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Introduction to Nanotechnology

March 10, 2007

bnl

manchester

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Some things we will discuss:

How big are nanostructures

Scaling down to the nanoscale

How are nanostructures made?

Fabrication, synthesis, manufacturing

How do we see them?Imaging and property characterization

Why do we care?Applications to science, technology and society

Introduction to Nanotechnology

March 10, 2007

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Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the understanding

and control of matter at dimensions of

roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, whereunique phenomena enable novel

applications.

1 nanometer = 1 x 10-9 m

nano.gov

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How small are

nanostructures?Single Hair

Width = 0.1 mm

= 100 micrometers

= 100,000 nanometers !

1 nanometer = one billionth (10-9) meter

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Smaller still

Hair

.

Red blood cell

6,000 nanometersDNA

3 nanometers

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An Early Nanotechnologist?

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Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)

...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large

Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I

saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oiltho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and

extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that

Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking

Glass....

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... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful...

...perhaps half an Acre

CHALLENGE: How thick was the film of oil?

Volume = (Area)(Thickness)

V = A t

It can be determined that thethickness is around 1 nanometer

> ACTIVITY with Oleic Acid

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An Early Nanotechnologist!

A monolayerfilm (single layer of molecules)

~1 nm thick

Langmuir film

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QuickTime and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Langmuir

Film pressuree.g., steric acid

monolayer film

water

hydrophilic end

hydrophobic end

of an amphiphilic

molecule

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Langmuir-Blodgett FilmMust control movable

barrier to keep constantpressure

multiple dips -

multiple layers

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"Optical Lever"

To determine amplification factor,use the concept of similar triangles

laser pointer

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"Optical Lever"

y1x1

y2

x2

y2

x2

=y1

x1

y2=

x2

x1

y1

For example, if the laser pointer is 2" long, and the wall

is 17' (204") away,

y2=204

2

y1 100y

1Motion amplified

by 100 times!

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.

"Optical Lever" for Profilometry

cantilever

laser

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.

"Optical Lever" for Profilometry

cantilever

laserLong light path and ashort cantilever gives

large amplification

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AFM I t t H d

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Qu

ick

time

Qu

ick

time

AFM Cantilever Chip AFM Instrument Head

Laser Beam Path Cantilever Deflection

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More on Nanotechnology

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From DOE

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A Few Nanostructures Made at UMass100 nm dots 70 nm nanowires 200 nm rings

12 nm pores 14 nm dots

13 nm rings 25 nm honeycomb14 nm nanowires

18 nm pores

150 nm holes

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"Nano"

Nanoscale - at the 1-100 nm scale, roughly Nanostructure - an object that has nanoscale

features

Nanoscience - the behavior and properties of

nanostructures

Nanotechnology - the techniques for making and

characterizing nanostructures and putting them to

use Nanomanufacturing - methods for producing

nanostructures in reliable and commercially viable

ways

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Nanotechnology R&D is

interdisciplinary and impacts many industries

Physics

Chemistry

Biology

Materials Science

Polymer Science

Electrical Engineering

Chemical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Medicine

And others

Electronics Materials Health/Biotech

Chemical Environmental Energy Aerospace

Automotive Security Forest products And others

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Making Small Smaller

An Example: Electronics-Microprocessors

ibm.com

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Electronics Keeps On Getting Better

Moore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chip

intel.com

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Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading

commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but

other areas (materials, biotech, energy, etc) are

of significant and growing importance.

Some have been around for a very long time:

Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold

nanoparticles

Photographic film - silver nanoparticles

Tires - carbon black nanoparticles Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of

platinum and palladium

nano gov

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QuickTime and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

"Biggest science

initiative since the

Apollo program"

nano.gov

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National Nanotechnology Initiative

Program Component Areas (2007 Federal Budget)1.Fundamental Nanoscale Phenomena and Processes

2.Nanomaterials

3.Nanoscale Devices and Systems

4.Instrumentation Research, Metrology and Standards forNanotechnology

5.Nanomanufacturing

6.Major Research Facilities and Instrumentation Acquisition

7.Societal Dimensions

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Lithography

Mark

Tuominen

Mark

Tuominen

Mark

Tuominen

(Using a stencil or mask)

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Making a microscopic mask

Silicon crystal

Polymer film

Electron Beam

Nanoscopic Mask !

Example: Electron-Beam Lithography

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Lithography

IBM

CopperWiring

On a

Computer

Chip

Patterned

Several

Times

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CORE CONCEPT

FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition

Template

Etching

Mask

Nanoporous

Membrane

Remove polymer

block within cylinders

(expose and develop)

Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system

(physical orelectrochemical)

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DEVELOPMENT OF NANOFABRICATION

TECHNIQUES FOR PLASMONIC ARRAYS

template dots

rings holescylinders

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How do we see nanostructures?

A light microscope? Helpful, but

cannot resolve below 1000 nm

An electron microscope? Has a long

history of usefulness at the nanoscale

A scanning probe microscope? A

newer tool that has advanced imaging

prelim

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Television Set

eye

electron beam

TV screen

Light !electronsource

prelim.

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Scanning Electron Microscope

SAMPLE

ElectronBeam

DETECTOR

Scanning probe microscope

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Scanning probe microscope

Surface

Vibrating Cantilever

PS/PEO

AFM image

m

(large )

Laser Beam

AFM, STM, MFM, others

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