NASX 105 Second Exam Review Session

How many branches of government did the Haudenosaunnee have?3 branches

Primary subsistence activity for the Northeast region (horticulture or hunting and gathering?)Horticulture (then gathering of wild foods after that)

Maushop and Squannit storyNOT ON THE EXAM!!!

How did Atotarho misuse his medicine powers?He used it to prevent the five nations from making piece with each other. (Kept turning people against each other and kept people from making peace)

Identify the 3 sisters of northeast horticulture1. Corn2. Squash3. Beans

Role of the elder women in selecting council representativesThat was their responsibility exclusively, the elder grandmothers in each clan and village. They selected their representatives according to the number of representatives given to each tribe in the confederacy.

Identify these important persons in the story of their union of nations:Hiawatha was an Onandoga man; his daughter had been killed in these wars, and he was the one who went up North to pray until peace came to the people and then he met Deganawidah, a huron man up north, who came down with his vision

Deganawidah a prophet, or see-er, also called that in spiritual terminology; he had received a dream vision of how the five nations of the Iroquois confederacy would be united and healed of their warfare and brought together in peace. They went and they brought medicine to transform Atotarho back to his good self. He was a good medicine man before this happened.

Atotarho - See above Medicine powers

Identify:Manito mystery or spirit (Algonquian)

Cautontowwit one of the two names for the Creator or Great Spirit (Wampanoag)

Moshop and Squannit giant spirit helpers of the story not included.

How did a traditional Hopi young man formally express his wish to court a young woman?1) When the girls went out and sat in a row, the boys who liked them would walk up behind them and serenade them.

2) Go to the gals house and talk in the window when the gal was grinding corn. If the girl didnt like him or didnt want to talk to him, she would ignore him and keep grinding corn. If she was interested, she would stop grinding.

How was the first corn harvest of the season cooked?In the wonderful underground oven. Build a fire in the underground oven, but the corn leaves over that, cooks in its own steam overnight. Mother corn at the top, father corn at the bottom. Take it out in the morning at sunrise.

How was amnesty a part of the busk festival?Another form of peace making. The parties involved in the conflict would show up at the busk, ready to make peace. At that point, you would bury an object in the ground that symbolizes the conflict being put behind them (bury the hatchet).

Significance of the Green Corn ceremony (Busk); what time of year was it held?Held in midsummer when the first corn becomes ripe (i.e. July). Significance: One of the many first fruit ceremonies, even for cultivated crops, to give thanks for your health, strength, and ability to plant seeds and care for them. Busk is a time when many public functions are carried out (i.e. marriages, engagements, divorces, reconciliation from conflict) and a lot of celebration, dancing, singing, etc.

Do the Hopis believe that we are now living in the Fourth World?YES

How do they irrigate their gardens?They dont use traditional irrigation. They find areas were runoff is likely to go and plant the crops deep in the ground. They have cooperative process with kachina and Earth.

What is a kachina?Spirits who bring the rain. Some ancestral, some their before humans, etc.

Which language group did 90% of the southeastern tribes belong to?Muskogean

What are the four colors of Hopi corn?1. Red2. Yellow3. Blue4. White

What is a kiva?A circular prayer room for certain ceremonies and praying.

What is a Hogan?A Navajo word for house

Names and locations (by state) of the Southwestern tribes mentioned in lecture (see maps in front part of the Coursepack)- Hopis- Navajos (dineh) N. Arizona, NW New Mexico, S. Utah- Apaches - Arizona, New Mexico, Texas- Tohono OOdham and Akimel Oodham - Arizona- Pueblos (19 tribes)

California population at time of first contact with Europeans300,000-500,000 (more likely 500,000)

Number of tribe in California, pre-European contact or at time of first contact105

Impacts of the abundant resource base: no horticulture needed (except in far southeast corner) relatively peaceful intertribal relations more leisure time excellence and variety in basketry; etc.

What was the most popular nut in California (before Europeans arrived)?Acorn

Why did people in the northeast, southeast, and California area have such large gathering baskets?They lived in a world of plenty. Plenty of resources, relatively easy to fill the basket up in a short time.

Most common type of ceremony in California and why: First Fruit Ceremony When each food came into ripeness, you give thanks. So much biodiversity, ceremony happened all the time.

***The two primary resources the primary food resource and the primary non-food natural resources:Food: Salmon Non-food: Cedar

Which tribe originally lived right here in Missoula and in the Bitterroot Valley?Salish (Bitterroot valley salish = flathead)

Any horticulture done in the Northwest, Northern Rockies, Columbia Plateau?NOPE; not needed.

Name the whale hunting tribes of the northwest. Quileute Makah Sklallam Quinault Haida Nootka

Identify the three types of symbols carved on totem poles1. Spirit guardian beings (helper beings)2. Ancestors (important family members)3. Historically significant people, both good and bad

Did native people in this region do any theater?YES; the elaborate, most intense, form of storytelling.

Spiritual, social, and economic significance of the potlatch (a giveaway) preserving unity bringing honor to the family and to individuals taking care of each other and reciprocating each other prevent large gaps in inequality

What is the difference between a costume and a traditional Native American dance outfit or regalia?Costume: something you wear when youre pretending to be something else youre not; playing a role in a story or a play.

Dance outfit: represents who you really are as an individual; thats your fancy clothes that you wear to social gatherings (Sunday best)

Two similarities in artifacts between the Kootenais and people of the Great Lakes (in houses and travel)1. Cover your house with reed mats2. Both people who like to get around in canoes

Arleen Adams tribe:Salish

Arleen coyote story: Describes Coyote and this big monster who was living up in those hills near Arlee and swallowed all the people and the species, and coyote went into his stomach and made a way for them to show them the way out. There were two doors, the mouth and the sphincter. Thinks hes all done, but the Meadowlark says, wait you have one more monster, the big ram in the bitterroot valley. He tricks that one.

4 basic elements of coyote stories:1. Coyote is on a quest or adventure related to his post-creation mop-up duties, making the world safe for the peoples2. Coyote demonstrates both weakness and power (ex: encounter with Meadowlark, breaks foot, but heals it)3. Coyote demonstrates both wisdom and craftiness (ex: tricking and defeating the ram monster, tricks his ego)4. Coyote ultimately accomplishes his mission and we all learn important moral lessons

Essay Questions:

1) Possible contributions of traditional (old time way of life, before European life) practices, including ones still around, that we could apply to our present environmental crisis and the future environmental health and survival of the planet. Think about past and present, and what might fit today. BE SPECIFIC!!!

2) Pretty easy. Six different parts to the answer. 6 different tribes showing similarities and differences between them.