1

NASA Innovation and Technology

Preliminary Planning

Robert D. BraunNASA Chief Technologist

March 9, 2010

Outline

• NASA Innovation and Technology Initiative

• NASA Office of the Chief Technologist

• Space Technology Program

2

NASA Innovation Initiative Goals*• Revitalize NASA as a preeminent R&D organization

through significant investment in longer term technical or process innovations

• Encourage innovative application of NASA capabilities to address broader national needs such as energy, weather and climate, Earth science, health and wellness, national security, and STEM education

• Stimulate a vibrant commercial space sector through helping to create new types of engagement, creation of new markets, and investments in future technologies

• Generate excitement about NASA’s work by investing in a large number of highly creative activities with potential for disruptive breakthroughs

• Provide exciting hands-on work for students and new employees

3*Internal NASA assessment in Summer/Fall 2009

Attributes of a Reinvigorated Innovation and Technology Program

• ISS Utilization Extended, likely to 2020 or beyond*– Implement priorities of Life and Physical Sciences community– Fully utilize ISS as a test bed for exploration, science and technology advances– Fundamental and applied research to improve crew health and performance for long-

duration missions and development of countermeasures for microgravity effects– Promote the use of ISS as a National Laboratory by a variety of government and non-

government organizations for the conduct of research across an array of science and engineering disciplines, some of which is anticipated to have terrestrial applications.

• Early Stage Innovation and Game-Changing Technology– An emphasis on non-mission-focused innovation and technology development

• Expanded Commercial Sector Engagement– NACA-like approach to developing investment strategy and partnerships to open long-

term commercial markets• NASA Innovation Applied to Broader National Needs

– Leverage NASA capabilities and technology for applications in energy, weather and climate, Earth science, health and wellness, and National security

• Technology Innovation for Flexible Human Exploration Capabilities* – Provide critical capabilities needed to implement various options examined by the

Augustine Committee to extend human presence beyond low Earth orbit• Precursor Demonstrations and Flight Testing*

– Demonstrate prototype systems and key capabilities on international robotic missions to reduce risk for future human exploration and more ambitious science missions

4*Technology elements within NASA’s mission directorates are not detailed in this presentation

5

Why Invest in Technology & Innovation?• Many positive outcomes are likely from a long-term NASA advanced

concepts & broad technology development program with mission-focused, crosscutting, game-changing and early-stage innovation components. – A more vital and productive aeronautics and space future than our country has today – A means to focus NASA intellectual capital on significant national needs– A spark to a technology-based economy– An international symbol of our country’s scientific and technological leadership– A motivation for many of the country’s best young minds to pursue educational

programs and careers in engineering and science

• While these efforts are high risk and not all will succeed, when taken in total, the benefits will be significant for NASA and the Nation. – Individual project failure must be acceptable for innovation to flourish– We must develop a program that extracts knowledge even in cases of failure

• Consider the following three examples:– Mars Pathfinder– Orion Thermal Protection System development– Human Mars exploration

6

Mars Pathfinder• Initiated in 1992, Mars Pathfinder (MPF) was essentially a $250M

experiment in innovation made possible by Wes Huntress (AA) and Tony Spear (JPL PM).

• Key technology innovation was integration of airbag technology (initially put forward by the Russians) with Viking-era systems.

• In addition to science and technology objectives, the MPF innovation accomplished the following Game-changers:– Established surface mobility and ground truth as important exploration principles– Groundswell and experience for a new generation of Mars scientists and engineers– Re-engaged public with Mars as a destination worthy of exploration– Creation of Mars program and establishment of Mars program budget line– Led to a wide spectrum of NASA better, faster, cheaper missions

7

8

Planetary Exploration Flight ProjectsIn Development Within 2 Years of Mars Pathfinder Landing

9

Orion TPS Advanced Development Project (ADP)• The Orion Thermal Protection System (TPS) ADP was a three year $150 M effort

to develop ablative TPS materials options for the Orion crew capsule– The ADP was motivated by the absence of ablative TPS material solutions to protect

Orion for atmospheric re-entry– The TPS ADP pursued a competitive phased development strategy with succeeding

rounds of development, testing and down selections– Stimulating the commercial market, the Project raised the technology readiness level

(TRL) of 8 different TPS materials from 5 different commercial vendors, eventual down selecting to a single material system for the Orion heat shield

• In addition to providing a heat shield material and design for Orion on time and on budget, the Project accomplished the following:– Re-invigorated a TPS industry that was in danger of collapse– Re-established a NASA competency able to respond to future TPS needs– Identified a potentially catastrophic problem with the planned MSL heat shield, and

remedied the problem by providing a viable, high TRL alternate heat shield material and design option within stringent schedule constraints (Game-changing)

– Transferred mature heat shield material and design options to the commercial space industry, including TPS solution for the SpaceX Dragon capsule (NACA-like) with implications for a wide variety of customers

10

Direct Results of the Orion TPS ADP

TPS ADP arcjet tests revealed catastrophic failure mode of initial MSL TPS

MSL shifts to a new TPS ADP developed TPS material

PICA

ACC

3DQP

Avcoat

PhenCarb

Competitive materials R&D resulted in multiple viable materials & systems

Avcoat: Selected for the Orion

PICA: Selected for MSL & Dragon

Large article arcjet testing demonstrated during TPS ADP is now a necessary TPS tool

• New NASA TPS experts• Multiple TPS firms• Large scale manufacturing• TRL = 5-6 ablative TPS• Promising new TPS concepts• Technology transfer to

commercial space industry

The Value of Technology InvestmentsMars Mission Example

11

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

Nor

mal

ized

Mas

s Sa

ving

s

DRA 5.0 Reference

Maintenance & Spares

Nuclear Surface Power

ISRU Propellants

Closed-Loop Life Support

Advanced Propulsion

Cargo Aerocapture at Mars

Improved Cryogenic Boil-off

ISS at Assembly Complete

Notes:• Approximate results only. • Further assessments required.• Results are cumulative and thus dependent on

combinations/sequences of technologies applied• The change between points shows the relative mass

savings for that particular technology

Advanced Avionics

• Without technology investments, the mass required to initiate a human Mars mission in LEO is approximately eight times the mass of the International Space Station

• Technology investments of the type proposed in the FY 2011 budget are required to put such a mission within reach

Note: * Center functional office directors report to Agency

functional AA. Deputy and below report to Center leadership.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

February 22, 2010

Space Operations Mission Directorate

Science Mission Directorate

Program and Institutional Integration

Infrastructure

NASA Shared Services Center

Human Capital Management

Protective Services

Chief, Safety and Mission Assurance

Kennedy Space Center

Marshall Space Flight

Center

Langley Research

Center

Stennis Space Center

Johnson Space Center

Dryden Flight Research

Center

Goddard Space Flight

Center

Glenn Research

Center

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Ames Research

Center

Budget Management and Systems Support

Procurement

Internal Controls and Management

Systems

Headquarters Operations

Aeronautics Research Mission

Directorate

Exploration Systems Mission

Directorate

Mission Support Directorate

Office of the Administrator

Chief Engineer

Chief Health and Medical Officer

Independent Program and Cost Evaluation

Chief Financial Officer*

Chief Information Officer*

Chief Scientist

Chief Technologist

Diversity and Equal Employment Opportunity

Legislative and Intergovernmental

Affairs*

International and Interagency Affairs

EducationOffice of

Communications*

Small Business Programs

General Counsel

Advisory GroupsNAC ASAP

Inspector General

13

Office of Chief TechnologistRoles/Responsibilities

OCT has six main goals and responsibilities:

1) Principal NASA advisor and advocate on matters concerning Agency-wide technology policy and programs.

2) Up and out advocacy for NASA research and technology programs. Communication and integration with other Agency technology efforts.

3) Direct management of Space Technology program.4) Coordination of technology investments across the Agency, including

the mission-focused investments made by the NASA mission directorates. Perform strategic technology integration.

5) Change culture towards creativity and innovation at NASA Centers, particularly in regard to workforce development.

6) Document/demonstrate/communicate societal impact of NASA technology investments. Lead technology transfer and commercialization opportunities across Agency.

• Mission Directorates continue to manage mission-focused technology for directorate missions and future needs • Beginning in FY 2011, activities associated with the Innovative Partnerships Program are integrated into the Office of the Chief Technologist

NASA Office of the Chief Technologist

Chief Technologist (CT)

Deputy CT

HQ – Overall Program Management

Centers - Project Implementation 14

Space Tech Research GrantsNIAC2

SBIR/STTRCentennial Challenges

Center Innovation Fund

Management & Implementation

Early-Stage Innovation

Projects / Activities

Management & Implementation

Game Changing Technology

Projects / Activities

Technology DemonstrationsEdison Small Sat Missions

Flight Opportunities

Management & Implementation

CrosscuttingCapability Demonstrations

Flight Demos, Projects / Activities

Financial Management Partnership Development

Strategic IntegrationCommunications

Game-Changing DevelopmentSmall Sat Technologies

15

Partnership Development

• Partnerships are an integral part of NASA's strategy for reinvigorating technology and innovation.

• The Office of the Chief Technologist provides a visible Agency entry point for technology transfer and commercialization, interagency coordination and joint activities, intellectual property management and partnership opportunities.

• Activities within and coordinated by the Office of the Chief Technologist leverage partnerships with the NASA field Centers, other Government agencies, academia, small businesses, industry and international partners to build the capabilities for tomorrow’s space missions today.

• The Office of the Chief Technologist proactively cultivates partnerships and facilitates transfer of NASA technologies for public benefit through a network of offices at each of NASA’s field centers.

16

Strategic Integration

• The Office of the Chief Technologist is responsible for strategic integration of NASA's technology portfolio.

• This requires tight coordination with the Mission Directorates (MD) and NASA Centers in which OCT personnel:– Participate in all Agency technology program formulation activities– Develop and manage the Agency level technology portfolio

• Agency technology gap/overlap assessments• Agency assessment of balance and prioritization

– Develop an Agency level technology roadmap • Driven by the Agency's strategic goals, consistent with the NASA Strategic Plan, and

coordinated with our partners in industry, academia and other government agencies

• Integrated assessment of the Agency's technology portfolio is performed by the NASA Technology Executive Council (NTEC), chaired by the Agency's Chief Technologist with participation from the Mission Directorates and Office of the Chief Engineer.

Strategic IntegrationWithin NASA, OCT develops and coordinates an integrated technology investment strategy through:

1) NASA Technology Executive Council (NTEC) – Representatives from OCT, OCE and of each MD. Technology coordination strategic planning across Agency.

2) Center Research and Technology Council (CRTC) – Top researchers from NASA Centers, innovative and engaged in external community and knowledgeable of research and technology efforts across Centers.

3) NAC Technology and Innovation Committee – guidance and feedback from external community

4) NAC Commercial Space Committee – guidance and feedback from external community

17

OCT expects to partner with the following external customers/stakeholders:1) Academia2) DARPA, AFOSR3) ARPA-E4) Other government agencies5) Commercial6) International partners

18

• The Space Technology Program shall advance non-mission-focused technology currently at low-to-mid Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs), in some cases to flight-ready status.

• The Space Technology Program shall meet the Nation’s needs for new technologies to support future NASA missions in science and exploration, as well as the needs of other government agencies and the Nation’s space industry in a manner similar to the way NACA aided the early aeronautics industry. There shall be multiple customers for Space Technology program products.

• The Space Technology Program shall employ a portfolio approach to innovation that ensures opportunities for technology investment and maturation over the entire TRL spectrum.

• The Space Technology Program shall sponsor research in academia, industry, and NASA field Centers based on the quality of research proposed at those institutions and in a manner that supports competition and balance.

NASA Space TechnologyFoundational Principles

19

Space Technology Program Element Proposed Budget

20

NASA Space Technology Program Elements

1) Early-Stage Innovation: Creative ideas regarding future NASA systems and/or solutions to national needs.

2) Game Changing Technology: Prove feasibility of novel, early-stage idea that has potential to revolutionize a future NASA mission and/or fulfill national need.

3) Crosscutting Capability Demonstration: Maturation to flight readiness of cross-cutting capabilities that advance multiple future space missions, including flight test projects where in-space demonstration is needed before the capability can transition to direct mission application.

*Both competitive and guided program approaches will be used in the Game Changing Technology and Crosscutting Capability Demonstration program elements. The Early-Stage Innovation program element will be entirely competed.

TRL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

• System Concepts and Analyses• Foundational Disciplinary Advances• Technology Enablers• Benefits/Feasibility Assessments

• New Capabilities (Systems & Subsystems, Not Components)• Large Scale• Quantitative Performance• Hardware Validation• Risk Results in Moderate Failure Rate

• Relevant Environment Testing• 7120 Flight Processes• Not Mission Specific Technology• 25% Cost Share Req. for Flight Tests

Crosscutting Capability Demo.

Early-Stage Innovation

Game-Changing Technology

NASA Space Technology Program Elements

22

Potential Topics• Early Stage Innovation

– Computational Materials Design, Nanotube Based Structural Materials, High Bandwidth Communications, Lightweight Low Transit Volume Space Structures, Non-Chemical In-Space Propulsion, Coatings and Adhesives, Flexible Power Arrays, Microwave/Laser Power Transmission, Energy Storage Systems, Space Robotic Assembly and Fabrication, Formation Flying Spacecraft Systems (Swarm Operations), Nonconventional Access to Space, Print Manufacturing and Rapid 3D Prototyping, Extreme Environment (Temperature/Radiation) Sensors and Mechanisms, Climate Sensors, Planetary Entry Decelerators, Reliable and Affordable Exploration Systems, Advanced Radiation Shielding Materials (Techniques and Systems), Safe Despin/Detumble Approaches for Large Non-operational Spacecraft, Material/Structural Concepts to Mitigate Impact of Small Debris, and Precision Timing and Navigation Using Only Celestial Objects

• Game Changing Technology– Advanced lightweight structures and materials, advanced in-space propulsion, nano-

propellants, lightweight large aperture antennas and telescopes, power generation/transmission, surface robotic construction, energy storage, high bandwidth communications, and small satellite subsystem technology

• Crosscutting Capability Demonstrations– Optical communications, aerocapture, supersonic and hypersonic inflatable aerodynamic

decelerators, formation flying, advanced in-space propulsion*This list is exemplary, not inclusive.

TRL 1 2 3 4 5 6

Visio

ns o

f the F

utu

re

Does it W

ORK?

Is it Flight-Ready?

PossibleSolution

PossibleSolution

PossibleSolution

Idea

Idea

Idea

Idea

Idea

Idea

Idea

Idea

Idea

Idea

Idea

Idea

Early-Stage Innovation

Game-Changing Technology

Cross-cutting Capabilities

Mission Directorates, OGAs, Industry

NASA Space Technology Program

PossibleSolution

Possib

le

Solutio

n

Idea

Idea

TRL

4

5

6

1

2

3

Early-Stage

Innovation

Game-Changing Technology

Crosscutting Capability

Demonstrations

Mission Development

Mission

Focused

Development &

Demonstrations

TRL

4

5

6

7

8

9

Tech

nolo

gy P

ull

Tech

nolo

gy P

ush

Developing Technologies with Broad Applicability…

…to Support Mission-Specific Technology Needs.

Relationship with Mission Directorate Technology Programs (e.g., ESMD)

3

Relationship Between ESMD and STP Technology Program Elements

25

Tech

nolo

gy R

eadi

ness

Lev

el (T

RL)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Agency WideTech

Mission DirectorateSpecific Tech

Mission & TimelineSpecific Tech

ESMD: Flagship Demos & Robotic Precursors

NationalNeed Tech

NASA MD Missions

STP: Cross-Cutting Capability Demos

STP: Game Changing Technology

Valleyof Death

STP: Early Stage Innovation

ESMD: Enabling Tech Dev & DemosHuman Research Program

Heavy Lift & Propulsion Dev

Scope of Applicability

Near-Term Actions• An Agency-wide team is in place developing detailed plans for the

execution of the three major program elements and an Agency partnership development and strategic integration function

• Major milestones include:– Technology Roadmap and Prioritization Process: April 12, 2010

– Space Technology Investment Coordination: April 12, 2010

– Centennial Challenges Lunar Exploration Prize: April 26, 2010

– Space Technology Program Plan (includes IPP): June 28, 2010

– ISS as a Platform for Technology Development (SOMD lead): August 9, 2010

• Center program leadership assignments completed in March• Solicitations/planning for new programs (Space Technology Research

Grants, NIAC2, Center Innovation Fund, Game Changing Development, Small Satellite Technologies, Edison Small Satellite Missions, Technology Demonstrations) completed in May/June

• Solicitation/planning for ongoing programs (SBIR/STTR, Centennial Challenges, Flight Opportunities) proceeding on schedule

26

The Space Technology Program will be ready to make awards on October 1, 2010

Approximate Number of Planned FY11 Space Technology Products

• 200 Space Technology Research Grants• 500 Space Technology Graduate Fellowships• 20 NIAC2 Phase I Awards• 125 Center Innovation Fund Awards• 400 SBIR/STTR Phase I Awards• 50 SBIR/STTR Phase II Awards• 5 New Centennial Challenges• 6 Game Changing Development Awards• 2 Small Satellite Technologies• 3 Technology Demonstration Missions• 1 Edison Small Satellite Missions• 40 FAST Awards• 2 CRuSR Awards

27

Over 1300 activities to be initiated in FY11

SummaryNASA as a Major Component of our Nation’s Innovation Engine:• America’s economic competitiveness and high standard of living are based on

decades of investment in innovation • Investment in innovation in NASA communities will drive a sustainable, yet

aggressive, future mission portfolio• Innovative research and technology, tied to exciting missions with national

importance, is a strong motivator for students in STEM disciplines, and a strong attraction for new hires

• This investment will also allow NASA to participate in the development of technological solutions addressing broader National needs in energy, weather & climate, Earth science, health & wellness, and National security

• NASA’s focus on innovation and technology will:– Be responsive to Augustine and NRC input– Position NASA for human exploration beyond low earth orbit– Be highly engaging of our academic and industrial partners, and the emerging

commercial space sector– Leverage efforts of other government agencies and international partners– Result in new inventions, new capabilities and creation of a pipeline of innovators

trained to serve future national needs 28

NASA Space Technology ProgramSpace TechnologyProgram Element

Early-StageInnovation

Game-Changing TechnologyCrosscutting Capability

Demonstrations

Development StageConcept Validation (TRL 1-2)

Tech Demonstration (TRL 3-4/5)

System Qualification (TRL 6)

Number of Projects 100+ 10-20 3-8

Typical Project Cost $50K-$800K$45M (2 years)$75M (3 years)

$150M from STP

Project Duration 6 months – 2 years 2 yrs w/potential 1 yr extension < 3 years

Programs

Space Tech Research Grants

Game Changing DevelopmentSmall Satellite Technology

Technology DemonstrationsEdison Small Sat MissionsFlight Opportunities

NIAC2

Center Innovation Fund

SBIR/STTR

Centennial Challenges

Performer Selection Competed > 70% Competed > 70% Competed

Typical Performers Academia, NASA, IndustryNASA, Federal Labs, Industry, Academia

Industry, NASA

Funding/Partnership Mechanisms

Grants, Contracts, Cooperative Agreements, Prize Competitions

Grants, Contracts, Cooperative Agreements, Space Act Agreements

Contracts, Space Act Agreements

Cost-Sharing Encouraged Preferred Required, 25% minimum

Partners

AcademiaFederal: NASA MDs, DARPA, DOD, DOE, NOAA, NSF, OtherIndustry: Aerospace, Non-AerospaceInternational Partners

30

Backup

a) Space Technology Research Grants• Analogous to the Fundamental Aeronautics program within NASA ARMD• Focuses on foundational research in advanced space systems and space technology• Includes new graduate fellowship program

b) NIAC Phase I and Phase II• Engages innovators internal and external to the Agency in accordance with the

recommendations of the NRC’s Fostering Visions of the Future report

c) Center Innovations Fund• Enhances the Innovative Partnership Programs Seed Fund to stimulate aerospace creativity

and innovation at the NASA field Centers

d) SBIR/STTR• Engages small businesses and research institutions in aerospace innovation

e) Centennial Challenges Prize Program• Addresses key technology needs with new sources of innovation outside the traditional

aerospace community

All selections within this program element are performed competitively

Early Stage Innovation Program Element

a) Game Changing Development• Maturation of advanced space technologies that may lead to entirely new approaches for the Agency's

future space missions and solutions to significant national needs in accordance with the recommendations of the NRC’s America's Future in Space: Aligning the Civil Space Program with National Needs (2009) report

• Demonstrates the feasibility of novel, early-stage ideas through a significant ground-based test and/or laboratory experimentation program

• Fixed duration awards made to PI-led teams comprised of government, academia and industry partners

• Collaboration with DARPA and other government agencies

b) Small Satellite Subsystem Technology• Technologies that enable small satellites to provide game changing capabilities for government and

commercial sectors

Greater than 70% of selections within this program element are performed competitively

Game Changing Technology Program Element

a) Technology Demonstrations• Crosscutting (defined as a technology with potential to benefit to multiple NASA mission

directorates, other government agencies or the space industry)• Demonstration in relevant environment (TRL 6)• Maximum three years development• Minimum 25% customer contribution to demonstrate infusion interest

b) Edison Small Satellite Demonstration Missions• Develop and operate a series of NASA-focused small satellite demonstration missions• NASA will pursue these missions in collaboration with academia and small business in close

coordination with relevant successful programs under development at AFRL and the Operationally Responsive Space Office

• NASA-university collaborative efforts will be explored to enable university students to gain hands-on experience within these project activities.

c) Flight Opportunities• NASA-provided flight opportunities for science, technology development and education efforts to

reduced-gravity environments, brief periods of weightlessness, and high-altitude atmospheric research

• CRuSR program will competitively secure commercial suborbital flight services for experiment payloads supporting NASA's objectives in science, technology and education

• FAST focuses on testing technologies on parabolic aircraft flights that can simulate microgravity and the reduced gravity environments of the Moon or Mars

Greater than 70% of selections within this program element are performed competitively

Crosscutting Capability Demonstration Program Element

34

Technology Readiness Level Definitions

• In 2009, the Augustine Committee strongly endorsed increased investment in innovative technologies and approaches to achieving broadly defined NASA and national goals

• This technology and innovation investment was included in all new Program Options suggested by the Augustine Committee

The Committee strongly believes it is time for NASA to reassume its crucial role of developing new technologies for space. Today, the alternatives available for exploration systems are severely limited because of the lack of a strategic investment in technology development in past decades. NASA now has an opportunity to develop a technology roadmap that is aligned with an exploration mission that will last for decades. If appropriately funded, a technology development program would re-engage the minds at American universities, in industry and within NASA. The investments should be designed to increase the capabilities and reduce the costs of future exploration. This will benefit human and robotic exploration, the commercial space community, and other U.S. government users.

35

Augustine Committee Input

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/396093main_HSF_Cmte_FinalReport.pdf*Underline highlight added.

• In 2009, the NRC report “America’s Future in Space” specifically speaks to this issue in one of its six key recommendations:

4. Advanced space technology. NASA should revitalize its advanced technology development program by establishing a DARPA-like organization within NASA as a priority mission area to support preeminent civil, national security (if dual-use), and commercial space programs. The resulting program should:

a. Be organizationally independent of major development programs;b. Serve all civil space customers, including the commercial sector;c. Conduct an extensive assessment of the current state and potential of civil space

technology; andd. Conduct cutting-edge fundamental research in support of the nation’s space

technology base.

36

Recent NRC Recommendations (1 of 2)

http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12701*Underline highlight added.

• In 2009, the Congressionally mandated NRC report “Fostering Visions for the Future: A Review of the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts” also speaks to this issue:

Key Recommendations:

•NASA should reestablish a NIAC-like entity (“NIAC2”)…to seek out visionary, far-reaching, advanced concepts with the potential of significant benefit to accomplishing NASA’s charter and to begin the process of maturing these advanced concepts for infusion into NASA’s missions

•NIAC2 should report to the Office of the Administrator, be outside mission directorates, and be chartered to address NASA-wide mission and technology needs. To increase NIAC2’s relevance, NASA mission directorates should contribute thematic areas for consideration. The committee also recommends that a NIAC2 organization should be funded and administered separately from NASA development programs, mission directorates, and institutional constraints.

•Future NIAC2 proposal opportunities be open to principal investigators or teams both internal and external to NASA

37

Recent NRC Recommendations (2 of 2)

http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12702*Underline highlight added.

38

9 Examples of Game-Changing Civil Space Possibilities*:• Quantify Causes, Trends and Effects of Long-Term Earth Climate Change• Accurately Forecast the Emergence of Major Storms and Natural Disasters• Develop and Utilize Efficient Space-Based Energy Sources• Prepare an Asteroid Defense• Identify Life Elsewhere in our Solar System• Identify Earth-like Worlds Around Other Stars• Initiate Interstellar Robotic Exploration• Achieve Reliable Commercial Low-Earth Orbit Transportation• Achieve Permanent Human Presence Beyond the Cradle of Earth

A NASA focus on Innovation and Technology is required both to enable new approaches to our current mission set and to allow us to pursue entirely new missions.

*From Introduction to Aerospace Engineering course notes, AE1350, R.D. Braun, Georgia Tech, Fall 2008.

A University Professor’s View of the Near Future