C H. 6 S E C T I O N 4

NATION BUILDING IN LATIN AMERICA

NATIONALIST REVOLTS

• Creoles: descendants of Europeans born in Latin America• Denounced the rule of Spanish and Portuguese

• Napoleon overthrew Spanish and Portuguese monarchies allowing revolutionary movements to succeed• Between 1807-1825 most of Latin America became

independent • They were influenced by revolutions in North America

HISPANIOLA

• Saint Domingue- a French colony on the island of Hispaniola• 1804 over 1000,000 slaves revolted and siezed

control over all of Hispaniola• Became the first independent state in Latin

America• Now called Haiti

REVOLT IN MEXICO

• Miguel Hidalgo led a mob of Native Americans and mestizos to attack Spaniards- ultimately failed• Mexico’s independence day

• Creoles and officials decided to overthrow Spain to preserve their own power• Army led by Agustin de Iturbide who named himself

emperor after Mexico declared its independence in 1822

REVOLTS IN SOUTH AMERICA

• Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led revolutions throughout the continent• Believed Spaniards must be removed in order for South

America to be free

• They were able to liberate all of Central America• Martin’s journey to Chile- Led troops over the

Andes to attack Spanish• 2/3 of the pack mules and horses died and soldiers

suffered from cold and lack of oxygen on mountains

CENTRAL AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE

• Divided into 5 republics: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua• Concert of Europe wanted to restore Spanish

power• Britain did not because of trade with South America• Proposed an alliance with the US to stop COE

MONROE DOCTRINE

• President James Monroe didn’t trust British motives• Monroe Doctrine: declared that American

continents were no longer up for colonization by other countries• US could not necessarily back it up

• British Navy also protected South America