Nation Building & Reform
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Transcript of Nation Building & Reform
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Nation Building & Reform
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Imperial RussiaCrimean War defeat pushes Alex II Reforms
emancipation of serfs - Edict March 3, 1861
“better to abolish from above than below”
Serfs given land (not the best) expected to pay back
1864 zemstvos - local assemblies
property based elections favor wealthy
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Imperial Russia
1864 - legal reform judicial code - equality before law
Populism movement - wanted greater reform
People’s Will, radical group - assassinated Alex II 1881
son Alex III - reactionary
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Russia
Alexander III - reactionary
secret police expanded, social reform/trade unions persecuted
Russification - Russian language in all schools, pogroms - organized violence against jews
Alex III dies in 1894 - son Nicholas II weak
tried to follow father’s policies
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Russia
Nicholas II increased father’s push for ind
Sergei Witte, minister of finance 1892-1903
encouraged foreign capital to build factories
35,000 miles of rail lines including 5,000 mile Trans-Siberian
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Russia
1898 Social Democratic Party underground
growing nationalism among Poles and Ukranians - not happy w/ conditions and russification
Russian territorial expansion brought into contact w/ Japan - humiliating defeat in Ruso-Japanese War 1904
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Bloody Sunday & Revolution of 1905Growing discontent group of workers petition to Winter Palace St. Petersburg Jan 9, 1905
troops fire on crowd killing hundreds
workers strike and riots through October
October Manifesto - Nich II granted civil liberties and agreed to establish Duma
By 1907 dismissed Duma & returned to authoritarian rule through army and bureaucracy
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Germany
Reichstag - universal male suffrage but no ministerial responsibility
2 barriers to real democracy: army & Biz
Germany Army - defenders of monarchy and aristocracy - officers Junkers
Biz - serves as chancellor til 1890
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Biz - domestic policies
kulturkampf - attack on Catholics - distrusted loyalty to new Germany: closed seminaries, abolished religious orders
priests ignored, jailed, paid fines - growing Catholic party
shifts policy 1878 - economic problems needs growing Catholic party to stop growing socialist party SPD antinationalistic, anticapitalistic, antimonarchial
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Persecution of SPD - welfare state
1878 Biz pushed laws banning SPD meetings/publications
Tries to woo socialists w/ socialism
sickness, accident, disability benefits and social security system
Failed to slow growth of socialists * remember largest party by eve of WWI
Biz planned more restrictive measures but canned by William II 1890
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William II
reversed policies of outlawing socialism to win over workers - no more success than Biz
Industrialization led to expansion of SPD but less revolutionary more revisionist
William II turns to active foreign policy - expansionism to divert from democratization
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3rd Republic France
After defeat of Nap III 1870 - Biz forces elections on universal male suffrage
French elect a monarchist majority to NA
1871 radical republicans form Commune
Apr 1871 fighting breaks out in Paris
20,000 killed another 10,000 deported
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3rd Republic cont.
NA could not agree on who to select as king
1875 - constitution republican form of gov
76/77 elections add more republicans
1889 avoids Boulanger Crisis
strengthens support for republicans
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Dreyfus Affair
Jewish Republican Alfred Dreyfus court-martialed by royalist officers
declared guilty of selling military docs to Germany - life in prison
1906 exonerated - turns out it was a Catholic
Effects - move to more democratic society
Break from Catholic Church - religious orders leave
Monarchist officers removed from army
anti-Semitism discredited
Gained support for republicanism
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GB: Victorian Age
had not experienced rev troubles of 1848
Reform Act of 1832 opened politics to middle class
real wages increase 25% from 1850-70
stable monarch Queen Vic 1837-1901
era of political compromising between 2 parties
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Disraeli & Gladstone
Whigs (now called Liberals)
Responsible for Reform Act of 1832
William Gladstone
Tories (now called Conservatives)
would be responsible for Act of 1867
Benjamin Disraeli
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Disraeli & Reform Act of 1867
Act of 1867 lowered monetary requirements for voting - enfranchised male urban workers
Backfires on Disraeli - liberal victories 1868
brings Gladstone in as PM
both parties must take into account workers
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Liberal Policies of Gladstone 1868-1874
competitive civil service exams rather than patronage
Purchase of military officer’s commission abolished
secret ballot for voting
Ed Act of 1870 - gov responsible for elementary schools for all children
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Disraeli & Conservatives 1874-
1880 Pubic Health Act - duty of states to interfere w/ private property to protect health
Artisan Dwelling Act - gov provided housing for working class
Gladstone reelected in 1880
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2nd Ministry of Gladstone 1880-85Reform Act of 1884 vote to all men paid rents or taxes - 2 million more voters
Home Rule & Irish Question:
1801 Act of Union
1860s Irish push for independence
1886 Gladstone home rule bill voted down
Irish Question put off by WWI
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Liberalism - welfare state
David Lloyd George - People’s Budget
National Insurance Act of 1911 - sickness and unemployment benefits
Legislation - pension for retirees - programs to be paid for by increase tax on wealthy - redistribution of wealth
Liberals abandoned laissez-faire for social programs steps towards future British welfare state
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Austrian EmpireEmancipation of serfs only lasting effect of 1848 Revolt - return to autocratic rule
Industrialization - working class combined w/ defeat in Austro-Prussian War - changes
forced to deal w/ Hungarian nationalists
Ausgleich - Compromise of 1867 - Dual Monarchy
did not satisfy other minority nationalities
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Austria-Hungary
Nationalistic minority groups still a problem
ethnic Germans only 1/3 of pop in Austria Czechs, Poles & other slavs want change
Emperor Francis Joseph and Catholic Church unifying factors holding empire together
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A-H
Universal male suffrage in Austria 1907 only fans the fire - prime ministers ignore parliament
Magyars in Hungary push for separation 1903, Francis Joseph threatens to grant universal male suffrage in Hungary - Hungary falls in line
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Spain & ItalySp - Parliamentary gov dominated by wealthy
Generation of 1898 for pol/social reform
w/ ind. more attracted to socialism & anarchism
military crushes violence 1909 Barcelona - tough to mess w/ tradition: Catholic, landowners, army
IT - united geographically 1870 but loyal to family, town, region
sectional diff: Ind - N Ag - S, CC not accept Italy
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Socialism and 2nd IR
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Influence of Marx
Industrialization on continent picks up 1850-1870
workers & trade unions not able to combat factory owners
Influence of Marx in 1870s = formation of socialist parties and socialist trade unions
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Marx
Publication of The Communist Manifesto 1848
Marx Ideas - class struggle throughout history “the working men have no country”
Radical, revolutionary overthrow of gov
proletariat would reorganize means of production
classless society would emerge
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Marx cont.
Also wrote Das Kapital - critique on the capitalist economic model
spent the latter years of his life helping organize the International Working Men’s Association or “First International”
would fail in 1872, brought back 1889
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“La Belle Epoque”• Beautiful Era or Golden Age 1895-WWI
• Peace in Europe
• New technology and scientific discoveries
• Economic prosperity
World’s Fair Paris 1900
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2nd IR
2nd IR 1870-20th century
1st IR - dominated by GB and focused on textiles, railroads, iron & coal
2nd IR - Germany would lead the way focus on steel, chemicals, electricity and oil
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Advances Made
lightbulb, telephone, radio, internal combustion engine give way to car and plane, assembly line production
Rise in wages - europeans could spend more - consumer economy - department store, leisure spending
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European Economic Zones
Western Europe and N. Italy industrialized while areas S and E little industry
Set pattern for modern European economic model - affects seen in post WWII
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Increase In Industry on Continent =
socialismtrade unions had been restricted across Europe until 1860s - had little impact helping workers
• German Social Democratic Party (SPD) forms 1875
• Wilhelm Liebkecht & August Bebel
• Marxist in rhetoric but organized politically
• 1890 SPD 35 seats in Reichstag, 1912 largest party in Germany
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Evolution of Socialism
• Bizmark tried to persecute and stop socialism in Germany but no luck
• Socialist parties would emerge across Europe end of 19th c - in Russia 1898
• 1889 Second International - May Day (May 1)
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Revisionism
• Challenge to orthodox Marxisism
• Eduard Bernstein - influenced by moderate English socialism (Fabian Socialism)
• Evolutionary Socialism - capitalism had not broke down
• must continue to use democratic means not rev.
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Problems for Socialism
• Nationalism - Marx underestimated difference of local issues and loyalty to state on eve of WWI
• Trade Unions - slow to grow but by WWI 3-4 million Brits, 3 million in Germany - strikes and collective bargaining was working
• As Marxism became less radical - drove some to anarchism - less ind and less democratic countries
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Age of Mass Politics
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How to deal w/ lower class?
• Extension of voting rights, better standard of living as real wages increased
• Achievements of science and tech had improved transportation and communication
• Changing family dynamic, leisure time, recreation = mass society
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Women & Mass Politics
• 1840s & 50s beginning of women’s rights
• Liberal Millicent Fawcett - pushed for democratic means of reform
• Emmeline Pankhurst & daughters (Christabel and Sylvia) Women’s Social & Political Union 1903
• radicals labeled “suffragettes” - chained to lampposts, egged officials, smashed windows of department stores
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Women’s Movement
• 1913 Emily Davison martyred at Epsom Derby
• Only Finland, Norway and few Am states granted women vote before 1914
• gain traction after WWI
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Jews & Mass Politics• Since Middle Ages had been quartered off in
ghettos
• By 1867 Jews granted citizenship across Europe
• End of 19th C, Jews become scapegoat again
• increase in anti-Semitism esp. Aus, Ger, Rus
• Vienna mayor Karl Lueger blamed Jews for corruption of German Culture - Adolph Hitler
• Russia - pogroms - massacre and forced migration of hundreds of thousands of Jews - calls for zionist movement
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Imperialism
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Old vs New
• Old Imperialism - Result of Commercial Revolution 16th - 18th c
• Trade routes - settlements - rule
• New Imperialism - Result of Ind Rev 1870-1914
• cheap raw materials - markets for goods - exploit
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Causes
• Nationalism - glorify state, divert attention from democratic reform
• Racism - belief 1 race superior to another
• Social Darwinism - survival of fittest
• Religious - “white man’s burden” to civilize backwards cultures
• Economic - tin, oil, rubber
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Enabling Forces
• External & Internal forces allowed European conquest of Africa & Asia
• External - weapons, railroads/steamships, cure for diseases
• Internal - variety of cultures/languages, low tech., ethnic strife
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Scramble For Africa
• Early 1800s GB had begun establishing control Cape Colony S. Africa
• French Company completed Suez Canal 1869
• British take over occupation of Egypt 1882
• Belgians explore and claim Congo 1876
• French & Germans begin scramble
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Berlin Conference 1885
• European powers meet to set guidelines for partitioning of Africa
• notify claims and prove could control area
• treat Africans humanely - yeah right
• British violate by chasing Dutch out of S. Africa - Boer War - significance - continental powers seek alliances
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Imperialism In 34 Years
1880
1914
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Asia
• India - British dominated economic life through BEIC since 1600s “Jewel of the Crown”
• Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 leads to direct control - Raj
• SE Asia - dominated by France through local elites and economic dependence
• 1880s - Union of Indochina - later Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
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China
• By 19th c ruling Manchu dynasty weak in decline
• British Opium Wars 1839-43 forced Treaty of Nanking
• ceded Hong Kong to GB & opened trade to European powers - spheres of influence
• John Hay - “Open Door Policy” 1899
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China cont.
• humiliation from foreign influence leads to revolt - Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900
• European forces suppress
• 1911 Sun Yat-sen overthrows Manchu dynasty and weak Republic of China formed
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Japan Westernization• Avoided western influence til 1853
• U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry rolls into Tokyo Bay pressed for diplomatic privileges
• Samurai revolt 1867 Mutsuhito as emperor
• adopted Western methods of education, U.S. industrial and financial methods, develop strong military state
• Defeat of Russia in 1905 proved they could play the “white man’s” game
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Effects of Imperialism
• Emergence of a true world economy as markets extended around globe
• Most of the world controlled by industrialized west
• Competition for land raises competition and rivalries between European states