Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its...

8/9/2019 Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its Significance

1/42

TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and ItsSignificance for the Nascent DemocracyAuthor(s): Nathan T. ArringtonSource: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 79,No. 4 (October-December 2010), pp. 499-539Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at AthensStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41012853.

Accessed: 18/03/2014 10:17

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at.http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of

content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms

of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

.

The American School of Classical Studies at Athensis collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and

extend access toHesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

htt // j t
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ascsahttp://www.jstor.org/stable/41012853?origin=JSTOR-pdfhttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/stable/41012853?origin=JSTOR-pdfhttp://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ascsa


2/42

HESPERIA

79

(2OIO)

Pages

499S39

TOPOGRAPHIC

SEMANTICS

The Location of the Athenian

Public Cemetery

and Its

Significance for

the

Nascent

Democracy

ABSTRACT

In

this

rticle,

he

uthor eeks o understandhe

place

of hedemosion

ema,

the

public emetery

fAthens,within heAthenian

hysical

nd

cognitive

landscape.

he

archaeological

nd

iterary

vidence

hows hat he

emetery

was established a. 500

b.c.,

along

the

road from he

Dipylon

Gate to the

Academy.

his was n areawith ew

re-Classical

urials ut

trong

eligious

and civic ssociations. ere thenascent

emocracyhaped

new

pace

for

corporate

elf-definition

y

uxtaposing

he

public emetery

ith hedistrict

furthero the

ast,

round he

road

eading

o

Hippios

Kolonos,

which ad

long

been center or ristocratic

isplay.

INTRODUCTION

Eachyear t the ndof season fmilitaryampaigns,heAthenians uried

theirwar

dead

in

the

public

cemetery,

he

8r||iaiovGr''ia}

Thucydides

(2.34.1-5)

describeshow the

Athenians

brought

he

cremated emains

home,

publicly isplayed

hemfor hree

ays,

nd then nterred

hem

by

tribe

n

the

cemetery,

hichwas located n

themostbeautiful

uburb f

the

city

etc

o

kocAAgtoi)

cpoocaxeoi)

t

kXecu).

scholiast

losses

thedemosionema s

the

Kerameikos,

nd

Aristophanes,

he

Suday

nd other

scholiasts

ink

he

Kerameikoswith

hewar

graves.2

icero,

Philostratos,

and

Pausaniasmore

precisely

ocate the

state

graves

long

a road

eading

from he

city

o the

Academy.3

1.The

communal urial

sually

occurred

n

winter. n the

date,

ee

Pritchett985,pp.110-112.1 thank

John

apadopoulos,

ikolaos

apa-

zarkadas,

ulia

hear,

ndrew

tewart,

andthe

ournal's

nonymous

eviewers

for heir

ommentsn earlier

rafts f

this

rticle.

y

research

ouldnothave

been

possible

ithout he

ssistancef

the

Fulbright

oundationn

Greece,

theSara B.

Aleshire enter

or he

Study

fGreek

pigraphy,

nd the

StahlEndowment ftheUniversity

of

Californiat

Berkeley.

ll

dates

areb.c. unless

therwisendicated.

2.

Ar.A;.

395-399,

with chol. n

394-395;

Suda,

.w.

KepccuEiK,epoc-

ueiKo. he Suda nd the

cholia oth

citeMenekles nd

Kallikrates.ee

also

Hsch.,

.v.t'

upuyfl

ycv,

iting

Melesagoras,

n

thefuneral

ames

(Epitaphia)

eld

n

the

Kerameikos

(with ommentarynParker005,

p.

470).

. Uic. tin.

5.1-5;

Fhilostr. S

2.22.604;

Paus.

1.29.2-16.

Paus. 1.29.4:

oi akXoi

i.e.,

hosenotburied n

the

battlefieldt

Marathon]

oct


3/42

5OO

NATHAN

T. ARRINGTON

There can be no doubt boutthe existence fthis

place,

where ele-

brated rators

ulogized

thousands f Athenian

dead,

and where

oyal

allies nd llustriousitizenswere nterred.4

xactly

wherentheAthenian

landscape

he

emetery

as

ocated, owever,

as been a

subject

fdebate.

Most scholars

lace

t

along

hewide road hat ed from he

Dipylon

Gate

to the

Academy,

ut

n erudite

minorityrefer

roadfurthero the ast hat

issued rom he ncient

ate

ocated tthe ntersectionfmodern eokoriou

and

Dipylou

treets

hereafter

alled

heLeokoriou

Gate).5

Whatever heir

views,

ew cholars ave discussed

he

mplications

f the ocation r the

relationship

etween

he

cemetery

nd the

surrounding

andscape.

The

placing

f

the

cemetery

s not

ust

a

topographical

xercise.The

location

f the burial

ground

n Athenshas

important onsequences

or

how one

understandsts

purpose,

esign,

nd

function.

y

mapping

more

accurately

he

emetery

relationship

o ts

physical

andscape,

t s

possible

to chart ome

ofthecontours

f theAthenian

ognitive

andscape,

nd to

understand

he

way

n

whichthe demos

manipulated pace, nterpreted

itspast,and articulated ocial values.The demosionema was an area

where,

hroughpeeches,

rt,

nd

civic

eremonies,

hecitizens

fAthens

collectivelyxpressed,

o themselves

nd to

visitors,

ho

they

were ndwhat

they

toodfor.6

ere,

n one

particular lace,

hey

wereunified round

shared

oss,

n

the

faceof a common hreat.

n

this

necropolis,

he

iving

members fthe

polis

forged

collective

dentity.

In thediscussion hat

ollows,

beginby

ummarizing

arlier heories

about the

ocation f the

cemetery.

then ddress

he date at which the

demosion

emawas established ndthe

hronological

istribution

f arlier

archaeological

emainsn the district orthwest

f the

city.

his

analysis

will

show

thatthe choiceof site for he

cemetery

eflected

particular

orientation

oward he

city past.

After

etting

he

chronological

cene,

I attempto ocate he emetery ore recisely ithin heAthenianand-

scape,

elying eavily

n the

rchaeological

vidence.

then onsider

why

this

pecific

itewas

selected,

mphasizing

he

religious

nd civic

ignif-

icance

ofthe rea

prior

o the

cemetery's

stablishment.

inally, suggest

that he

ite hosen nabled

hedemos

to

uxtapose

hevaluesof the new

democracy

ith

hose n

display

n

the ristocratic

emeterymmediately

to the

east.

4. Patterson

2006,

pp.

53-56)

has

questioned

he

quation

f

Thucydides'

demosionemawith

public

emetery.

She

argues

hat he

oncept

f n Athe-

nian

national

emetery

s a modern

invention

p.55).

As I have

rguedelsewhere

Arrington

010,

pp.

40-49),

it s true hat

hedemosion

emawas

not

a

fixed,

ounded,

nd

organized

pace

of he ort

ormally

ssociated

ith

national

emetery.

here

was,

neverthe-

less,

ne

place

n Athens eemed

most

appropriate

or he

burial fwardead

and llustrious

itizens.

shall efero

this

lace

s a

public

emetery

nd call

it the

demosion

ema,

ven

hough

twas

usedfor ther

urposes

n addition o

burials

t

public

xpense.

b.

1

his

gate

s sometimes

eferredo

as the

f|picu

vXai

n thebasis f

referencenthe

Etym.Magn.y

.v.

Hpict.

On the

nappropriateness

fthis es-

ignation,

ee

Matthaiou

983;

Pritchett

1998,

pp.

22-23,

n.

15; 1999,

p.

60.

b. Loraux

zuuo,

sp.

pp.

si-zs/)

shows

ow he

funeral

ration

raised

the

polis

nd

articulatedn

Athenian

ideology.

This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:17:05 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp


4/42

LOCATION

OF

THE ATHENIAN PUBLIC CEMETERY

5OI

THE LOCATION

OF THE PUBLIC CEMETERY

Previous

Theories

Althoughheiteraryestimoniandicatehat he ublicemeteryay long

a road

rom he

ity

o the

Academy,

he

uestion

emains,

hich oad?

Cicero's

eport

hathe walked

ast

the state

raves

fter

eaving

he

Dipylon

Gate,

ogether

ith he

many

ther ncient eferenceso

state

burials

ithin

he

Kerameikos,

nd hediscoveries

f he

polyandrion

f

theLakedaimonians

Pol 1)

and the

prominent

onumentt the

hird

horos

ear he

Dipylon

Gate

tself,

ave ed

most cholars o conclude

that he tate

raves

ined

hebroad oad

hat

eparted

rom his

ate,

here alled he

Academy

oad

see

Fig.

4,

below).7

heir

views n the

size

and naturef the

pace,

owever,

ary onsiderably.

ome

nclude

the omb

f he akedaimonians

ithinhedemosion

ema,s

hile thers

think hat he

emetery

egan eyond

he hrine fArtemis

riste nd

Kalliste ecauseof Pausanias's ilence ntil hatpoint Paus. 1.29.2;

AK

1,

).9

Beforehe ntire idth

f he

Academy

oadhad een

xcavated,

Alfred

ruckner

uggested

hatt

ctually

onsisted

f wo oads

orming

thematicallyrganized,

longated

acetrack,

ith

he

raves

fHarmodios

and

Aristogeiton

t one

end,

hat fKleisthenes

t the

ther,

olyandria

7.

For he

iterary

ources,

ee

nn.

and

3,

above.

n the

omb f he

Lake-

daimonians,

eeXen.

Hell.

.4.33;

G

IP

11678;

Bruckner

915,

pp.

118-119;

Karo

1930,

pp.

90-91;

Ohly

1965,

pp.

314-322;

Willemsen

977;

Kienlin

2003,

pp.

114-118,

21-122;

Stroszeck

2006.

Bold

etters

nd numbers

e.g.,

Pol1] refero sites lottedn the

maps

n

Figs.

-4;

for

bbreviations,

see

p.

510,

below.)

On the

monument

at the

hird oros

once

known

s the

Tombof

Chabrias),

ee

especially

Stichel

998;

Valavanis

999;

Kienlin

2003,

pp.

118-122.

The

Academy

oad

is sometimeseferred

o

n

modern

scholarship

s the

dromos,

ecause

of he

elay

aces

eld n

t:

ee,

.g.,

Costaki

006,

pp.

200-201,

455-459.

Against

heuse of his

erm,

ee

Miller

1995,

pp.

213-214,

16-218. Stroszeck

(2003)

believes

hat he oad

tself as

called heKerameikos.

or he

view

that hedemosionema

ay long

he

Academy

oad,

ee Bruckner

910,

pp.

185-200;

Wenz

1913,

pp.

22-30;

Frazer

913,

ol.

2,

pp.

378-379;

Domaszewski

917;

Judeich

931,

pp.

404-409;

Papachatzis

974-1981,

vol.

1,

p.

382,

fig.

28;

Stupperich

977,

pp.

26-31;

Clairmont

981,

p.

132;

1983,

pp.

32-33;

Stupperich

984,

p.

640;

Knigge

991,

p.

13;

Tsirigoti-

Drakotou

000,

p.

94;

Loraux

006,

p.

50.

8.Travlos,^/^wi,

.

301;

Stuppe-

rich

977,

p.

25

(somewhat

keptical);

Meyer

993,

p.

118;

Wolpert

002,

p.

89.

Kurtz nd Boardman

1971,

pp.109,338,map5) place hefirst

state

raves arallel

o the

Themisto-

klean

Wall,

n the

far ideof he

ring

road.

9. Bruckner

910,

pp.

183-200;

Clairmont

983,

p.

204;

Knigge

991,

p.

13;

Valavanis

999,

p.

192.The

graves

n thewesternide

oftheroad

were

overedn theLate Classical

r

Early

Hellenistic

eriod,

ence ausa-

nias

silence.

hly

1965,

pp.

302-303)

describedhe

fill ver hem s

sand,

gravel,

ock

ieces,

marl,

nd

earth,

mixed

with

ockets

f eramic

aste

from

orkshops,

hich ccumulated

quickly

nd created scree

lope.

Most

scholars

ink

he

dumped

material

ith

precautions

aken fter he

battle t

Chaironeia,

hen he

Athenians on-

structed moat nd

palisades Ohly

1965,

p.

305;

cf.Aeschin.

.236;

Ly-

curg.

eoc.

4).

Binder

ap.

Pritchett

1998,

p.

3)

has

proposed

hat hewidth

of

theroadwas halved

n 303 to

guard

against

he

pproach

f

iege

machines.

Although

he

overing

f he

graves

has

recently

een

called nto

uestion

(Stroszeck

003,

p.

76,

n.

116,

but f.

p.

69;

Costaki

006,

p.

458),

there s

little oom or oubt.Hellenistic o-

lumnar

rave

monuments

ound n situ

to thewest ftheTomb oftheLake-

daimoniansre

1.78 m

higher

han he

base of hehorosnext o themonument

(Gebauer

942,

p.

224),

and twoHel-

lenistic

rain overs

n

front

fthe

tomb ie 1.30-1.48

m

above hebase

(Willemsen 977,

pp.

133-134).

A

tomb f he3rd

entury

nd a drain f

the

1st

entury

.d. also cut

hrough

themonumenttself.

imilarly,ust

outside he

precinct

fthemonument

at the

hird

oros,

ile-covered

raves

f

the nd to 1st enturies

only

ne of

them

ecurely

ated)

were ound t the

level fthe

highest

ourse fthe

monu-

ment

Willemsen 977,

pp.

118-120).

Finally,

cross-sectionf

lst-century

building

hat tands

n

themiddle f

the

Academy

oad close o the

Dipy-

lon Gate shows hat

ill

was

deposited

to thewest efore he

building

as

constructed

Ohly

1965,

figs.

5, 16).



5/42

5


6/42

LOCATION OF THE ATHENIAN

PUBLIC CEMETERY

503

Old

Academy

oad and the wo

brancheshat

assed

n either ideof

Hippios

Kolonos,

s theLeokoriou

oads

Fig.

4, below).

Most

previouspproaches

o the

opography

fthe

public

emetery

have een ased n he

iterary

vidence,

ith

ittlettentiono

hematerial

remains.

monography

Christoph

lairmont,

ublished

n1983, s an

exception,

uthis

rchaeological

ontributions

imited

y

he act

hat e

did not

plot

he xcavationsn a

contemporary,

caled

map

ndbecause

he forcedhematerial

vidence o conformo

Pausanias's

escription

f

specific

ombs.17incemost f he

reanorthwestf

he ncient alls ies

beneath hemodern

ity,

t

hasbeen

ubject nly

o

sporadic

xcavation;

nevertheless,

ver he

years

growingody

f vidence as

ccumulated,

much f t

published

n

preliminary

orm

n

he

Archaiologikon

eltion.

he

findspots

f

nscribed

asualty

ists,oo,

re

nstructive.

lthough any

ere

later

ransported

o he

Agora

or se s

construction

aterial,

rbuiltnto

churchess far

way

s the

Mesogeia,

morematerialasbeen ound lose

to the

riginal

ite han s often

cknowledged.18

here s

now,

believe,

sufficientrchaeologicalvidenceodemonstratehat he emosionemaay

in

he

egion

f he

Academy

oad,

utnot

trictlylong

he

horoughfare.

Before

resenting

his videncen

detail,

t s

necessary

o et

he

cene,

first

y etermining

he ate f he stablishmentf

he

emetery,

nd hen

by xamining

he

hronological

istributionf

rchaeological

aterialn

the reanorthwestfAthens.

Setting the Chronological Scene

The earliestecordedurialsn the

rea hat ecame he

Athenian

ublic

cemetery

re those f the

tyrantlayers,

armodios nd

Aristogeiton,

followed

y

he eformerleisthenes

Paus.

.29.6, 5).

These

ndividuals

werenotnecessarilyuried tpublic xpense.he earliestolyandrion

mentioned

y

Pausanias

1.29.7)

s

that f theAthenians ho

fought

against

he

Aiginetans

efore

he ersian

nvasion,

n

491/0 r487/6.

9

A

possible olyandrion

overed

y

tumulus as

discoveredn Salaminos

Street

Pol 4,

discussed

elow),

with

eramics

ating

o thefirst

uarter

of he

th

entury.20

Thucydides

2.34.1)

writeshat he

public

urial

eremony

ollowed

an ancestralustom

patrios

omos),

hich ouldhave

riginated

n

the

17. Clairmont

983;

cf. hereview

byStupperich

1984,

sp.

pp.

638,

641).

The

mapsprovided y

Garland

(1982,

pp.

150-151,

igs.

, 7)

are ess

comprehensivehanClairmont

18. From he

Mesogeia:

G F

1144b,

c,

and

d,

on which ee

Matthaiou

005,

pp.

100-103.On thedate f hedis-

mantling

f the demosion

emay

ee

Aliferi

992-1998,

with

EGXLVL

73,

XLVII

46,

LI

50.

19.

Pausanias

ppears

o contradict

himself hen

he states

1.29.4)

that he

war

dead from rabeskos

ca.

465)

were

cpiuxoi.

his

must e a

manuscript

error or

cpcoxov,

hichwould ndicate

not

hronological

ut

opographical

priority

i.e.,

hefirst

olyandrion

hat

he comes o nthe ourse fhisde-

scription,

hich

n

fact t

s).

On the

error,

ee Pritchett

998,

pp.

38-40;

see

also

Stupperich

977,

pp.

235-236;

Pritchett

985,

pp.

112-113.

Another

potentiallyonfusing

se

of

rcpcoxoi

occurs n

PL Menex.

42b,

n

thedead

from hebattles t

Tanagra

nd Oino-

phyta

n

457:

oxoi

f|

Ttpcxoi

exxv

nepoiKv

cXeuov

. .

v

xcpe

co

vr|-

uocxi

iuTiGvxe

these

were hefirst

placed

n

this

emetery

fter hePersian

War ).

As

explained yJacoby

1944,

p.

54,

n.

77),

this

efers

nly

o thefirst

Athenians ho, fter hePersianWars,

fought

reeks n behalf f

Greeks nd

were uried n

the

emetery.

oraux

(2006,

p.

101),

however,

eeshere

de-

liberate rror

alculated o criticizehe

institutionf hefuneral

ration or

praising

oo often hosewho

died

fight-

ing

otherGreeks.

20.

Stoupa

1997,

p.

52.



7/42

504

NATHAN T.

ARRINGTON

early

ays

of the

democracy.21

he

organization

f

casualty

ists nd lar-

nakes

by

tribe

ertainly laces

the nomos

n

the

period

fter he reforms

of Kleisthenes.22

ragments

f

casualty

istsfrom he battle

f Marathon

employ

he same tribal ormat s later ists.23

o, too,

does a

casualty

ist

in Attic cript rom emnos,whichdates othe arly thcenturynd was

probably

rected or he Athenianswho fellwhenMiltiades

conquered

the sland

n

498.24

Diodoros,

n

a discussion f he

pigrams

et

up

for heLakedaimonians

at

Thermopylai,

oes not

necessarily

efer omonumentsnthe demosion

semawhen he

says

11.33.3)

thatthe Athenians

similarly

ecorated

(fioco

. .

KGur|O)

he

graves

f thosewho died nthe PersianWars.

He

does,however,

tate hat hiswas theoccasion f

the

ity

first uneral

games

and funeral

rations,

nd

Dionysios

ofHalikarnassos

Ant.

Rom.

5.17.4)

agrees.

ince

Thucydides

2.35.1)

and

Dionysios

both

report

hat

thefuneral

peech

was an

addition

o

the

nomos,

hecustom f

burying

t

least omeof hewar

dead

n

the

public emetery

ust

lready

ave

xisted

during hePersianWars.25

The fact hat

during

he PersianWars

other

urials,

uch as those t

Plataiai,

ook

place

on thebattlefield

s no obstacle o a date ofca. 500 for

the

establishmentf the

publiccemetery.

e need

not

presume

hat ll

war

dead

had to be

buried

n

thedemosion

ema;

ertainly

o

single

modern

military

emetery

ontains ll of a

country's

ar

casualties. ven late n

the

Peloponnesian

War the Athenian asualties n

the battle t

Ephesos

in

409

wereburied

t Notion

Xen.

Hell

1.2.11),

and we

should

expect

more

lexibility

n

the

system uring

he

early istory

f the

cemetery.

n

fact,

ven o

speak

f he establishment f he

demosionema s somewhat

misleading,

ince t

mplies

more

rganizationalversight

nd ntent han

may

have

xisted t the ime. doubt hat

large

ract f and

was set side

for national emeteryyformal ecree.26t seemsmore ikelyhat t first

one

monument,

robably particularly

amous

ne,

was

constructed,

nd

21. See

especially acoby

944;

Gomme

1956,

p.

94-98;

Ostwald

1969,

p.

175;

Hornblower

991,

pp.

292-293.

22.

Stupperich

977,

p.

206.

f an

epigram

ttributedo Simonides om-

memorating

ardeadburied ear

he

Euripos

was

writtenor n Athenian

polyandrion,

twould ndicate hat

public emetery

as not

yet

stablished

in

507/6. he

poem

ould,

owever,

referseasily otheEuboians rBoio-

tians s

to theAthenians. n the

pi-

gram,

ee Peek

1955,

p.

1,

no.

1;

Page

1975,

.

9,

no.

2;

Stupperich

977,

p.

206;

Page

1981,

pp.

189-191;

Clair-

mont

983,

p.

88-89,

no.2.

23.

A

tribalist

rom hebattle f

Marathon as found

n

June

000,

built nto hewallof

5th-century

iln

at the illa fHerodesAtticus t Lou-

kou

SEGXLJX

370,

LI

425,

LIII

354,

LV

413;

Steinhauer

004-2009;2009,

p.

122;

Spyropoulos

009).

Another

fragment,erhaps

rom he ame

ist,

was found

earby.

thankG.

T.

Spyro-

poulos

or

iscussing

he istwithme.

24. GXll

Suppl.

37;

cf.Hdt.

6.137-140.Two Corinthian

elmets,

dedicated t

Olympia

nd on the

Athenian

cropolis

nd nscribed

Athenians:rom hose n Lemnos

(IG P 1466 and518,the atter artially

restored),

avebeen

xplained

s

spoils

from he ame

xpedition.

third

helmet,

rom

hamnous,

edicated o

Nemesis

y

he

Rhamnousians

n

Lemnos

IG

I3

522bis),

may

e a decade

or two ater. ee

Stupperich

977,

p.

207;

Clairmont

983,

pp.

89-90,

92-93;

Rausch 999.Anotherist f

names,

rom

hemid-6th

entury,

found n the

Sikelia

hill

outhwestf

Athens

SEGXX1 95;

Clairmont

983,

pp.

87-88),

s too

fragmentary

o be

interpretedecurely

s a

casualty

ist.

25. The location f he

emetery

may

lso

suggest

dateno ater

han

the

PersianWars.As

I

shall emon-

strate

elow,

he

riginal

ite f he

cemetery

as

approximately

00 m

from he

ity

walls.One

practical

x-

planation

or his istances that he

locationwasestablishedefore he

course f heEridanos

River ad been

fixed,

change

hat ccurred

n

478,

when heThemistoklean all was

built.

26. See

n.

4,

above.

udeich

1931,

p.

404)

thought

hat he

emetery

ad

its

origins

n

the6th

entury

utdid

not ake n a

unified,

losed haracter

until hefirst alf f he5th

entury.



8/42

LOCATION OF

THE ATHENIAN

PUBLIC CEMETERY

505

Figure

1.

Reconstruction

fthe

cenotaph

or heMarathonomachoi.

Matthaiou

988,

p.

122.

Drawing

M. Korres

that ther imilarmonuments

ollowed,

artly

or he amereasons hat ad

prompted

he hoice f he

riginal

ite

to

be discussed urther

elow),

ut

also because each successive

memorial

ncreasingly

ransformedhe

place

into

he

most

ppropriate

renafor

ublic

ommemorationf the dead.

The

catalyst

or his

developmentmay

well

have been

the

cenotaph

for

the Marathon

dead,

which

Angelos

Matthaiou has shown to have

stood

n

the

public cemeteryFig.

I).27

An

unpublished

phebic

decree

of176/5found n the

Agora

mentions

regular

uneral ontest hat ook

place

at Marathon nd also infront f the

polyandrion

ext o the

city

([rcp

oB]

jcp

o aoiei

noXx>av6peox>>

gora

I

7529,

lines

15-17).28

Another, imilar phebicdecreementions race from hepolyandrion

(arc

oi

TUODGtvSpeoD,

G

II2

1006,

ine

22)

without urther

ualification.

Matthaiou nfers hat herewas in the demosionema

cenotaph

or he

dead at

Marathon,

nown

imply

s the

polyandrion,

nd he associates t

with base

bearing

n

elegiac

nscription

IG

I3

503/504),

fragment

f

whichwas foundnthe Kerameikos

CL 6).

On thebasis of

etter

orms,

topographical

eferenceso Marathon

within he

epigram,

nd

cuttings

on the

top

of the

base,

Matthaiou

argues

hat he monument nce

held

the

casualty

istsfrom hebattle t Marathon.29

nly

the

dead from his

conflict erefamous

nough

for heir

monument o be called

simply

the

polyandrion,

nd it would have been a

fitting lace

forthe

display

f

ephebicprowess.

he existence f

the

cenotaph

n

the

demosionema lso

27. Matthaiou

003,

pp.

197-200;

see alsothe ommentsnParker

005,

p.

470.

28. T. L. Shear

r.

as edited he

inscription

or

ublication

n

the

forthcoming

hird dition f

G II.

29.

A

second et fverses as ater

added o thebase.

Perhaps

hemonu-

mentwas

already

n

existence

n

480,

when twas

destroyed

n

thePersian

sack nd

subsequently

eerected ith

addition f henew ines. t is also

possible

hat he econd etofverses

was addedbefore he

enotaph

as

destroyed.

he

fragment

ound t

CL 6

(Lapis

C)

was built nto re-

taining

allthat ested n

bedrock,

and thus

may

e associated ith he

constructionfthefirstoad urface.

If

so,

new

enotaph

must avebeen

erected

ollowing

hePersian estruc-

tion.

On the

xcavation,

ee Alexandri

1973-1974a,

p.

91-92

(the

Marathon

inscription

s

theArchaic

pigram

mentionedn

p.

92;

cf.

Matthaiou

2003,

p.

198).



9/42

5O6

NATHAN T. ARRINGTON

explainswhy

both

Thucydides

2.34.5)

and Pausanias

1.29.4),

in their

discussions f

the

public emetery,

ake are o record hat hosewho died

at Marathonwereburied n the

battlefield,

hile

remaining

ilent bout

theother ersianWar

casualtieswho were lso absent rom he

cemetery.

It was the

presence

f hefamousmonument hat licited he

xplanation.

The

literary

ources nd the

rchaeological

vidence hus ndicate hat

the

demosionemawas establishedfter hereformsf

Kleisthenes,

nd that

it

was an

appropriate lace

for

military

urials

y

the time f the Persian

Wars.

suggest

dateofca. 500 for he

beginning

f

he

process;

nfortu-

nately

t is not

possible

to be more

specific.30

leisthenes'

eforms,

he

Athenian

ictory

ver heBoiotians nd Chalkidians

n

506,

the

xpedition

to Ionia

with ts casualties t

sea,

or the

triumph

t Marathon

may

have

instigated

he

practice

f

burying

ar

dead

in

Athenian

erritory.

As

important

s thedate ofestablishments the

relationship

etween

the demosionema nd

other,

arlier

uneraryctivity

n

the

andscape.

n

order

o understandhe

ptions

vailable o the

demos,

nd the

ignificance

of he hoice etween heAcademynd Old Academy oads, t snecessary

to examine

he

patterns

f and use

in

these wo areas

prior

o ca.

500.

An

investigation

f

the material emains eveals

striking

ifference

in

use

prior

o the Classical

period.

The area around he

Academy

Road

was

relatively

ree fArchaic

raves,

artly

s a result f he

flooding

f he

EridanosRivernear he

Dipylon

Gate,

and

partly

ecause of the absence

of a

major

destination t the end of the road. Conditions

long

the Old

Academy

Road,

on the other

hand,

were

very

different. hen

Binder

made hercase for

lacing

he

cemetery

ere,

he observed hat thiswas

the

glory

oadfor

rave

monumentsnd

a

natural hoicefor heDemosion

semaPx he first

art

f his tatements

absolutely

orrect:

heLeokoriou

Roads had a

long history

f

grand

nd

lavish

burials,

well attested n the

archaeologicalecord. he followingummaryf he uantityandto some

extent he

uality)

f

pre-Classical

inds rom he wo

reaswillmake

lear

their ifferentistories nd distinctiveharacters.32

In

the

vicinity

f the

Leokoriou

Roads,

three ocations

have

yielded

Bronze

Age

remains:

deposit

with

herds t Peiraios

8,33

Mycenaean

grave

tPlateia

leftherias,34

nd herds ndobsidian lades t Efkleidou .35

30. Forother

uggested

ates,

ee

Gomme

956,

p.

94-103

Solon);

Stupperich

977,

p.

206-224

508/7

r

shortly

hereafter),

eiterated

n

Stuppe-

rich

994,

p.

93,

with

ibliography

p.

100,

n.

2;

Czech- chneider

994,

pp.22-37 shortlyfter90);Mat-

thaiou

003,

pp.

199-200

several

ears

after

90);

Clairmont

983,

p.

3

(470s);

Hornblower

991,

p.

292

(late

470s at

the

arliest);

acoby

944,

pp.

46-50,

with arlier

ibliography,

ollowed

y

Pritchett

985,

pp.

112-123

465/4).

31.y*APritchettl998,p.6.

32.

n

this

tudy

have

ccepted

he

dates

rovided y

he xcavators

nd

drawn

my

wn onclusions

nly

when

the vidences

unambiguous

e.g.,

white-groundekythos

ndicates

Classical

rave).

When a

5th-century

date s

provided

ithno other hrono-

logical

ndicator,

take t

to

mean

Classical, ince hepublishedxcava-

tion

eportsppear

o use 5th en-

tury

n

this ensemore ften han

riot.

Moreover,

or he ssue hat

am

addressing

ere

the

use of he

Academy

oadand Old

Academy

Road before he stablishmentfthe

demosionema

whatmatters ost s

whetherhematerial

re-

r

postdates

the stablishment

f he

public

eme-

tery,

nd even f he

dateof he stab-

lishments

slightly

ater han a.

500,

any th-century

aterials

more

ikely

to be dated fter han eforet.Since

the ame

phoreia

as

responsible

or

the xcavationsear oth

oads,

ne

assumes hat he ame tandards, eth-

ods,

nd

procedures

ere

pplied

o

both

egions.

am thus

omparing

ike

with ike.

33.

Filippakis

966,

p.

63.

34. Gauss and

Ruppenstein

001.

They

ssociate LH

IIIC

stirrupar

with he

grave.

35.

Lygkouri-Tolias

994a.



10/42

LOCATION OF THE ATHENIAN PUBLIC CEMETERY

507

Submycenaean

emains ave lsobeen ound t threeocations:herdst

Kriezi 2

and

Psaromiligkou,36single rave

n

an excavationor drain

across

rom riezi

3-27,37

nd

11

graves

t Kriezi 3-24.38

Excavation

t

15

ocations as revealed eometric

raves

r

sherds,

mostlyn and around heblockwest f PlateiaEleftheriasormedy

Peiraios, riezi,

saromiligkou,

nd

Kalogirou

amouil

treets,

ut lso

to

thenorth t

Myllerou

6-18

between

gisilaou

nd

Kerameikou),39

and ven urther

orth,

lose o the ntersectionf n ancientross-street

with heOld

Academy

oad,

t

Virginias

enaki

5-17.40

any

fthe

dead

were uried ith avish

fferings,

ncluding

essels

y

he

Dipylon

Workshop.

rave 2

nthe rain xcavationt Kriezi

3-27,

for

xample,

was

pit

burial

ontaininglarge

uneral

mphora

overed

ith bronze

cup,

n

oinochoe,

skyphos,

pyxis,

nd four ronze essels.nside he

amphora

ere wobronze

ins

ecorated ith

old

eaf,

goldring,

nd

an ron rooch.41t Kriezi

3-24,

rave

3 contained

Dipylon-typeyxis

with horse

id,

hreeimilar

ids,

nd

kyathion;rave

2 a

arge mphora

withprothesiscene,nunpaintedydria,nd kyathion;ndgrave 06

three

kyphoid

yxides,skyphos,

nd

gold

band

tamped

ith frieze

of

warriors,

ship,

nd deer.42

Archaicmaterial as beenfound t 21

locations,

n

much he ame

area nd

n

many

fthe ame

plots

s theGeometricemains escribed

above,

ut

xtending

omewhat

urtherorthward.

xamples

nclude n

amphora

urial

f he hird

uarter

f he th

entury

t Achilleos and

Kolonou;43

erracottasrom enorman

8J44

nd LateArchaic eliefrom

thedrain

tAimonos

,

ust

ff

enorman.45hile he urials

long

he

Leokoriou

oadswerenot s lavish

n

the ater

Archaic

eriod

s

they

were

n

he

Geometric,

hey

ontinuedhe rendf uxurious

isplay

n he

quantity

nd

quality

f heir

rave oods.

he

splendid

rotoatticettos

amphoraown heNational rchaeologicaluseumnAthens as ound

atPeiraios

nd

Kalogirou

amouil

treets,

long

with ver 0

black-figure

vessels

ecorated ith heroic

mages

uch

s

Herakles

nd the

Cretan

bull,

Neoptolemos

nd

Astyanax,uadrigas,

nd

dueling oplites.46pit

burial

n

thedrain

xcavationt Kriezi

3-27,

dated o the hird

uarter

of he th

entury,

ontainedwohandlelessiconical

essels,

wo lack-

glaze ugs,

ix

black-figureekythoi, kylix,

lekanis,

nd a terracotta

figurine

f seated

oddess.47

t

Psaromiligkou

a LateArchaicist

rave

contained

our

lack-figureekythoi,

wodecorated ith

nthemia,

ne

with

Gigantomachy,

ndonewith scene fHerakles nd heNemean

lion,

s well s a

bowl,

he ower alf f n

unpaintedylindricalyxis,

36.Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou

1979,

.

23.

37. Alexandri

968a,

.

67; 1968b,

pp.

20-22.

38. Alexandri

967,

pp.

92-96. For

a

Submycenaean

essel oundwest

ofPlateia leftherias

n

the19th en-

tury,

ee Gauss nd

Ruppenstein

001,

o. 163.

39. Alexandri

970,

p.

76.

40. Alexandri973-1974a, .86;

Costaki

006,

pp.

528-529,

no.VIII.ll.

41.The

amphorappears

n the over

oAAA

1

(1968);

the

pins

re llustrated

in

Alexandri

968b,

.

29,

fig.

1.

42. The

amphora

ith he

rothesis

scene,

ne ofthe

kyphoid yxides,

nd

the

gold

band re llustratedn

Alexandri

967,

pls.

89,

87:y,

nd

87:a,

respectively.

43. Alexandri 973-1974b, . 123.

44.

Boulter

963,

p.

135,

nos.

38,

40.

45.Alexandri

972,

p.

88.

46.

Athens,

ational

Archaeological

Museum1002. On the

findspot

nd for

further

ibliography,

ee

Schilardi

968,

D.41.

47. Alexandri

968a,

p.

67;

1968b,

pp.

26-27. The

figurine

s llustrated

n

Alexandri

968a,

pl.

37:a.



11/42

5O8

NATHAN

T. ARRINGTON

one-handled

kyathion,

nd halfof a terracotta

rotome

f a

goddess.48

Another

ate Archaic

rave, pit

burial f a. 500 at Peiraios

7,

contained

a

black-figureekythos

ith

symposium

cene,

wowith

Dionysiac

cenes,

and twowith

uadrigas,

s well as a

skyphos, pyxis,

nd a small

phiale.49

Although

he rea round he

Academy

oad hasbeenmore

ntensively

investigated

hanthat round he Leokoriou

Roads,

t

has

produced

ar

fewer

re-Classical

emains. he

following

ist

ncludes ll thoseknown o

me.

A

Neolithic x was discovered t Kerameikou

0.50

Mycenaean

herds

were ound ear he outhwestower f he

Dipylon

Gate51 nd at Peiraios

82 and Salaminos.52

n

the

ubmycenaeaneriod

here as

a

large emetery

in

the rea ater

ccupied y

he

Pompeion,

utthese

raves

were

riented

toward heSacred

Way.53

n

the

Protogeometriceriod,

most f he

burials

moved o the southbank of the Eridanos

River,

lthough

herewere till

a

few

n

the

vicinity

f the ater

ompeion

nd

n

front f

the

west

tower

of

the

Dipylon

Gate.54

A

cluster f Geometric

raves

was

discovered o

thewest f he ame ower.55utsidethe

Kerameikos

rchaeological ark,

only woplotshaveproduced eometric herds: ne at Profitou aniil 1856

and one at Alikarnassou

4,

near n ancient

wagon

road that anwestof

and

parallel

o the

Academy

Road.57 n thenorthwestorner f the area

included

n

this

study,

eometric urialshave been found t Leoforos

Athinon 8 andMitrodorou58nd at Mitrodorou nd Geminou.59

hese

outliers

nly mphasize

he

rarity

fGeometric emainsnthe

vicinity

f

the

Academy

Road.

Within heKerameikos

rchaeological ark, group

fArchaic urials

wasfound orth f heSacred

Gate,

where moundwas constructedver

6th-century

haft

rave.

hreeother

th-century

urialswere ocated nor

around he

mound,

nd a final urialna bronze sh urnwas

placed

n the

mound round 80.60 rchaic

culpture

uilt nto he

ThemistokleanWall

probablyame from hecemeteries loser o theSacredWay.Outside the

archaeologicalark, nly

1 ocations

ave

produced

rchaicmaterial f

ny

sort:

black-figureylix

t

Agisilaou

96 and

Plataion;61

fragment

f the

Marathon

asualty

ist

IG

I3

503/504

Lapis

C)

at Plataion

0-32

(CL 6);62

one or wo

th-centuryraves

nd

a

possible olyandrion

f

hefirst

uarter

of he th

entury

t Salaminos 5

(Pol4);63

drain t

Megalou

Alexandrou

91 and Plataion

2;64

rchaic herds t Plataion nd

Paramythias;65

rchaic

ceramics nd

a

kiln

t

Profitou aniil

18;66

7th-centurymphora

urial

48. Alexandri

972,

.

143,

rave

II.

The

lekythos

ithHerakles nd the

Nemean ion s llustratedn

pl.

86:oc.

49.Alexandri

968a,

.

83,

grave

IV.

The lekythosith he ymposium

scene s llustrated

n

pl.

47:5.

50.

Philadelpheus

927,

p.

157.

51.

Knigge

991,

p.

14. She

suggests

that he onstructionf he

gatemay

havedestrovedMvcenaean omb.

52.

Chatzipouliou

988,

p.

36.

53.

Knigge

991,

p.

14-16.

54.

Knigge

991,

pp.

16-20.

^^.

ivmgge

vyi,

pp.

U-24.

56.

Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou

1978,

p.

21.

57.

Vasilopoulou

980,

p.

37. This s

not he

hamaxitos

oaddiscussed

y

Stroud1998,pp.104-107),but n-

other

see

Fig.

4, below).

58.


1979,

p.

18.

59.


1978,

pp.

24-25.

60.

Knigge

991,

p.

159.The tumu-

lus s

no.

59

in

the

plan

on

p.

17,

fig.

5.

61.

Liagkouras

973-1974,

.

31,

pl.

42:.

62. Alexandri

973-1974a,

.

92;

Matthaiou

003,

p.

198. See

above,

p.

505 and n. 29.

63.

Stoupa

1997,

p.

52. These re-

mains rediscussed elow.

64.

Filippakis 966,p.

58.

65.

Krystalli

nd

Kaloudi

1964,

p.

61;

Clairmont

983,

p.

42.

66.


1978,

p.

21. Kiln

upports

ere ound

butnot

dated;

most f

the

vessels

ound

at the itewere ate Archaic o

Early

Classical.



12/42

LOCATION OF

THE ATHENIAN PUBLIC CEMETERY

509

of

child

n a drain xcavation

cross rom likarnassou

8;67

pit

n a

drain

xcavation

ear errn 4

and

Spyrou

atsi;68

rchaic

tratatAr-

gous

07;69

0 cremation

urials

nd ne ist

rave

t

MitrodoroundGe-

minou;70

nd tile-covered

rave ating

o ca. 500 at

Alamanas

17 and

Efthydimou.71

The

chronologicalandscape

hanges

hen he oad

eachesheAcad-

emy,

n area

with

long

ndrich

istory.

emains

ere nclude

sizeable

structuref he

Early

Helladic

eriod,

Geometric

Sacred

ouse,

nd

Geometric

ndArchaic

raves.72

he sacredharacterf

he rea ontinued

into nd

beyond

heClassical

eriod

Paus.1.30.2).

These scatteredinds

rovide general icture

f

funerary

ctivity

northwestfAthens

rior

o the stablishmentf

the

public

emetery.

They

eveal

wo reaswith ense oncentrationsf

pre-Classical

emains:

to thenortheastf heLeokoriou

ate,

where

re-Classicalraves

ri-

marily

lank heOld

Academy

oad,

nd n the rea f he

Academy

t-

self.73 total

f 178 sites avebeen xcavated ear he

Academy

oad

and112 ites ear heOldAcademyoad.Of the ormer,nly .8%pro-

duced

Geometric aterialnd

only

.7%

Archaic;

f the

atter,

3.4%

produced

eometric

aterialnd18.8%Archaic.74uturexcavations

ill

certainly

lter

hese

umbers,

ut doubt hat

hey

ill

rofoundly

ffecthe

ratios.75

In

light

f the

very

ifferentistoriesf these wo

roads,

t s

clear

that

he ocation f heAthenian

ublic emetery

s not

ust topographic

question.

he

choice,

n

the

years

round

00,

between

he

Academy

Road nd heOld

Academy

oadfor he ite f he emosionema arries

implications

or

ur

nderstanding

f he

elationship

etweenhe

young

democracy

nd ts ristocratic

ast.

or

Binder,

he

glory

oad or

rave

monuments as hemost

ogical lace

or he

emetery,

ut id he emos

really ant oplace tsnewpolyandriamongheseplendidelics f he

recent

ast?

67.

Lygkouri-Tolias

985,

p.

32.

68.Alexandril967,p.U4.

69.


1979,

.

20.

70.


1978,

p.

24-25.

71.


1979,

.

20.

72.

Txmlos,

thens,

p.

42-51;

Lygkouri-Tolias

987.Threatte

2007,

pp.

23-39)

succinctly

ummarizes

any

of hefinds rom he rea. ee also Fra-

zer

1913,

ol.

2,

pp.

387-390;

Judeich

1931,

pp.

412-414;

Ritchie

984,

pp.

686-711,

95-896;

Mazarakis

Ainian

997,

pp.

140-143.For

arly

archaeological

ork,

ee Kourouniotis

1930, 933;

Aristophron

933;

Kera-

mopoullos

933;

Stavropoullos

955,

1956, 958,

1959,1960a, 960b, 961,

1962, 963;

Murray

006.The site s

currentlyeing

tudied

y

A.

Mazara-

kis

Ainian;

ee now

MazarakisAinian

and Livieratou 010.

A

second

aper,

by

MazarakisAinian nd A.

Alexan-

dridou,

ill

be

published

n

the

pro-

ceedings

f he

onferenceThe Dark

Ages'

Revisited, olos,

une

4-17,

2007.)

73. Schilardi

1968,

pp.

39, 51)

no-

ticed hat he

Geometric

raves

ear

theLeokoriouGate werewealthiernd

thefindsmoremportanthan hose

from he

Kerameikos.

74.

Cf.

the

able

n

Parlama 990-

1991,

p.

244,

which

rovides

chrono-

logical

nd

typological

reakdownor

excavations

y

heThird

Ephoreia

rom

1960 to 1990.

1

count he

Kerameikos

excavationone as a

single

ite. do

not ount iteswhere

nly casualty

listwas found r

where

re-Classical

sherds ere ecovered

nly

n

road-

surfacing

aterial.

75. The dearth f

pre-Classical

remains rom he

Academy

oad

cannot e

attributedo thedestruc-

tion f

graves uring

he nitial ur-

facing

fthe

road

n

theLate Archaic

to

Early

Classical

eriod.

he first

surface,

hich s

roughlyontempo-

raneouswith he stablishmentfthe

demosion

ema,

was aid

directly

ver

the oft edrock. his surface as

extremely

ide,

nd would

havefilled

cuttings

or

ny

tructuresr

graves

that t

obliterated,

ffectivelyealing

the

vidence

f

pre-Classicalctivity.

Excavation

f

theroad t

many oints,

however,

as revealed o trenchesr

pits

n the

bedrock elow hefirst

road

urface.



13/42

5IO

NATHAN T.

ARRINGTON

Archaeological Evidence for

the

Location of

the

Cemetery

The

maps

n

Figures

-4

plot

he

ocations

here

materialasbeen ound

that seitherertainlyrpossiblyelatedoactivitynthedemosionema>

orthat s otherwiseelevantor

stablishing

he

emetery

boundaries.76

Locationsre dentifiedith bbreviations

uggesting

he aturef he inds:

Pol

polyandria),

L

(casualty

ists),

(hippie

material),

K

(the

hrinef

Artemis riste nd

Kalliste),

pi

(the

ardens

f

Epikouros),

ndPits

a

sitewith 0 trenchesr

pits

n

the

oad).

ince

indspots

re ften

aguely

recorded,

ome

ocations ust emain

pproximate;

he bbreviationsor

these re nderlinedn he

maps.

few

ites

iscussedelow o not

ppear

on

he

maps

t llbecause heirocation

annot edetermined.n

Figures

and

3,

excavations

n

which ncient oads ave

een ound remarked

y

green

ectanglesndicating

he rientationf he oads.77

he

courses

f

these ncient

oads re econstructed

n

Figure

. Thoseof he

Academy

Roadandthewagon oad o tswest, othntensivelyxploredver he

years,

re

more

ecure

han hose f he eokoriou

oads.

Inscribed

asualty

ists,

rganized

y

tribe,

ere rected bove he

graves

fthe

wardead.78

lthough

one

has

beenfound

n

situ,

ot ll

were

ransportedreat

istances.

ive

asualty

ists nce tood n a

large

inscribed

ase

IGV 1163d-f)

t

Leokoriound

Dipylon

treets

CL

I).79

The

base,

ound

n

1929

n

econdary

sewithin

heValerian

all,

as een

connectedith attlest

Koroneia,

elion,

nd

Sicily.80earby,

t

Agion

Asomaton2 and

Dipylou

2-14

CL 2),

excavations

aveuncovered

casualty

ist uiltnto heValerian all

SEG

LU

60).81

list f

he ead

fromheCorinthian

arwith relief

IG

IF

5221;

Fig.

5)

wasfound

n

1907

y

Valerios

tais,

nthe

roperty

f Mr.ZervastVasileos

rakleiou

(since

enamed

alogirou

amouil)

nd

Psaromiligkou

treets

CL 3).82

76. The course

f he

ity

wall

n

these

maps

s based

n excavation

e-

ports

ndTheocharaki 007

see

also

Theocharaki,

orthcoming);

hat f he

Academy eribolos

s based

on excava-

tion

eports,

hediscussion

y

Travlos

(Athens,

p.

42-43,

50, 300,318,

with

figs.

2,

417),

and the

ayout

fmodern

roads.

he boundaries

f

Hippios

Kolo-

nosfollow

he ontours

f hemodern

park, lthough

twas

surelyarger

n

antiquity.

or

more

ompletemap

of

allsites xcavated

n

the

vicinity

f he

demosionema nd a descriptionfthe

finds,

ee

Arrineton

010

pp. 126-239).

77.The ancient

oads

havebeen

mapped

sing

nformation

n

excava-

tion

eports

nd

Costala2006.

78.

Athenian

asualty

ists: G

P

1144-1148(?),

150-1153, 155(?),

1156(?),

157,1158,

1162-1163a-c,

1166,

1168,1169,1171,

1172,

1175-

1177,1180,

1183-1193*>,/GIF

221,

5222

cavalry);

GXLVIII

83,XLIX

370

on

which ee also LI

425,

LIII

354,

LV

413),

LII

60. Bases

for

he

lists: GV

503/504,

142(?), 163d-f,

1167,1170(?), 173,1179,

1181

caval-

ry).

ee furtherradeen

964; 1969;

Agora

VII,

pp.

3-34;

Bradeen

nd

Lewis

1979;

Dow

1983,

p.

98;

Pritchett

1985,

pp.

139-140;

Lewis

2000-2003;

Steinhauer

004-2009;

Spyropoulos

2009.

79.

Kyparissis

927-1928,

p.

56-

58;

Schilardi

968,

p.

36;

Tsirigoti-

Drakotou

000,

p.

104,

f.

p.

92-93;

Theocharaki

007,p. 181,

no.X2.5.

80. Koroneia:

yparissis

nd

Peek

1932;Peek1933; 1934;Bowra 938;

Bradeen

964,

pp.

25-29;

Clairmont

1983,

pp.

159-164;

Schachter

986,

p.

5,

n. 3. Delion:

Mattingly

1963]

1996,

pp.

92-93.

Sicily: apagianno-

poulos-Palaios

939,

pp.

101-102;

Tsirigoti-Drakotou

000,

pp.

104-

109. See

the

G P

entry

or dditional

bibliography.

81.

Tsirigoti-Drakotou

000;

Papa-

zarkadas

009,

p.

76.

Only

one stelehas

been

published,

ut ther

ragments

seem o havebeenfoundwith t

Tsi-

rigoti-Drakotou

000,

p.

87,

n.

2,

p.

111).

On the

xcavation,

ee also

EYnnO2

(1998),

p.

75;

3

(1999),

p.

84;

Touchais

000,

p.

765;

Costaki

006,

pp.

450-451,

no.V.

1;

Theocharaki

2007,

pp.

176-178,

no.X2.3.

82.

Bruckner

910,

p.

219;

Wenz

1913,

pp.

58-61;

Hlscher

973,

pp.

102-108;

Clairmont

983,

pp.

209-

212;

Kaempf-Dimitriadou

986;

Bugh

1988,

pp.

136-140;

Lawton

992,

p.

249;

Kaltsas

002,

p.

159,

no. 313.

Nearthe

ame

ntersection,

t Kalo-

girou amouil ndPsaromiligkou-7,

a

group

f

possibly

elated emains

ere

excavated

n1900

by

D.

Filios;

ee

Del-

brueck

900,

pp.

308-310;

Schilardi

1968,

pp.

41-42. The remains

ncluded

a

rectangularlatform,

ossibly

or

tumulus,

s

well s Geometric

essels,

Classical

raves,

nd a mudbrick

truc-

ture f

unknown orm

nd function.

Foundwith he

astwas a lead sheet

inscribed

n

theDoric

dialect nd dated

to the th

entury.



14/42

LOCATION OF

THE ATHENIAN

PUBLIC CEMETERY

51I

Figure

2. Modern street

map

ofthe

demosionema nd

environs,

ith xcavations nd discoveries

elated o the

public

cemetery

marked

n

red

Pol

=

polyandria;

L

=

casualty

ists;

H

=

hippie

material;

K

=

sitesrelated

o the hrine f

Artemis

Ariste nd

Kalliste;

Epi

=

sites elated o the

gardens

f

Epikouros;

Pits

=

sitewith10 trenches r

pits

n the

road).

Underlined

abels ndicate

pproximate

ocations.Green

rectangles

mark

ites

where ncient oad

segments

ave

been

found.N.T.

Arrington



15/42

512

NATHAN T. ARRINGTON

Figure

3. Detail of

Figure

2,

showing

the outhern

art

fthedemosion

sema nd

environs. ee

Figure

2 for

key.

N.T.

Arrington

Further

est,

lose to the

Dipylon

Gate

and within he Kerameikos

archaeological ark,

heTomb

of heLakedaimonians

Pol

1)

can be iden-

tified n thebasis

of

iterary

nd

epigraphic

estimony.83

his was

certainly

part f hedemosionema.A long, arrowmonument,onstructednseveral

phases,

t housed24

Lakedaimonianswho

fell

ighting

n

the side of the

Thirty

Tyrants

n 403.84

An

inscription

ound

nearby

IG

IP

11678),

once built

nto the structurend

facing

he

Academy

Road,

secures

he

identification.85

rrowheads ere ound

n someof he

keletons,

ncluding

the astone

to be buried.

he dead were

arefully

reated,

ound

n fabric

with theirheads

resting

n stones.There

were no

signs

of

disrespect

or abuse.

The bodies are

obviously

war

casualties,

nd

they

ie

in

close

proximity

o

many

ther iteswith inks o the

militaryemetery.oreigners

werenotout

of

place

nthedemosionema: ausanias

1.29.6-8)

mentions

83. For

bibliography,

ee

n.

7,

above.

84. Cf.Xen.Hell.2.4.33. Scholars

assign ifferentarts f hemonument

to the

ctual akedaimonian

omb f

403.

1

follow hedivision

f Stroszeck

(2006),

which s

argely

asedon

the

manner

n which he oldiers

ere

buried: ee

pp.

102-103

and

fig.

,

where he

tructuresssociated

ith

burials -9 and 15

are he

arliest,

10-14 and 16 are

ater,

nd

17-24 are

the

ast.Others

e.g.,

Willemsen

977)

consider

nly

4 burials o

belong

o

the omb

roper.

ienlin

2003,

pp.

114-118,121-122)

believes he

multiple hasesndicate hat ot ll

of hedeadwere ssociated

ith he

event ecorded

yXenophon.

85.

A lambda nd

alpha

re

pre-

served

rom he

restored)

eading

Aaiceaiuvioi,

eneath

hich re he

names

hibrakos nd

Chairon,

den-

tified

s

polemarchs

nd known

rom

Xenophon's

ccount.

ienlin

2003,

pp.

116-118,121)

agrees

with he

identificationf he

omb,

ut

rgues

that

he

nscription

as

too

ong

o

belong

o the

monument. e errs

n

assuminghat heheading adto be

written

n

one ordered

ine:

ompare

the

heading

f

n

Argive

asualty

ist

(IG

P

1149),

which urves

own he

right

ideof hemonument.

ore-

over,

e assumes hat

nathyrosis

n

the

right

ideof he tone

elongs

o

its

use n theLakedaimonian

omb,

although

wo

uttings

or telai n the

undersidef he

nscription

ndicate n

earlier r

ater

eriod

fuse

as well.



16/42

LOCATION

OF

THE

ATHENIAN

PUBLIC

CEMETERY

5X3

Figure

.

Map

of thedemosion

ema

and environs ith

hecourses f

ancient

oadsreconstructed.

N. T.

Arrington



17/42

5H

NATHAN

T. ARRINGTON

Figure

5. Relief

rowning

list

ofAthenian asualties t

Corinth

and

Koroneia,

94/3b.c.

(CL 3).

Athens,

National

Archaeological

Museum 2744. Photo

E.

Babnik,

ourtesy

National

Archaeological

useum,

thens

polyandria

or

hessalians,Cretans,Kleonians,

nd

Argives.

One

might

object

hat he ther

oreigners

n this

ist id notdiewhile

ighting

gainst

Athenians,

ut the entombed

akedaimonianswere lso allies of at least

some Athenian itizens.

Nor does a comment

n

the funeral ration f

Lysias, requently

dduced

n

discussions

fthis

omb,

xclude t from he

public emetery,s somehave rgued.86n a speech ver hosewho died n

the

Corinthian

War,

heorator efers

o theTomb oftheLakedaimonians

as close .. to thismonument

eyyu

. .

xoe

tox>

vriuorco,

ys.

2.63).

Here

uvfjucc

oes notrefer o the

demosionema s a wholebut o the omb

of thedead

whosevirtues he orator xtols.87

hus,

when

Lysias ays

hat

the ombs f

heLakedaimonians renear he

mnema,

e does not

xclude

them rom he demosion

ema,

fwhich

hey

re

n

fact

part.

We should

be

wary,

owever,

f

drawing

oo

many

onclusions

boutthe

ppearance

of he

emetery

rom

single olyandrion.

he

orientationf heTomb of

theLakedaimonians

nd themonument t the hird

oroshas

encouraged

scholars o

envisage

he

cemetery

s a series f tombs

trictly

ordering

the

road;

he

rectangularolyandria

iscoverednSalaminos treet

Pol

4,

discussed elow)reveal hat hiswasnotalways he case.

Also indicative f state

burials,

ut on the basis of ceramic vidence

rather han structural

emains,

re a

significantroup

of tombs ound

close to the

Dipylon

Gate

in

1900

(Pol

2),

of which

we know

ittle

part

from he fact hatthe funeral

fferings

ncluded miniature thenian

kylix

fthe econd

uarter

f the5th

century

nd,

more

ignificantly,

wo

mid-5th-century

oiotian

antharoi.88o

myknowledge,

o other oiotian

objects

avebeen found

n

the reanorthwest

f

Athens,

nd t s

probable

86.

E.g.,

Ritchie

984,

pp.

772-773,

777.

87.Todd

2007,

p.

199)

translatest

as monument.

n

only

ne other

occasion

32.21)

does

Lysias

se the

word

uvfjua,

nd there oo

t referso

an ndividual

rave

and

a

private

ne),

not o a

cemetery.

88. Schilardi

980;

Stichel

998,

pp.

150-151

map),

154.



18/42

LOCATION OF THE

ATHENIAN

PUBLIC CEMETERY

515

that hese antharoi

elonged

o state

rave

or

oreigners.89

erhaps

hey

date o he

eriod

etween

57

and

47,

when he

Athenians,

ollowing

he

victory

t

Oinophyta,

eld

way

n

Boiotia ntil heir efeat t Koroneia

(Thuc.1.108.2-3, 13.2-4).

Pausanias1.29.2)mentions shrine fArtemis riste nd Kalliste

along

his route o the

Academy,hortly

efore e describesheburials

in the demosionema. his shrine as ocatednear he ntersectionf

Agisilaou

ndPlataion treets

AK 1, ).

n

1922 xcavations

y

Alexander

Philadelpheus

t

11

Plataion

AK2)

revealed wall f

arge,

ell- orked

poros

tones

orming

n

angle,

ossibly art

f the

anctuary

nclosure,

together

ith wobasesdedicated o

Kalliste,

ated n letter orms

o

the4thor 3rd

entury

IG

IP

4665,4668);

a votive elief f a

goddess

holding

torch,

f imilar ate

IG

IP

4666);

3rd-century

arble elief

dedicated o Kalliste

IG

IP

4667);

and three ther otive eliefs ith

representations

f emale

natomy.90

arlierxcavationsonducted

n

1896

at a site a.200

m

northwestfthe

Dipylon ate

AK 1)

had

exposed

paved urface,lm wide,s well s an nscriptionreuseds a drainover)

mentioning

rtemis riste ndKallistenddated o

235/4

/GIP 788).91

The evidencerom

hese wo xcavationshows hat

he hrinemust ave

been

n

the mmediate

icinity.

he

fact hatPausanias s silent bout

polyandriap

to this

oint

n

his

route, owever,

eednot ndicate

hat

the

ublic raves egan nly

fter

he hrine. e

may

ave

aken cross-

street rom heOld

Academy

oad to the

hrine,

r his

ilence

may

e

attributableo thefact hat

he

graves

loseto the

city

wallshad been

covered

p

n

the th

entury.92

A

short istance

urther

orth,

n

nscription

ith n nthemionelief

listing

he

avalry

asualtiesrom

attlestCorinth

ndKoroneia

n

394/3

(/GIP 5222)

wasdiscovereda.

1870 tthe evendis ile

kiln,

ocated

n

Plataion,erhapsear erameikouCL 4).93nthe ame rea,5th-century

casualty

ist

SEG

LI

52)

and n

arly-4th-century

elief

f horseman

iding

over is

pponent

ere oundt

Kerameikou3 and

lataion

CL

5).94

lso

89. Potsdo not

qualpeople,

ut he

unique

nature f hefind nd the ttes-

tation f

foreigners

lsewhere

n

the

cemetery

tronglyuggest

hat hese

vesselswere

ssociated ith Boiotian

grave. part

rom heTombof he

Lakedaimoniansnd

stelai or

roxenoi,

the

nly

ther ndicationf he

pres-

ence f

foreigners

n

the

rea s an

n-

scribedead sheet

n

theDoric

dialect

found earCL 3 (seen.82, above). orBoiotian

ottery

ound nder hefloors

ofmodern

uildings

ear he

Agora,

see Ure

1962;

Papadopoulos

003,

pp.

234-235.

90. On the ite nd the

finds,

ee

Frazer

913,

ol.

2,

p.

379;

Philadel-

pheus

927,

pp.

157-163;

Judeich

931,

p.

412;Travlos,

thens,

p.

301-302;

Papachatzis

974-1981,

ol.

1,

p.

385,

n.

1;

Forsn

996,

p.

58,

nos.

5.1, 5.2,

and

p.

136;

Mikalson

998,

pp.

148-

149;Tsirigoti-Drakotou

006,

p.

291.

91.

Kawadias

1896,

pp.

20-22;

AM

21

(1896),

p.

463;

Philadelpheus

927,

pp.

161-162;

Judeich

931,

p.

412;

Travlos,

thens,

p.

301-302;

Mikalson

1998,

pp.

148-149;

Tsirigoti-Drakotou

2006,

p.

291;

Costaki

006,

pp.

490-

491,

no.VI. 12.The sitewas ocated

between lataion nd Salaminos

Streets,

robably

n Peiraios.

ostaki

(2006,

pp.

490-491,

no.

VI.12)

identi-

fies tas the ntire ast

ideof heblock.

92. On the

overing

fthe

graves,

see n.

9,

above.

93. On the

findspot,

hich emains

approximate,

ee

Matthaiou

003,

p.

198;

also

Stichel

998,

pp.

150-151

(with

map),

157,

with urther

ibliog-

raphy.

n the

nscription

nd the

relief,

see Wenz

1913,

pp.

61-66;

Tod

1948,

pp.

18-20,

no.

104;

Clairmont

983,

pp.

212-214;

Bugh

1988,

pp.

136-140;

Lawton

1992,

p.

242;

APMA

,

p.

67,

no.

77;

Nmeth

994;

Kaltsas

002,

p.

158,

no.

312;

Rhodes

nd Osborne

2003,

pp.

40-43,

no.

7A;

Hildebrandt

2006,

pp.

96-98.

94.

On the

ite,

ee

Karagiorga-

Stathakopoulou979,pp.22-23;

Costaki

006,

p.

484,

no.

V1.3.Mat-

thaiou

2003,

p.

199)

reports aving

seen he

asualty

ist

n

the

toreroom

of he

phoreia.

t

may

havebeen

re-

used n

one ofthe

Roman nd

Late

Roman

graves

r

theLate

Roman

building

mentionedn

the xcavation

report.

orthe

relief,

ee

Kaempf-

Dimitriadou986.



19/42

5l6

NATHAN T.

ARRINGTON

from lataion

treet,

utwith o cross-street

ecorded,

ornes

complete

casualty

ist romhe

ighting

n

theChersonesen 447

IG

F

1162).95

Near he

indspots

f hese

ists,

t

KerameikoundPlataion treets

(Pits),

0

regularits

L. 1.10-1.35,

W.

0.35-0.65,

. 0.80-1.05

m)

were

foundugnto heAcademyoad.96hepits ormedroughemicirclef

three

rregular

ows ear hewestern

dge

f he oad.

lairmont

uggested

that

hey riginally

eld arnakes

ontaining

he shes ffallen

oldiers,

with ases or telai

earingasualty

ists et bove hem.97

he

positions

of he

its resentchallenge

o Clairmont

nterpretation,

owever,

or

the

haphazard lacement

fthe

graves

nd the

ccompanying

telai n

the oad tself ouldhave

reatedmore f nuisance

especially

or

he

relay

unners

ho

ompeted

nthe

oad)

han n

mpressive

nd

espectful

memorial.98

oreover,

ome

of the

nscribed

istswould have been

crowdednd concealed

y

others,

aking

hem ifficulto read. here

were o traces f shorwoodwithinhe

uttings.99

he

chronology,

oo,

is

problematic

or lairmont

nterpretation.

he

pits ppear

ohave ut

throughour f he ive ncienturfacesf heAcademy oad andwere

in urn ut

y

Hellenisticrain.

lthough

he

ublished

eport

oes

not

provide

ates

or he oad

urfaces,

comparison

ith hedated urfaces

furtherorth t Plataion 4 and

Zografou uggests

hat he

digging

f

the

its

ook

lace

n theHellenistic

eriod.100

f

so,

he

pits

hemselves,

and

any

monuments

heymight

avebeenassociated

ith,

wouldnot

have een isible or

ong,

ecause

f heir estruction

y

heHellenistic

drain.

erhaps,

ather

han

eing eceptacles

or

arnakes,

he

its

erved

some unctionelated

o theracesheld

long

heroad.

heymay

have

supported

stand or

pectators

r

udges.

Alternatively,heymay

ave

been ssociated

ith ther ctivitiesf

he

phebes

ho

gathered

t the

Marathon

enotaph.

n

any

vent,

n

ight

f heir

ocation ndunusual

nature,t eemsikelyhat he itsweren omeway onnected ith vents

that o

Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its...

Documents

Transcript of Nathan T. Arrington. TOPOGRAPHIC SEMANTICS: The Location of the Athenian Public Cemetery and Its...