Nations, States and Autonomy

Nation vs. State

• Nation

• State

A modern state (L. Mair)

• Territoriality

• Centralization of decision making

• Differentiation of functions

• Sovereignty

A modern state (T. Parsons)

• Judiciary across lineages

• Codified, written-down laws

• Standing military

• Differentiation of a distinct class of priests

• Breakdown of the fusion of religion and society

• Differentiation of technical skills

A modern state (M. Weber)

• End of patrimonialism

• Officials paid by the center

• Non-particularistic bureaucracy

Where state and nation do not meet…

• Stateless nations

• Multi-national states

• Multi-state nations

• Can you name some examples?

The African Map

Constructing the Nation

• Language

• Print-Capitalism

• War

• Genocide

Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Communities (1983)

• National identity replacing religious communities and dynastic realms

• Three conceptions lost their grip:

• Driven by vernacular print-capitalism seeking a larger market

National HomogeneityState Created c. % Largest Ethnicity England / UK c. 900 AD 84 Spain c. 700 AD 91 France 768 AD 95 Italy 1861 92 Germany 1871 92 Netherlands 1579 83 Japan 660 BCE 99 Russia 862 AD 80 China 221 BCE 92 Nigeria 1960 29 India 1947 30 USA 1776 52 North Korea 1945 100 Iraq 1932 60 Iran / Persia 1925 51 Afghanistan 1919 42

The Rise of the State

• Leviathan (Hobbes)

• Natural Rights (Locke)

• Social Contract (Rousseau via Tilly)

• Stationary Bandit (Olson)

• Transaction Costs (North)

• Division of labor (Durkheim)

• Class Conflict (Marx)

The State in Context (1)

The State in Context (2)

Historical Challenges

Lipset and Rokkan identify four conflict-creating challenges to state formation in European history:

• State building• The Reformation• Industrial Revolution • Democracy

Recurrent Challenges

• Succession of Leadership

• Ethnic & Regional Conflict

Creating political obligation

• Results• Habit or Tradition• Personality or Charisma• Identity• Procedures• Socialization• Agenda and Framing• Political Recruitment

The 30 Years War

• About Religion or about Stateness?

• Peace of Augsburg (1555)

• 1618 Deposition

• Costs and External Powers

30 yrs war map

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace

• Terms

• Political Consequences

• A Nation-State System

Blank

Social Contract