Detail of mill girls operating looms (19th century).

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Industrial growth, the expansion of slavery, and the development of nationalism and sectionalism change American society.

National and Regional Growth, 1800–1844

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SECTION 1 Early Industry and Inventions

SECTION 2

SECTION 3 Nationalism and Sectionalism

Plantations and Slavery Spread

National and Regional Growth, 1800–1844

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New machines and factories change the way people live and work in the late 1700s and early 1800s.

Section 1Early Industry and Inventions

Free Enterprise and Factories

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• During Industrial Revolution factory machines replace hand tools

1SECTION

• Manufacturing replaces farming as main form of work

• Factory system brings workers, machines together under one roof

Early Industry and Inventions

Image

Free Enterprise and Factories

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1SECTION

• People leave farms, move to cities where factories are located

• British blockade causes U.S. to manufacture goods previously imported

• War of 1812 leads U.S. towards industrialization

• Work for wages, have set schedules, way of life changes

Factories Come to New England

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1SECTION

• New England good place to set up successful factories because:- fast-moving rivers- ships and access to the ocean- willing labor force

• Samuel Slater builds first spinning mill, hires entire families

• Influences others to start mills, hire families• Family system of employment spreads

throughout New England

The Lowell Mills Hire Women

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1SECTION

• Francis Cabot Lowell builds factory in Waltham, Massachusetts (1813)

• Lowell mills—textile mills in Lowell, employ farm girls, high wages

• Uses power looms, factory is successful, builds factory town—Lowell

• Girls follow strict rules, read books, publish literary magazine

• Later factories run by powerful steam engines instead of water power

• Allow factories to be built away from rivers and beyond New England

Image

A New Way to Manufacture

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1SECTION

• U.S. government hires Eli Whitney to make 10,000 muskets for army

• Uses interchangeable parts, parts exactly alike, to make guns (1801)

• Guns are made one at a time by gunsmiths, Whitney changes this method

• Speeds up production, makes repairs easy, uses less-skilled workers

• Requires close supervision, gives workers less independence

Image

Moving People, Goods, and Messages

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1SECTION

• Robert Fulton invents steamboat, puts Clermont on Hudson River (1807)

• Henry Miller Shreve designs a more powerful steam engine

• Clermont makes trip from New York to Albany and back in record time

• Enables steamboats to travel upriver, against current

Image

Continued . . .

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1SECTION

• Samuel F. B. Morse first demonstrates the telegraph in 1837

Continued Moving People, Goods, and Messages

• Enables people to communicate in seconds between cities

• By 1861, telegraph lines span U.S., brings people closer as a nation

Image

Technology Improves Farming

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1SECTION

• John Deere invents steel plow (1836)- makes plowing Midwestern soil easier- more farmers move to Midwest

• Farmers feed factory workers, become market for factory goods

• Mechanical reaper, threshing machine improves agriculture

• Growth of Northeastern textile mills increases Southern cotton demand

Image

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The invention of the cotton gin and the demand for cotton cause slavery to spread in the South.

Section 2Plantations and Slavery Spread

The Cotton Boom

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2SECTION

• Eli Whitney invents cotton gin—machine that cleans cotton (1793)

• Cotton plantations spread west, triggers a move westward

• Makes cotton cleaning more efficient, changes Southern life

Plantations and Slavery Spread

• Planters grow more cotton than other goods, cotton exports increase

• Slaves from the east are sold to work on new cotton plantations

• Native Americans driven off land taken over for cotton plantations

Interactive

Chart

Slavery Expands

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2SECTION

• From 1790 to 1860, cotton production increases greatly

• Expansion of slavery has major impact on South’s economy, people

• As cotton earnings rise so does price of slaves

Slavery Divides the South

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2SECTION

• Slavery divides white Southerners into: - those who have slaves- those who do not

• One-tenth of white families have plantations with 20 or more slaves

• Most white Southern farmers have few, no slaves, but support slavery

• Slavery has become necessary to increase profits

Image

African-Americans in the South

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2SECTION

• Slavery divides black Southerners into: - those who are enslaved- those who are free

• Enslaved African-Americans are one-third of South’s population (1840)

• Most work on plantations, some work as domestic servants, craftsmen

• 8 percent of African-Americans in South are free (1840)

• Some states make blacks leave after they gain their freedom

• Most states do not permit free blacks to vote, receive education

Finding Strength in Religion

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2SECTION

• Enslaved African-Americans rely on their culture to endure hardships

• Culture filled with religious convictions, close personal bonds, music

• Spirituals often contain coded messages about a planned escape

• Slaves express religious beliefs in folk songs—spirituals

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2SECTION

• Some slaveholders separate families of enslaved people

• If family of enslaved people stay together, children live with mother

• Marriages of enslaved people are not legally recognized

• Often slaves run away to escape separation, see family again

Families Under SlaveryImage

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2SECTION

• Two planned slave revolts are betrayed, leaders hanged

• Turner’s men captured, 16 are killed, Turner caught, tried, hanged

• Turner, followers kill 55 white people

• Nat Turner leads famous slave rebellion, Virginia (1831)

• Rebellion spreads fear in South

Slave Rebellions

• Pass harsh laws to control enslaved, free blacks

Image

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Patriotic pride unites the states, but tension between the North and South emerges.

Section 3Nationalism and Sectionalism

Nationalism Unites the Country

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• President Madison presents plan, make U.S. economically self-sufficient

3SECTION

• Henry Clay promotes plan as the American System: - establish a protective tariff- establish a national bank- improve U.S. transportation systems

Nationalism and Sectionalism

Roads and Canals Link Cities

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3SECTION

• U.S. builds National Road from Maryland to Illinois

• Opens Ohio Valley, Great Lakes region to settlers, stimulates trade

• Canals improve water transportation, Erie Canal is completed (1825)

• U.S. uses steam-powered trains (1830s), improves transportation

• Increases nationalism by uniting 2 sections of the country

Map

• Creates water route between New York City and Buffalo, New York

The Era of Good Feelings

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3SECTION

• Democratic-Republican James Monroe wins U.S. presidency (1816)

• Supreme Court decisions strengthen federal government, national unity

• Political differences give way to Era of Good Feelings

• Gibbons v. Ogden, only federal government controls interstate commerce

• McCulloch v. Maryland, state cannot tax a national bank

Settling National Boundaries

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3SECTION

• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817):- limits British, U.S. forces on Great Lakes

• Seminoles from East Florida raid Georgia to reclaim lands

• Convention of 1818 sets 49th parallel as U.S.-Canadian border

• General Andrew Jackson, troops enter Florida, capture Seminoles

• Jackson claims Floridas for U.S., Monroe tells Jackson to withdraw

• Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819: Spain hands Florida to U.S.

Map

Sectional Tensions Increase

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3SECTION

• Sectionalism—loyalty to section of a country rather than to nation

• In the West, settlers want cheap land, good transportation

• South relies on cotton, slaves; northeast on manufacturing, trade

• Interests in these sections often conflict

continued Sectional Tensions Increase

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3SECTION

• Missouri applies for statehood (1817), people in state want slavery

• Adding Missouri as slave state would upset balance of power, Congress

• U.S. has 11 slave states, 11 free states

The Missouri Compromise

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3SECTION

• Nation argues over admitting Missouri as slave state or free state

• Henry Clay suggests the Missouri Compromise (1820):- admits Missouri as slave state- admits Maine as free state- bans slavery in Louisiana Territory north of

parallel 36º 30’- keeps balance of power between slave

states, free states

Map

The Monroe Doctrine

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3SECTION

• Some Latin American countries gain independence from Spain, Portugal

• U.S. fears their own government would be in danger

• Some European monarchs plan to help Spain, Portugal regain colonies

• President Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine (1823):- closes Americas to further colonization- warns against European efforts to

reestablish colonies - promises U.S. stay out of European affairs

• Russian colonies in Pacific Northwest almost reach San Francisco

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