Nationalism

1700

1800

Napoleon’s Europe

Greek Independence ❖ Greece was part of the Ottoman empire for centuries. ❖ The Greek revolt for independence broke out in 1821.❖ In 1827 the Great Powers took sides with Greece and a

joint British, French and Russian army destroyed the Ottomans and Greece was Independent. (Romanticism?)

Belgium Independence❖ Spanish Netherlands->Austrian Netherlands-> France under

Napoleon-> United Netherlands->BELGUIM!!!!❖ After a rebellion broke out in Brussles in 1830, William 1

invaded Belgium but backed down when France and Britian intervened.

❖ Belgium’s independence was declared at the London Confrence in 1830.

Italian Nationalism❖ Napoleon united Italy, The Congress of Vienna redivided

it under foreign control. Some wanted a Nation (Mazzini)❖ By 1848 revolts broke out in eight separate states some

for a new Nation... It didn’t work ❖ By 1850s under Cavour, the prime minister of Piedmont-

Sardinia a recipe for a Nation was developed...1st an alliance with Napoleon III.

❖ By 1861 Cavour w/Garibaldi created a united Italy except for the area surrounding Rome.

❖ 1870 Rome’s onboard too!

Nationalism in Germany❖ Napoleon- ended the Holy Roman Empire- Redrew the Map- Congress of

Vienna- drew it again ❖ Demands for a Nation-- A German one!!! who will Lead Prussia or Austria❖ 1862 – Otto von Bismarck was prime minister of Prussia and worked to

make Prussia head of a united Germany.❖ Seven Weeks’ War 1866 – Bismarck provoked war with Austria and

soundly defeated the country, its archrival. Austria was forced to leave the Confederation.

❖ 1867 – northern German states joined with Prussia to create the North German Confederation, which was completely dominated by Prussia.

❖ 1870 Prussia and allies fight France-- A Nation is created!!T

Austrian and Hungarian Nationalism❖ Austria was forced to leave the German Confederation after loosing the

Seven Weeks’ War against Prussia, and began to rebuild its strength.❖ Austria was a country that contained many ethnicities and nationalities.❖ Hungarians made up a large part of Austria, and wished for more

independence. They had rebelled against Austria in 1848.❖ 1867 – Austria and Hungary agreed to a dual monarchy, in which both

countries became independent states with one ruler.❖ The new empire was called Austria-Hungary

Home Rule- Ireland❖ 1870 the Irish nationalist created a home rule party to gain independence from

Britain.❖ British Prime Minister Gladstone created 2 home rule bills to give Ireland more

freedom but not independence but both were defeated❖ During the 1870-80’s, protestants and Catholics in Ireland supported home rule.❖ By the 1900 protestants turned against the home rule, they feared being a minority

in a country mainly ruled by Catholics❖ In 1914 parliament finally approved a home rule bill.❖ Nationalists were still upets❖ 1921 Ireland gains independence- at least part of it

Ottoman Empire❖ Travels to the western world brought ideas of nationalism.❖ The Ottoman empire was known as “the sick man of Europe”.❖ This was because that the Ottoman Empires army was relatively

weak.❖ The Ottoman Empire became a nationalist nation after nationalism

swept through all of the European nations

WHO’S A SLAV??Poles, Russians, Czechs,

Slovaks, Serbians…et. Al.Slavic Nationalism

• Vast and diverse of the territory occupied by Slavic peoplesSeveral centers of Slavic consolidationPan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poetsRarely influenced practical politics and didn't find support in all nations that had Slavic origins

• Areas included parts of Russia, Austria and Ottoman Empires

• By 1878 Serbia is a NATION• Tend to be Eastern Orthodox Religion---but not always!

❖ Anti-Semitism is prejudice or discrimination against Jews or Judaism

❖ Jews got out of the Ghetto in the 19th Century- some wanted them back in or completely OUT

❖ 19th century – anti-Semitism was apart of national pride❖ Nationalists didn’t want to include Jews in European society

because they didn’t want to “contaminate” their countries unique culture.

❖ Nationalists were against granting Jews citizenship.

The Dreyfus Affair❖ 1894 – officer in the French army, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, falsely

accused of committing treason for spying for Germany because he was being discriminated against for being a Jew

❖ Act of Anti-Semitism❖ Feelings of French nationalism combined with anti-Semitism ❖ Big uproar in France, people choose sides. The Church, French

army, government, and conservative parties were against Dreyfus, whereas intellectuals like Émile Zola rallied to clear his name

Pogroms of Russia❖ 1881 - Czar Alexander II of Russia was assassinated, and rumor gets

around that the Jews had killed him…Jews were always a suspect!❖ Pogroms mean “destruction” in Russian and they were series of

organized attacks against Jews❖ Series of attacks occurred during 1881, 1883, and from 1891-1892

Jews were forced to leave Moscow.❖ Russian Government supports the Pogroms!!!