 2Assessment





to Rebels

UNSCR 1970


EU imposes arms

embargo

AU declines action

against Libya

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2820 21 22 23 24 25 26 27


Libya


NAC

HA

AE

NF

Z

PHASE 2Assessment


PHASE 2Assessment






fight off rebels



UN Talks


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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

• First International Actions UNSCR 1970 Passed (26

February 2011) • Deplored… violation of human rights• Welcomed (regional body) condemnation• Refers situation to ICRC• Imposes Arms Embargo• Imposes Travel Ban• Imposes Asset Freeze• Initiates New Sanction Committee• Calls upon Nations to support Humanitarian Effort

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

January February

Glo

bal

Po

liticalL

ibya

Even

tsN

CR

SN

AT

O

Actio

ns

PHASE 2Assessment





to Rebels

UNSCR 1970


EU imposes arms

embargo

AU declines action

against Libya

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2820 21 22 23 24 25 26 27


Libya


NAC

HA

AE

NF

Z

PHASE 2Assessment


PHASE 2Assessment






fight off rebels



UN Talks


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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

The EU’s Sanctions

• From 21 February to October:

– Arms embargo

– Visa ban

– Assets freeze

– Suspension of cooperation contracts

– Reinforcement of Border-controls

(Operation Hermes)

– EEAS opened 2 offices in Bengazi and

Tripoli

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

• Intensification of the crisis Humanitarian crisis: Presence of IOs and NGOs

Source: OCHA

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The Beginning

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• Improve SA

Tasker to SHAPE PHASE 2

AssessmentPHASE 1

Indications & Warning

PHASE 2Assessment


PHASE 2Assessment


PHASE 2Assessment

PHASE 3 Response Options Development

PHASE 2Assessment


PHASE 2Assessment


• Assessment of Libya situation• Development of Response Options

27 Feb 2011

2 March 2011

• NATO initial guidance

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

• The Planning Phase


PHASE 4 Planning

• Approval of NIDs on Libya – HA & Embargo

• Fast-track on HA, no fast-track on Embargo

• Movement by SACEUR of maritime Assets

• NFZ later

Defence Ministers Authorise Planning(10 March 2011)


PHASE 4 Planning

NID

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

The Arab League’s Call

• 12th March 2011

• Meeting in Cairo

• Calls for UN to impose

NFZ

• Opposes to an

occupation

force

• Open channels with

Libya opposition

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

• Protection of Civilians (all necessary measures)• No Fly Zone• Arms Embargo (ensure strict implementation)• Ban on Libyan Flights• Designations – individuals/measures• Panel of Experts

UN SCR 1973 (17 March 2011)

• Following International Actions

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

Press Summary of Stances on NFZ – in March

AG

AIN

ST

FO

R

HIGH ACTIVITY

LESS ACTIVITY

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

• Conclude all planning work (NFZ and Embargo) ASAP

• Force generation on Embargo to commence without further formality

• Start force generation on NFZ following approval of CONOPS

• Hold a NAC+N meeting with regional IOs+nations

NAC

World leaders gathered in Paris on Saturday to discuss a coordinated military intervention in Libya, where Muammar Gaddafi was defying the West with a final push into the rebel stronghold of Benghazi.

Paris Conference (18 March 2011)

• Political and Strategic Options

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

The U.S. and European nations pounded Moammar Gadhafi's forces and air defenses with cruise missiles and airstrikes, launching the broadest international military effort since the Iraq war in support of an uprising that had seemed on the verge of defeat. Libyan state TV claimed 48 people had been killed in the attacks, but the report could not be independently verified.

Coalition Air Strikes Begin

19 Mar 2011

• Operational Steps

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

Gaddhafi forces attack Benghazi

March

NATO RESTRICTED

17 18 19 31

Glo

bal

Po

liticalL

ibya

Even

tsN

AT

O

Actio

ns

NC

RS

PHASE 4Planning

HA

AE

NF

Z

PHASE 4Planning

PHASE 4Planning

PHASE 5 Execution

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

UNSCR 1973

Force activation with Allies starts

on Embargo

SHAPE Force Generation Conf for Embargo + SHAPE Force Sensing for

NFZSHAPE Force

Generation Conf for NFZ

NED

PHASE 5 – Execution NED - NFZ

PHASE 4 - PlanningNID –

NFZ+

PHASE 5 -

Exectution

NED

Coalition Airstrikes begin

Paris conference on Libya

London conference on Libya

African Union meeting on Libya Addis-Ababa

African Union meeting on Libya (PMs) Nouakchott

Arab League meeting on Libya

EU FMs Meet – Broaden sanctions

UK, France, US agree that NATO will take command of operations

Ajdabiya falls to rebels

Rebels advance on Sirte, recapture several towns

Libya FM Moussa

Koussa quits

NAC

CONOPS NAC NAC

NAC NACNED

OPLANNAC

25

NACNED

NACNED

Gaddhafi forces press on Ajdabiya

Reports of Qatar involved

Gaddhafi advances on Benghazi, Mistrata and

Ajdibiya ‘stalled’

Reports of civilian ‘human

shields’

US jet ‘down’

Libya Air Force ‘ No longer

exists…’

OPLAN

CONOPS

DRAFT

NED

NID Z+

NID Z+

Z+

OUP – Phase 4 to 5

If Requested

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

NFZ+ Moves to Execution

PHASE 4Planning

PHASE 5 Execution

NED

• No Fly Zone + (27 March 2011)

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

• Implementing UNSCRs

1970 and 1973

• Preparing for Libya’s

future

•Taking forward support

from the International

community for the

people of Libya

London Conference (29 March 2011)

• International and Strong Support

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

• The Start Handover to NATO

27 Mar 29 Mar 30 Mar 31 Mar 1 Apr 2 Apr28 Mar

Coalition-led Ops NATO-led Operation

Execution of OUP

• Start on 31 March 2011• Mandated under Chap 7 of the UN Charter &

Resolutions 1970 and 1973• To protect civilian population under attack or

threat of attack

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

OUP – Command and Control

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NATO UNCLASSIFIEDNATO UNCLASSIFIED

Participation in OUP NATO UNCLASSIFIED

Allies

Partners

QATAR

UAE

JORDAN

SWEDEN

UKRAINE

MOROCCO

&

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg

http://hqweb.hq.nato.int/em/WorldFactBook/flags/flagtemplate_JO.html

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Morocco.svg

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

Foreign ministers from NATO Allies and non-NATO partners agreed to continue

OUP

NATO defence ministers meet in Brussels and agreed to keep pressure on the

Qadhafi regime for as long as it took to end the crisis

Tripoli is freed by opposition forces

International heads of state and government further reiterated this

commitment during a “Friends of Libya” meeting in Paris

14 April 2011

8 June 2011

22 August 2011

1st September 2011

• The Evolution

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

OUP – UN 2009• Unanimously adopted on 16 September

2011• Key points:

– Establishment of a United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL);

– Restore public security and promote the rule of law;

– Undertake inclusive political dialogue, promote national reconciliation;

– Extend state authority;– Promote and protect human rights;– Take the immediate steps required to

initiate economic recovery; – Coordinate support that may be

requested from other multilateral and bilateral actors.

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

NATO extended OUP for up to 90 days

NATO Defence ministers decided to end the mission as soon as conditions permit

Death of Colonel Gaddafi

NATO agreed that OUP was very close to completion

NATO ended OUP: “We answered the call!”

21 September 2011

06 October 2011

21 October 2011

31 October 2011

20 October 2011

• The End!

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED


Facts, Figures and Lessons

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

• Facts: Contribution

Source: guardian.co.uk

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

• Figures: targets, sorties, cost Arms embargo:

– Over 3,000 vessels have been hailed and boarded– 11 ships have been denied transit to or from Libyan ports

Air Missions: – Over 26,000 sorties, including over 9,700 strike sorties.

Targeting: – Over 5,900 military targets

Peak Military Figures: – Approximately 8,000 troops– Over 260 air assets– 21 naval assets

Humanitarian Assistance: – Over 2,500 air, ground and maritime movements into Libya have been de-conflicted by NATO.

Cost: – Awacs: 5.4 million EUR/ month– Complementary cost: + 800,000 EUR/ month– War’s total cost: $4 billion

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

• Lessons Identified

Significant shortfalls :

– Well trained Targeting Specialists

– Precision Guided Munitions

(PGMs) and Supplies

– Air-to-Air Refueling

– Technical Assistance

– Intelligence Surveillance

– Reconnaissance Platforms

Commitment to NATO’s Smart Defence Initiative

April 2012: Release of a strategic-level paper on Lessons from OUP

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED


Conclusion:“We answered the call”

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NATO UNCLASSIFIED

Operation Unified Protector

Questions

Contact Details

Jean-Dominique Duliere02 707 4627

[email protected]

Marie Garcia02 707 5116

[email protected]

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

No Fly Zone

POLITICAL-MILITARY ESTIMATE PROCESS

PHASE 2

Assessment

PHASE3

ResponseOptions

PHASE 4 PHASE 5

Planning Execution

PHASE 6

Transition

PHASE 1

Indications &

WarningNID

NEDInitial

guide

NCMP Unified Protector 2011

IMS 28 Feb 11

NAC 04 Mar 11

Humanitarian Assistance

Arms embargo

No Fly Zone +

MC + NAC

• 04 Mar 11

• 07 Mar 11

• 08 Mar 11

• 09 Mar 11

• 10 Mar 11

UNSCR 197317 Mar 11

NID 24 Mar

OPLAN 22 Mar NED 24 Mar

NID 10 Mar OPLAN 20 Mar NED 22 Mar

NID 10 Mar OPLAN 15 Mar Execution on Request

NID 16 Mar

NED 27 MarOPLAN 27 Mar

UNSCR 197026 Feb 11

Arab League Request 12 Mar 11

Coalition OperationODYSSEY DAWN

19 Mar 11

TOA 31 Mar

31 Oct 11

NATO UNCLASSIFIED Libya Crisis 2011 & Operation Unified Protector Oberammergau, 14th – 18th...

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