National programme under NEC Directive : The French experience Improving Air Quality in the enlarged...

National programme underNEC Directive :

The French experience

Improving Air Quality in the enlarged EU : Workshop on Plansand Programmes of Air Quality and National Emission Ceilings Directives

Brussels – 1&2 September 2004

Marc RICO – Ministry of Ecology & Sustainable DevelopmentBénédicte OUDART - CITEPA

CONTENTS

1. The French context

2. The French organisation to draw up the national plan

3. Technical study : OPTINEC- scenarios- regulations taken into account- uncertainties- results

4. Contents of the national plan

5. Assessment and updating of the national plan

6. Conclusion

CONTENTS





5. Assessment and up-dating of the national plan

6. Conclusion

SO2 emissions since 1960

0

250

500

750

1 000

1 250

1 500

1 750

2 000

2 250

2 500

2 750

3 000

3 250

3 500

3 750

4 000

1960

1965

1970

1973

1975

1980

1985

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003 (

e)

(e) estimation préliminaire

CITEPA février 2004

CORALIE / format secten

Gg = kt

Autres

Autres transports

Transport routier

Agriculture/sylviculture

Résidentiel / tertiaire

Industrie manufacturière

Transformation énergie

NOx emissions since 1960

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1 000

1 100

1 200

1 300

1 400

1 500

1 600

1 700

1 800

1 900

2 000

2 1001

96

0

19

65

19

70

19

75

19

80

19

85

19

90

19

91

19

92

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93

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94

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95

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96

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97

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98

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99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

(e

)


CITEPA février 2004CORALIE / format secten

Gg = kt

Autres

Autres transports

Transport routier





VOC emissions since 1988

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1 600

1 800

2 000

2 200

2 400

2 600

2 800

1988

1989

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1997

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1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

(e)



Gg = kt

Autres

Autres transports

Transport routier





NH3 emissions since 1980

0

50100

150

200

250300

350

400450

500

550600

650

700

750800

8501

98

0

19

83

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85

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90

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91

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19

96

19

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98

19

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20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

(e

)



Gg = kt

Autres

Autres transports

Transport routier





French targets

1990 emissions(Gothenburg Protocol

data)

1990 emission

s(2003

inventory data)

2002 emission

s

NEC directive ceilings

Emission

reduction

/2002

SO2 1 269 kt 1 326 kt 537 kt 375 kt - 30%

NOx 1 882 kt 1 897 kt 1 352 kt 810 kt - 40%

COV 2 957 kt 2 499 kt 1 542 kt 1 050 kt - 32%

NH3 814 kt 779 kt 778 kt 780 kt ~0%

National Climate Change Plan

• This plan has been adopted in 2000

• List of measures to comply with Kyoto protocol (stabilisation of emissions in 2010/1990)

• emission projections are based on the PNLCC energy scenario

•the review of the measures of the 2000 climate change plan is in progress

The NEC programme must be consistent withthe climate change plan

CONTENTS





5. Assessment and up-date of the national plan

6. Conclusion

• 4 Ministries : Environment Industry / Energy

Transport / HouseholdsAgriculture

• The French Agency for Environment and Energy Management (ADEME)

• Industry representatives

• Associations for Environmental protection

Setting-up of the Transboundary Air Pollution Forum(about 50 members from Administration and Industry + technical experts )

The French organisation to draw up the national plan

Many stakeholders involved :

The French organisation to draw up the national plan

Work in 2 steps :• 1st step : technical study (OPTINEC) (January 2001 – July 2002)

- to estimate emission projections for 2010- to identify technical measures to reduce emissions- to identify possible financial instruments to reduce emissions

Steering group to validate the scenario to use as a basis for emission projections and to select possible additional measures to incorporate into the national plan • 2nd step : drawing up and adopting the national plan (July 2002 – July 2003)

- validation of technical and political options to reduce emissions- drafting the national plan

- consultation committees (administration, industry, NGOs, National Council for Classified Installations (CSIC) and National Air Council (CNA)

- official adoption by the Government (8 July 2003)

CONTENTS






6. Conclusion

OPTINEC STUDY

• INVESTIGATED SCENARIOS 4 energy scenarios

- S1 scenario – market scenario (1998)- S3 scenario – environmental scenario (1998)- business as usual scenario (1999)- PNLCC scenario (climate change plan scenario) (2000)

2 agricultural scenarios- business as usual scenario (trends)- MAGALI scenario (based on an economic model) (2000)

4 scenarios to evaluate uncertainties on activity data

• OPTINEC SCENARIO

selected scenario for the NEC programme : PNLCC scenario for energy MAGALI scenario for agriculture

Previsions become out of date quickly: data have thus been updated for electricity production, refineries and transport

Available at : http://www.citepa.org/publications/etudes_citepa.htmhttp://www.ineris.fr/recherches/download/etude_eco.pdf

OPTINEC STUDY

•OPTINEC SCENARIO – ECONOMIC HYPOTHESES

GDP growth : 2.3% (1997 – 2010)

Oil price : 25 $/barrel

Gas price : 3.3 $/Mbtu

Coal price : 40-50 $/t

Population growth : +0.5% 1995-2005+0.4% 2005-2010

OPTINEC STUDY

•LIST OF DIRECTIVES AND NATIONAL REGULATIONS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT

• LCP directive (2001/80/CE)• Sulphur content of fuels directive (99/32/CE)• Quality of petrol and diesel fuels directive (98/69/CE)• Incineration of waste directive (2000/76/CE)• HC emission from petrol distribution (stage I & stage II directives)• Limitation of VOC from organic solvents directive (99/13/EC)• EURO standards I-V for vehicle emissions (98/69/CE)

EU directives

National regulations

• regulations on classified installations (a part of IPPC directive)• regulation on glass industry• regulation on cement industry • regulation on small combustion installations (2-20 MW)• regulation on turbines and stationary combustion installations

OPTINEC STUDY

• EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTIES

SO2

emissionsNOx

emissionsVOC

emissionsNH3

emissions

Uncertainties 15% 45% 30% 80%

Emission uncertainties include :- uncertainties on activity data based on different investigated scenarios- uncertainties on emission factors

• OPTINEC/RAINS EMISSION COMPARISON (REF SCENARIOS)

Emissions (kt) SO2 NOx VOC NH3

OPTINEC REF 461 988 954 857

IIASA REF 448 858 1223 777

OPTINEC STUDY

• RESULTS FOR SO2

2010 emissions : 461 ktNEC ceiling : 375 kt

SO2 Emissions - 2010 Emissions (kt)

share (%)

Refineries 140 30

Industrial combustion 129 28

Power plants 97 21

Domestic sector 31 7

District heating 20 4

Required reduction86 kt (19%) tomeet the ceiling

Measures established in the Plan

• ENVISAGED ADDITIONAL MEASURES FOR SO2

INDUSTRY

- stricter ELVs for refineries (bubble concept)

- stricter ELVs for larger CPs (>500 MW) (more stringent than LCPD)

- reduction in SO2 emissions in various industrial processes (glass, cement,

iron & steel industry)

Measures implemented under IPPC Directive and LCP Directive

TRANSPORT AND OTHER MOBILE SOURCES

- reduction in sulphur content of petrol and diesel to 10 ppm (road transport)

- use of diesel instead of light fuel-oil for off-road engines

Expected reduction : about 100 kt

OPTINEC STUDY

• RESULTS FOR NOx


NOx Emissions - 2010 Emissions (kt)

share (%)

Road transport 390 40

Other mobile sources 243 25

Industrial combustion 135 14

Domestic sector 78 8

Power plants 75 8


• ENVISAGED ADDITIONAL MEASURES FOR NOx INDUSTRY

- stricter ELVs for refineries (bubble concept)

- stricter ELVs for larger CPs (>500 MW) (more stringent than LCPD)

- reduction in NOx emissions in various industrial processes (glass, cement,

iron & steel industry)

- reduction in emissions from small combustion installations (20-50 MW)

Measures implemented under IPPC Directive and LCP Directive

RESIDENTIAL / COMMERCIAL / INSTITUTIONAL

- promotion of low-NOx boilers (tax incentive)

- reduction in energy consumption in existing buildings

TRANSPORT AND OTHER MOBILE SOURCES

- reduction in sulphur content of petrol and diesel to 10 ppm (road transport)

- development of non-road alternative transport modes

- adjusting port and airport charges to take emission levels into account

- incentives to renew existing stock of non-road mobile machinery



OPTINEC STUDY

• RESULTS FOR VOC


VOC Emissions - 2010 Emissions (kt)

share (%)

Solvent use 320 33

Domestic sector (wood combustion) 211 22

Other mobile sources 129 14

Road transport 98 10

Industrial processes 84 9

Ceiling compliedwith

• ENVISAGED ADDITIONAL MEASURES FOR VOCs INDUSTRY

- reduction in non point source emissions (refineries and chemical

industry)

- measures to encourage the adoption of VOC emission reduction

scheme

- development of the use of products with low solvent content

RESIDENTIAL / COMMERCIAL / INSTITUTIONAL

- development of the use of products with low solvent content

- development of measures to encourage combustion of wood

in suitable conditions.


OPTINEC STUDY

• RESULTS FOR NH3


NH3 Emissions - 2010 Emissions (kt)

share (%)

Animal manure 668 78

Use of fertilizers 148 17


• ENVISAGED ADDITIONAL MEASURES FOR NH3

AGRICULTURE

- adapting cattle feed

- reducing emissions of slurry stocks

- improving slurry spreading methods

- taking NH3 emissions into account in public policies

- informing farmers



CONTENTS






6. Conclusion

Contents of the French programme

• Introduction

• Emission projections for 2010 sectoral breakdownuncertainties

• List of EU directives and national regulations taken into account

• Quantification of emission reductions to comply with ceilings

• List of implementing measures to comply with ceilings

• Assessment and updating of the national plan

Available at : http://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/PREPA_final_1.pdf

CONTENTS






6. Conclusion

Assessment and updating of the national plan

AssessmentAnnual assessment of progress in emission reductionsAnnual presentation of progress to members of National Air Council

UpdatingUpdating of national plan at the latest in 2006 including :

- updating of emission projections- assessment of implementation of measures, updating list of measures- the results of a study on faisability of NOx tradable permits or NOx tax.

CONTENTS






6. Conclusion

Conclusion

COMMENTS RELATIVE TO PLAN DRAWING UP

• the plan drawing up has enabled the different

stakeholders to become aware of the issues at stake and

to take action to implement the national Plan

• high level of uncertainties for emission projections : since

2000 activity levels have significantly changed for some

sectors, that increases the difficulty to draw up the Plan

• short timescale to draw up the plan

Conclusion

COMMENTS RELATIVE TO MEASURES TO IMPLEMENT

• short timescale to implement the measures : -structural measures requiring more time to implement,-certain measures (eg low NOx burners in the domestic sector, new EURO standards for vehicle emissions) depend on the rate at which the existing stock is renewed

• changes in emission factors over time(eg. NOx emission factor for heavy duty vehicles) but the ceilings are absolute values

• difficulties in getting measures that go beyond the EU directives accepted

Conclusion For some sectors, high efficiency of measures implemented at European level

-VOC reduction: the directive relative to the limitation of organic solvents in certain paints and vehicle refinishing products (2004/42/CE) is an example of these high efficiency and cost-effective measures-NOx reduction (road and non-road transport) : eg. Implementation of port and airport charges to take emission levels into account

Proposals for the CAFÉ programme-all MS feedbacks concerning NEC plans must be taken into account in the CAFÉ programme- NOx reduction ceilings will be difficult to achieve for several MS and the air quality limit value for NO2 will probably not be complied with in all zones : postpone 2010 deadline to 2015 ?

National programme under NEC Directive : The French experience Improving Air Quality in the enlarged...

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