Nano Technoloy in Medicine

8/9/2019 Nano Technoloy in Medicine

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Dr . . .V Rao MD

NANO TECHNOLOY

IN MEDICINE


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NANOSCIENCE

Nanosciene

is theScience of

Tiny Things


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Nanotechnol

Nanometre

Nano-stu

ff

Nan

o-P

rod

u

Nanomedicine

NanoscienceNanobotsA prefix that means very,very, small.

Nano:


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Nanotechnol

Nanometre

Nano-stu

ff

Nan

o-P

rod

u

Nanomedicine

NanoscienceNanobotsA part of science that studies smallstuff.

Nanoscience


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NANAO Means DWARF

The word itself is acombination of nano,from the Greek nanos(or Latin nanus),meaning Dwarf, and

the word "Science.Nano refers to the 10-9

power, or one billionth.In these terms it refers to

a meter, or a nanometer,which is on the scale ofatomic diameters


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Best definition of Nanoscience

Probably the best definition comes from the NanoSci-ERA2006 (www.nanoscience- europe.org): theterm Nanoscience encompasses the commonunifying concepts and physical laws that prevail in

the nanoscale.Research in nanoscience is an interdisciplinary

knowledge-generating activity that strives tounderstand these laws and how they govern the

behaviour of nano-scale objects of physical,chemical or biological interest.


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Nanoscience

Nanoscience isthe study ofatoms,

molecules, andobjects whosesize is on the

nanometer scale( 1 - 100nanometres )


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Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology,shortened to "nanotech",is the study of thecontrolling of matter on anatomic and molecular

scale. Generallynanotechnology deals withstructures sized 100nanometers or smaller inat least one dimension,

and involves developingmaterials or devices withinthat size.


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Nanotechnology

Measure anything smaller than micronsAnything at nanoscale 0.1 nm 100nmTo study the function and structure of those smallest

units in materials or living organismsThe major research objective of MolecularNanotechnology are the design, modelling, and

fabrication of molecular machines and moleculardevices.

Capable to build systems and materials with exactspecifications and characteristics.


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What is Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices and

systems, through the understanding and control of matter atdimensions in the nanometer scale length (1-100 nm), where newfunctionalities and properties of matter are observed and harnessedfor a broad range of applications

www.nasa.gov

An engineered DNA strandSemiconducting metal junctionformed by two carbon nanotubes

www.phys.psu.edu

pRNA tiny motor

www.purdue.edu


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What is Nanoscale

1.27 107

m

ww.mathworks.com

0.22

m

0.7 10-9

m

Fullerenes C60

12,756 Km22 cm 0.7 nm

10 millionstimes smaller

1 billion timessmaller

www.physics.ucr.edu


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Nanotechnology Applications

Information Technology Energy

Medicine Consumer Goods

Smaller, faster, moreenergy efficient andpowerful computingand other IT-based

systems

More efficient and costeffective technologies forenergy production

Solar cellsFuel cells

BatteriesBio fuels

Foods and beveragesAdvanced packaging

materials, sensors, andlab-on-chips for foodquality testing

Appliances and textilesStain proof, water proof

and wrinkle free textilesHousehold and cosmetics

Self-cleaning and

scratch free products,paints, and bettercosmetics

Cancer treatmentBone treatment

Drug deliveryAppetite controlDrug developmentMedical toolsDiagnostic testsImaging


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Medical Nanotechnology orNanomedicine

Nanomedicine isthe application ofnanotechnology inmedicine,including to curediseases andrepair damaged

tissues such asbone, muscle, andnerve


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New Technologies Needed in Medicine

Translating breakthroughsin understanding ofdisease into preventivemedicine

How to design affordable

healthcare for the bottom-of-the-pyramid

How to reap the benefits ofhealthcare while reducing

the inefficienciesCreating technologies for a

countrys economic growth


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Uses of Nanotechnology in Medicine

Biological imaging formedical diagnostics.Advanced drug delivery

systems.Biosensors for airborne

chemicals or othertoxins.Regenerative medicine:More durable, rejection-

resistant artificial

tissues and organs.


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Nanosciences influences Microbiology

Nanoscience does have animpact on several areasof microbiology. Itallows for the study and

visualization at the

molecular-assemblylevels of a process.It facilitates identification

of molecular recognitionand self-assembly motifs

as well as theassessment of theseprocesses


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Nano Diagnostics: early and accurate diagnosis

Biosensors and miniaturized devices targeted imagingagents to highlight of disease Targeted Drug Delivery:on the spot bring the drug to the target site and monitorits impact

Regenerative Medicine: stimulated repair help the body to(re)build organs or systemsMeeting ELSA challengesEthical, Legal & Social AspectsFor the main diseases in the world:Cancer, cardiovascular disease, musculo-skeletal, mental

and infectious disease, and diabetes


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Nano Technology in Cancer

To develop cure fortraditionally incurablediseases (e.g. cancer)through the utilization

of nanotechnologyTo provide more

effective cure withfewer side effects by

means of targeteddrug delivery systems


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Nano Diagnostics Opportunities

Screening: personal riskfactors

Identification ofpopulation at risk

Prediction of risk factorsEarlier, more sensitive,

faster diagnostic

Diagnosis of

asymptomatic patients


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Nanomedicine helps in Early Diagnosis

Higher sensitivity:detection of earlybiomarkers

Non- invasive and painlessdiagnostic techniques

From Central Lab tophysicians office andthe home

Genetic testing for

individual therapyselection


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Helps Targeted Drug Delivery

Protected Drug delivery totarget sites

Nanoparticles

Miniature devices

Higher doses Healthy tissue not affected

Theranostics


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Regenerative Medicine

Targeted Cell implantationBiomimicking cell

membranes

Polymers with

programmableconformation

Control of implantrejections


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ELSA Compliance

Nanomedicine touchesfamiliar Ethical,Legal and Social

Aspects (ELSA)

known frombiomedical ethicssuch as gap betweendiagnostics and

therapy sensitivity of genetic

information


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Key Goals for Nanomedicine

To develop cure fortraditionally incurablediseases (e.g. cancer)through the utilization

of nanotechnologyTo provide more

effective cure withfewer side effects by

means of targeteddrug delivery systems


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Nanotechnology in Health Care

Thermal ablation of cancer cells assistedby nanoshells coated with metallic layerand an external energy source National CancerInstitute

Thermal ablation of cancercellsNanoshells have metallic

outer layer and silica core

Selectively attracted tocancer shells eitherthrough a phenomenacalled enhancedpermeation retention ordue to some moleculescoated on the shells

The nanoshells areheated with an external

energy source killing thecancer cells


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Treatment

Targeted drug deliveryNanoparticles

containing drugs arecoated with targetingagents (e.g.conjugated antibodies)

The nanoparticles

circulate through theblood vessels andreach the target cells

Drugs are releaseddirectly into the

targeted cells


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Nanotechnology is Potential science

Nanotechnology hasthe potential to createmany new materialsand devices with a

vast range ofapplications, such asin medicine,electronics,

biomaterials andenergy production.


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Nanotechnology in Food Industry

A microscopic biologicalsensor that detectsSalmonella bacteria inlab tests has beendeveloped by an

Agricultural ResearchService (ARS) scientistand universitycolleagues. The sensor

could be adapted todetect other food bornepathogens as well.

M k th d t ti f I f ti A t


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Makes the detection of Infectious AgentsEasier

A microscopicbiological sensor thatcan detect Salmonellabacteria--shown here

in a petri dish--in labtests has beendeveloped by anAgricultural Research

Service scientist anduniversity colleagues.


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Nano Technology helps particles pass throughBlood Brain Barrier

IBN's peptidenanoparticles, on theother hand, contain amembrane-penetratingcomponent that enables

them to pass throughthe blood brain barrierto the infected areas ofthe brain that require

treatment.

ibi i l d b i


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Nanoantibiotics can penetrate Blood brainbarrier

The ability of IBN's peptidenanoparticles to traversethe blood brain barrieroffers a superioralternative to existing

treatments for braininfections. The brainmembrane is impenetrableto most conventionalantibiotics because the

molecular structure ofmost drugs is too big toenter the membrane.

Nanoparticles overcome Drug


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Nanoparticles overcome DrugResistance

". The treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterialinfections is a greatchallenge for medicine.IBN's peptide

nanoparticles providedoctors with a novelmeans of treatinginfections that do not

respond to conventionalantibiotic

Th M t S i I f ti &


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The Most Serious Infections &Oligodynamic Silver

Silver ions can easily reach into the nucleus of thegerm, where its vital gene pool is located. Oncesilver ions combine with these genes, the genes

become paralyzed, and the germ cannot replicate

itself.15 Most recently, another researcher foundthat silver, when tied to oxygen, can actuallyelectrocute the germ which has turned out to be apowerful way to destroy viruses such as HIV!16 It is

very difficult to imagine that germs can develop

resistance to the onslaught made possible withUPOSH when it is properly delivered to thelocations ofthe infection."


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Nanoengineering couldprevent bacterialinfections using tinybiochemical machines

nanofactoriesthatcan confuse bacteriaand stop them fromspreading, without

the use of antibiotics

Stopping Bacterial Infections Without Antibiotics


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Nanomethods can alter Quorum Sensing

The nanofactories couldtrick the bacteria intosensing a quorum tooearly. Doing so wouldtrigger the bacteria to

try to form an infectionbefore there are enoughbacterial cells to doharm. This wouldprompt a natural

immune systemresponse capable ofstopping them withoutthe use of drugs.


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Nanotechnology offers tools andtechniques for more effectivedetection, diagnosis andtreatment of diseases

Detection and DiagnosisLab on chips help detection and

diagnosis of diseases moreefficiently

Nanowire and cantilever lab on

chips help in early detection ofcancer biomarkers


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Nano-medicine in Cancer Study

To study cancer at molecular level To understand the relationship between gene mutation

and the cause of cancersTo identify tumor markers for early diagnosis of different

cancersCollect clinical information in order to find out which

treatment has best result for patients representingdifferent gene expression pattern for the samecancer

To provide Oncologists with personal gene information inorder to select most suitablepersonalized medicineand treatment for each individual patient


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PRIORITY AREAS on Nanomedicine

DNA Vaccines for parasitic, bacterialand viral diseases

Oral and pulmonary routes forsystemic delivery of proteins andpeptides

Nanotechnology in TissueEngineering

Impacts of Human Genome Research to


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Impacts of Human Genome Research toMedicine

Enter the era ofpersonalized medicineGenetic profiling for cancer risk -To identify the molecular changes of genes that underlie the

high

risk of cancer Precise diagnosis of the special types of cancerPro-active cancer management -Life style modification and monitoring.Pharmaco-genomic profiling for drug responsesTo identify the genetic predisposition for drug responses to

assist drug selection, optimize efficacy and minimize toxicity.

Gene therapy development

Nanotechnology and Water Microbiology


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Nanotechnology and Water Microbiology

Nanotechnologyoffers thepotential of novelnanomaterials for thetreatment of surface water,groundwater and

wastewater contaminatedby toxic metal ions,organic and inorganicsolutes andmicroorganisms. At the

present time manynanomaterials are underactive research anddevelopment.
http://www.horizonpress.com/nanotechnologyhttp://www.horizonpress.com/nanotechnology


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Nanomicrobiology andAtomic Force Microscopy

Nanoscience andmicrobiology, thenanoscale analysis ofmicrobial cells usingatomic force microscopy

(AFM) is an exciting,rapidly evolving researchfield. Over the past decade,there has beentremendous progress in

use of AFM to observemembrane proteins andlive cells at high resolution


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Spectroscopy and Nanotechnology

Advances have also beenmade in applying forcespectroscopy tomanipulate singlemembrane proteins, to

map surface propertiesand receptor sites oncells and to measurecellular interactions at

the single-cell andsingle-molecule levels.


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Dendrimers and Nanotechnology

Dendrimers are anotherinteresting and powerful useof nanotechnology inmedicine. Dendrimers arenanostructured syntheticmolecules with a regular

branching structureprojecting from a central core

Dendrimers may act as effectiveagents for delivering DNAinto cells during gene therapy. While viral vectors typically

trigger an immune response,in principle, Dendrimersshould not.
http://www.nano-biology.net/showcitationlist.php?keyword=gene%20therapyhttp://www.nano-biology.net/showcitationlist.php?keyword=gene%20therapy


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Ultimate Nanotechnology would be to build atthe level of one atom at a time and to be able to

do so with perfection.

Medicine may become AtomicMedicine


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Possible concerns on Nanoparticles ?

Experts report smallerparticles are morebioactive and toxic. Theirability to interact withother living systems

increases because they caneasily cross the skin, lung,and in some cases the

blood/brain barriers. Onceinside the body, there may

be further biochemicalreactions like the creationof free radicals thatdamage cells.


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Nanoparticles can be Industrial Hazard ???

Highest at risk are workersemployed by manufacturersproducing products thatcontain nanoparticles. TheNational Institute forOccupational Safety andHealth (NIOSH) reports

over 2 million Americansare exposed to high levels ofnanoparticles and theybelieve this figure will riseto 4 million in the nearfuture. NIOSH publishes

safety guidelines andother information forthose employed in thenanoindustry.


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Safety concerns of Nanomaterials

While nanomaterials present seemingly limitlesspossibilities, they bring with them new challenges tounderstanding, predicting, and managing potentialsafety and health risks to workers. The National

Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth (NIOSH) remains committed toprotecting workers now and in the future, asnanotechnology applications and uses expand.

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health


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Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) concerns on Nanoscience

NIOSH hopes to: raiseawareness of theoccupational safety andhealth issues involved

with nanotechnology;

make recommendationson occupational safetyand health best practicesin the production and

use of nanomaterials.


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Created byDr.T.V.Rao MD for

e learning in Medicine email

[email protected]

Nano Technoloy in Medicine

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