Namma Kalvi 12th Bio-Zoology Study Material TM · 2019-03-03 · a.bharathiraja. pgt in zoology...

A.BHARATHIRAJA. PGT IN ZOOLOGY (9944277623)

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czñ£l« 01. 1 »uh« fh®nghiA£nu£oèUªJ cUthF« fnyhç msÎ

– 4.1 fnyhçfŸ 02. fšÄuš (k) jirfëš fhz¥gL© T£L¢rª¡fiu - »is¡nfh#‹ 03. ruhrçahf clèš fhz¥gL© mändh mäy¦fë‹ v©â¡if – 20 04. òuj¡Fiwgh£odhš V‰gL© nehŒfŸ – kuhRk«, FthÁaªfŸ 05. ICMR & WHO-‹ gç¨Jiuægo 1 ehŸ x‹¿‰F njit¥gL« òuj¤Â‹ msÎ –1 »nyh »uh« vil¡F - 1 »uh« 06. oiu»ëriuLfŸ Ïjdhš MdJ - »ëruhš (k) bfhG¥ò mäy© 07. 1 »uh© è¥Ãoš cUthF© fnyhçæ‹ msÎ – 9.3 fnyhçfŸ 08. eh« czéèUªJ bgU© fnyhçfëš bfhG¥ÃèU¨J bgw¥gL© msÎ

– 25 – 30 % 09. bfhG¥Ãš fiuÍ© it£lä‹fŸ – ADE k‰W© K 10. Úçš fiuÍ© it£lä‹fŸ B k‰W© C 11. ADE K it£lä‹fis mÂf© c§gjhš V‰gL© nehŒ – it£ländhÁ° 12. it£lä‹ D-æ‹ ntWbgaª - fhšÁbguš (m) Nça xë it£lä‹ 13. éy¦Ffë‹ Ïd¥bgU¡f¤ÂwD¡F cjÎ© it£lä‹ - E 14. Ïu¤j© ciwjèš <LgL© it£lä‹ - K 15. nehŒ¤ jLgh‰wiy ö§L© it£lä‹ - it£lä‹ C 16. vY©òfë‹ tsª¢Áæš cjÎ it£lä‹ - it£lä‹ D 17. ÂR¡fS¡F ò¤Jzª¢Á më¡F© it£lä‹ - it£lä‹ E 18. Ïu¤j Át¥gQ¡fë‹ KÂª¢Á¡F cjÎ© it£lä‹

- it£lä‹ B12 19. M§oM¡ìnl‹lhf brašgL© it£lä‹ - it£lä‹ E 20. it£lä‹ D Fiwédhš V‰gL© nehŒ – bgçatªfëš M«oahknyÁah, Á¿atªfëš ç¡f£« 21. it£lä‹ B1 Fiwédhš V‰gL© nehŒ – bgç ~bgç 22. eu«ò k‰W© Ïja R‰W k§ly¦fŸ ghÂ¥giltJ v¨j nehæ‹

m¿F¿ bgç~bgç 23. it£lä‹ B6 -‹ ntWbgaª - igçlh¡ì‹ 24. Ïu¤j nrhif nehŒ Ï¨j it£lä‹ Fiwédhš V‰gL»wJ – B12

25. j§Ltl© rhª¨j eu©ò ghÂ¥ò Fiwgh£il V‰gL¤J© it£lä‹ - it£lä‹ B12 26. eu©ò¤ jir¤ ö§lèš cjÎ© jåk¦Ÿ – k¡ÜÁa«, nrhoa«, bgh£lhÁa« 27. M¡ì#‹ fl¤Jjèš cjÎ© jåk© - ÏU«ò 28. Ãw¨j FH¨ijæ‹ clèš fhz¥gL© Úç‹ msÎ – 85 – 90% 29. ÏisPªfë‹ clèš fhz¥gL© Úç‹ msÎ – 55-60% 30. bkh¤j fnyhç¤ njitæš òuj¤Âš ÏU¨J bgw¥gL© fnyhçæ‹

msÎ – 10 – 15% 31. bkh¤j fnyhç¤ njitæš bfhG¥ÃèU¨j bgw¥gL© fnyhçæ‹

msÎ – 25 – 30% 32. bkšYjš (m) Rit¤jèš <LgL© eu©òfŸ – nrhkh£o¡ eu©òfŸ 33. xU ehëš Ru¡f¥gL© cäœÚç‹ msÎ – 1000 – 1500 ml 34. ghš òuj¤Â‹ ÛJ brašgL© behÂ – buå‹ 35. cäœÚçš fhz¥gL© behÂfŸ – mikny«, äôÁ‹ 36. Hcl mäy¤ij Ru¡F© bršfŸ RtªbršfŸ (m) M¡ì‹o¡ bršfŸ 37. Flšò‹fis V‰gL¤J© gh¡Oçah – bAè¡nfh ng¡l® ignyç 38. K‹ Flš ò‹ fhz¥gL© taJ - 25 – 45 taJ 39. Ïiu¥ig ò© fhz¥gL« taJ – 50 taÂ‰F nkš 40. bg§fëš nkš¤ bjhil¥ÃJ¡f© V‰gl¡ fhuz© - mÂf clš vil

k‰W© mÂf FH¨ij bg‰wš 41. Ã¤j¡f‰fis cUth¡FtJ – bfhy«£uhš 42. vY«ò K¿Î Á»¢ir Kiwæid és¡»at® - ï¥ngh»nu£l° 43. nehŒ ãiy K¿é‰fhd fhuz© - iA¥g® ghuhijuhŒor© 44. g¡féj¤Âdhš V‰gL© _£L eGÎjY¡F vL¤J¡fh£L – Ïs©ÃŸis thj© (nghènah) 45. nehædhš V‰gL© _£L eGÎjY¡F fhuz© - fhrnehŒ (TB) 46. irndhéaš ciwæ‹ Å¡f© v‹gJ v¨j tif _£Ltè¡F vL¤J¡fh£L – Unk£o¡ _£Ltè 47. bfs£ v‹gJ – tsªÁij kh‰w Fiwgh£L _£Ltè 48. it£lä‹ D fhz¥gL« K¡»a czÎ¥bghUŸ – fh£ k‰W© Ruh v§bzŒ


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2. vYk;GfYk; %l;LfSk; 01. xU tsHe;j kdpjdpd; clypy; cs;s vYk;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if 206 02. kdpj clypy; vYk;GfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;l jir ehhfspd;

vz;zpf;if700 03. kdpj clypd; nkhj;j vilapy; 50 rjtPjj;ij vYk;GfSk; jir

ehHfSk; nfhz;Ls;sd 04. if> fhy;fspy; vYk;G KwpT rpfpr;ir gw;wp tpsf;fpatH - `pg;NghfpNul;l]; 05. nrhbak; A+Nul gbfq;fs; gbtjhy; Vw;gLk; %l;L typ nfsl; 06. kdpj clypy; 98% fhy;rpak; vYk;G kz;lyj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 07. itl;lkpd; D mjpfkhf cs;s kPd; vz;nza; fhl;kw;Wk; - Rwh kPd;fspd; vz;nza;

3. jirfs;

01. ek; clypd;vilapy; jirffspd; msT 40% 02. 10% cly; vilapy; nkd;ikahd jpRf;fSk; ,jaj;jirfSk;

mlq;Fk;. 03. jir ehHfspd; FWf;F tpl;l msT 10 Kjy; 100 ikf;uhd;fs 04. jir ehHfspd; ePsk; 1kp.kP Kjy; 20 kp.kP 05. xt;nthU jir ehhpYk; cs;s ikNah/iggphpy;fspd; vz;zpf;if

4 Kjy; 20 tiu 06. ikNah/igghphpy;fspd; tpl;l msT 1 Kjy; 3 ikf;uhd;fs;. 07. ikNahrpd; ,iofspd; tpl;l msT 110A 08. ikNahrpd; ,iofspd; ePsk; 1.5ikf;uhd; 09. efUk; ,io fUj;Jf; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;ltHfs; `hd;rd; kw;Wk;

`f;Ny (1955) 10. ,ay;ghd ePsKila jirfs; nray;gLk; NghJ njhd;Wk; mjpfgl;r

mOj;jrf;jp RkhH 3.5fp.fp/r.nr.kP 11. kuz tpiwg;G eilngw MFk; Neuk; 15-25 kzp 12. 20 epkplq;fs; clw;gapw;rp nra;tjhy; vhpf;fg;gLk; rf;jpapd; msT 200

fNyhhpfs; (m) 837 fpNyh [Py;fs; 13. ikah];jPdpah fpuhtpy 20>000 j;jpy; xUtiuj; jhf;FfpwJ 14. ikah];jPdpah fpuhtp]; 20-30 tajpw;Fl;gl;l ngz;fisNa mjpfk;

jhf;FfpwJ. 15. ikah];jPdpahthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhhpy; 10% ,wf;fpd;wdH.

4. Rthrpj;jy;

01. tsp kz;lyj;jpy; O2d; gFjp mOj;jk; 20-25% 02. tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhHgd;-il-Mf;i]bd; mOj;jk; 0.04%

03. %r;Rr; rpw;wiwapy; Mf;]p[dpd; gFjp mOj;jk; 100kp.kP.hg 04. rpiufspd; ,uj;jj;jpy; Mf;]p[dpd; gFjp mOj;jk; 40kp.kP.hg 05. %r;Rr; rpw;wiwapy; CO2d; gFjp mOj;jk; 6kp.kP.hg 06. rpiufspd; ,uj;jj;jpy; CO2 ;d; gfjp mOj;jk; 46kp.kP.hg. 07. fhHgd;-il-Mf;i]L ntspNaw;wj;jpd; Ntfk; Mf;]p[id tpl 20 klq;Ffs; ,Uf;Fk; 09. COLD vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; Kw;wpa EiuaPuy; ghijj; jilNeha;

(Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease)

5. FUjpr; Row;rp 01. SA fZtpd; msT 1.5cmx3mm 02. SA fZtpd; kpd; J}z;ly; gutypd; Ntfk; 0.3kP/nrz;L 03. cuj;j kw;Wk; epz;l yg; xspapd; fhy msT 0.16 Kjy; 0.9

nrfz;Lfs; 04. rw;W FWfpa lg; xspapd; fhy msT 0.10 nrfz;Lfs; 05. rhjhuzkhf kdpj ,jak; epkplj;jpw;F 72-80 Kiwfs; Jbf;Fk; 06. ehbj;Jbg;gpid kzpf;fl;by czuyhk;; 07. CAD vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; ,jaj; jkdp Neha; (Coronary artery

diseases) 08. RHD vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; UNkl;bf; ,ja Neha; (Rheumatic heart

disease) 09. ICCU vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; ,jaf;Foy; neha; jPtpu rpfpr;irg;gphpT

(Intensive coronary care unit) 10. cly; eyKila xUthpd; uj;j mOj;jk; 120/80kp.kP 11. ,uj;j mOj;jk; 60 tajpy; 130/90kp.kP nkHf;Fhp 12. kpifaOj;jk; cila xUthpd; ,uj;j mOj;jkhdJ 160/95kp.kP

nkHf;Fhp 13. ,uj;j mOj;jj;jpid mstPL nra;a cjTk; fUtp ];gpf;NkhkhNdhkPl;h;; 14. tpyq;Ffspy; ,jakhw;W mWitr;rpfpr;ir Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mz;L

1959 15. kdpjdpy; Kjd;Kjyhf ,ja khw;W mWitr; rpfpr;ir

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mz;L 1967 16. Kjd; Kjyhf ,ja khw;W mWitr; rpfpr;irapidr; nra;jtH

NguhrphpaH fpwp];bahd; 17. ,uj;jj;jpy; gpsh];khtpd; msT 55rjtPjk; 19. ,uj;jj;jpy; nry;fspd; msT 45 rjtPjk; 20. nghjthf Mz;fspy; nkhj;j ,uj;jj;jpd; msT. 5-6 ypl;lH 21. nghJthf ngz;fspy; nkhj;j ,uj;jj;jpd; msT 4-5 ypl;lH 22. Mz;fspy; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if. 5.2kpy;ypad; 23. ngz;fspy; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 4.5kpy;ypad; 24. jl;L tbtj;jpy; cs;s rptg;gZtpd; FWf;F tpl;lj;jpd; msT : 7.5um


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25. Mf;]p[Dld; ,ize;j epiyapy; P̀NkhFNshgp ngaH -Mf;]p`PNkhFNshgpd; 26. Mz;fspy; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; tho;ehl;fs; 120 ehl;fs; 27. ngz;fspy; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; tho;ehl;fs;; 110 ehl;fs; 28. ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s epA+l;Nuh/gpy;fspd; msT 60-70% 29. PMN vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; (Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils). 30. ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s ,NahrpNdh/gpy;fspd; vz;zpf;if 0.5-3.0% 31. ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s NgNrh/gpy;fspd; vz;zpf;if 0.1% 32. NghNrh/gpy;fspy; cs;s ,uj;jk; ciwjiyj; jil nra;Ak; nghUs;

`pg;ghhpd; 33. ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s ypk;Nghirl;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if 20-30% 34. ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s NkhNdhf;irl;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if 1-4% 35. kpfr;rpwpa nts;isaZf;fs; ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; 36. kpfg;nghpa nts;isaZf;fs;; NkhNdhirl;Lfs; 37. ,ujjg;gpNsl;nyl;Lfspd; tho;ehl;fs; 5 – 9 ehl;fs;

6. xUq;fpizT cWg;Gfspd; njhFg;Gfs;

01. euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; mbg;gil myF epA+uhd;fs; 02. euk;G nry;fspy; kpd; mOj;jj;ij mwpa cjTk; fUtp;

M]pNyh];Nfhg;gpd; 03. euk;G nry; ,izg;gpy; cs;s rpwa gpstpd; tpl;l msT 10-20 ehNdh

kPl;lH 04. euk;G nry; ,izg;Gg; gFjpapy; Ruf;fg;gLk; Ntjpag; nghUs;

mrpl;ily;nfhiyd; 05. %isapy; fhzg;gLk; rhk;gy; epwj; jpl;L njhFgGfspd; ngaH

epA+f;spa];fs; 06. i`g;Nghjyhk]py; fhzg;gLk; rpwpa cl;fUf;fSf;fspd; ngaH

khkpy;yhp cWg;Gfs; 07. Mz;fspy; ngU %isapd; vil RkhH 1400 fpuhk; 08. ngz;fspy; ngU %isapd; vil RkhH 1200 fpuhk; 09. epidthw;wypd; ,og;G mk;dPrpah vdg;gLk; 10. cwf;fj;jpd; nghOJ xl;L nkhj;j tsHrpij khw;wq;fs; 10% Kjy;

30% tiu Fiwfpd;wd. 11. my;]PkpaH Neha; vd;gJ xU jPtpu %isf; FiwghL 12. my;]PkpaH Neha; 65 Kjy; 74 taJf;Fl;gl;ltHfspy; 5 rjtPjk

kf;fisj; jhf;FfpwJ. 13. my;]PkpaH Neha; 80 taJf;F nkw;gl;lthfspy; 50 rjtPjk; jhf;FfpwJ. 14. nghJthf lTd;]; Neha;f;FwpaPL cs;sthfs; my;]PkH Nehapdhy;

jhf;fg;gLfpd;wdH 15. EEG vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; vyf;l;Nuh vd;nr/gNyhfpuh/gp

16. xU kdpjdpy; cs;s %isaj; jz;Ltlj; jputj;jpd; msT 150 kpy;yp ypl;lH.

17. kdpjdpy; xU ehspy; Ruf;fg;gLk; %isj; jz;Ltlj; jputj;jpd; msT 550 kpy;yp ypl;lH. 7. Ntjpapay; xUq;fpizT (ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfs;)

01. Ntjpj; J}JtHfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ `hHNkhd;fs; 02. i`g;Ngh/igrp]; vd;Wk; ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfspd; jiytd; vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gLtJ gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp 03. gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp Njhuhakhf 1nr.kP ePsKk; 1Kjy; 1.5nr.kP> tiu

mfyKk; 0.5nr.kP fdKk; cilaJ 04. Fuj;njYk;G cUthf;fj;jpd; ngaH fhz;l;Nuhn[dp]; 05. vYk;Gfspd; cUthf;fj;jpd; ngaH M];bNahn[dprp]; 06. Fs;sj;jd;ik cilatHfspd;; cauk; 0.9-1.2 kP 07. ,uhl;rjj;jd;ik cilatHfspd;; cauk 7-9 mb 08. ijNuhbNuhgpdpd; %yf;$W vil 28>000 lhy;ld;fs; 09. ijNuhbNuhgpy; mlq;fpAs;s mkpNdh mkpyq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 211 10. LTH d; NtW ngaHfs; Y}l;bNahbNuhgpd;> yhf;Nlhn[dpf;> `hHNkhd;>

GNuhyhf;bd;> khk;NkhbNuhgpd; 11. Jhpjg;gpwg;G `hHNkhd; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ Mf;]pNlhrpd; 12. thN]hg;u];]pd; NtW ngaH Md;b ilA+hpf; `hHNkhd; (ADH) 13. ADH d; Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; ePhpopT Neha; ilahngB]; ,d;rp 14. ijuhf;]pdpy mlq;fpAs;s mNahbd; msT 65% 15. ijuhf;]pdpy;; cs;s mkpNdh mkpyk; ilNuhrpd; 16. ijuha;L Rug;gpapd; msTfle;j tPf;fj;jpd; ngaH fha;lH 17. fhy;rpNlhdpid Rug;git ijuha;L Rug;gpapd; ghuh/ghypf;FyhH

nry;fs; 18. i`gHijuha;brj;jpd; NtW ngaHfs; ijNuhlhf;]pNfh]p]; 19. ghuhijuha;L Rug;gp clypy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;gLk; NghJ Vw;gLtJ

nll;lhdp my;yJ fpl;bg;Nghjy; 20. nll;lhdpapdhy;> rPuk; fhy;rpak; FiwjYf;F i`Nghfhy;rPkpah vd;W

ngaH 21. ,d;Rypdpy; mlq;fpAs;s mkpNdh mkpyq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 51 22. kdpj ,d;Rypdpd; %yf;$W vil 5>734 lhy;ld;fs; 24. ,uj;jj;jpy; fPl;Nlhd; nghUs;fs; mjpf mstpy; NrUk; epiy

fPl;Nlh]p]; 25. nfhOg;Gr; rpijT mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLtJ fPl;Nlhn[dprp]; 26. vy;yh ml;hPdy; fhHbfha;LfSk ];Buha;L tifiar; rhHe;jit 27. mow;rp jLg;Gg; nghUshf nray;gLtJ fhHlNrhd; 28. ml;hPdy; nkLy;yhtpd; `hHNkhd;fs; Nfl;bNfhyikd; tifiar;

rhhe;jit 29. jhJ fye;j fhHl;bf;fha;Lfspy; Kf;fpakhdJ my;Nlh];BNuhd;


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30. FSNfhfhd; vd;Dk; ghypngg;ilby; mlq;fpAs;s mkpNdh mkpyq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 29

31. i`g;NghfpisrPkpf; `hHNkhd; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ ,d;Rypd; 32. `g;;gHfpisrPkpf; `hHNkhd; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ Fsf;Nfhfhd; 33. fpisf;Nfh[d; fy;yPuypy; FSf;Nfh]hf cilAk; epfo;r;rp

fpisf;Nfhn[dhiyrp]; 34. fhHNghi`l;Nul; my;yhj nghUs;fspypUe;J Fsf;Nfh]; cw;gj;jpahFk;

epfo;r;rp Fsf;Nfh epNahn[dprp]; 35. nfhOg;Gf;fs; rpijtilAk; epfo;r;rp ypg;Nghiyrp]; 36. C-18 ];Buha;L tifiar; rhHe;j `hHNkhd; Mz;l;Nuh[d; 37. C-18];Buha;L tifiar; rhhe;j `hHNkhd; <];l;Nuh[d; 38. C-21];Buha;L tifiar; rhHe;j `hHNkhd; Gnuhn[];buhd; 39. nl];Nlh];Buhidr; Rug;git tpe;jfj;jpy; cs;s ,ilaPl;Lr; nry;fs;>

my;yJ yPbf;nry;fs;

8. czH cWg;Gfs;;

01. nuhlhg;rpdpd; kw;nwhU ngaH;. ghhit Cjh 02. Fr;rp nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Guj Mg;rpd; ];fhl;lhg;rpd; 03. $k;G nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Guj Mg;rpd; Nghl;Nlhg;rpd; 04. Fiwe;j xspapYk; ghHg;gjw;F cjTk; nry;fs; Fr;rpr; nry;fs;> 05. epwq;fis czu cjTk; nry;fs; $k;Gr; nry;fs; 05. fz;zpd; rhpahd xspr;rpjwy; epiy ,nkl;Nuhgpa 06. ,nkl;Nuhgpah epiyapypUe;J khWghL mile;jy; vnkl;Nuhg;gpah 07. tpopj;jpiu Neha; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ nul;bNdhgjp 08. CLR vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; njspthd nyd;]; khw;W 09. IOL vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; fz; cs; nyd;];

9. fhJ

01. kdpjdhy; Nfl;fr; $ba xyp msT 20-20,000Cps orHz 02. kdpjhpd; nrtpahy; czu $ba xyp msT 50-5000Hz 03. xypapd; mlHtpid msg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; myF nlrpgy;db 04. nrtpg;giwapd; gug;G RkhH 90 rJu kp.kPl;lH 05. ];Nlg;gp]pd; mbj;jl;bd; gug;G 3.2 rJu kp.kPl;lH 06. ,iur;ry;> vd;w nrhy; ehrPah> vd;w :,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; ,Ue;J

Njhd;wpa thHj;ijahFk; 07. nlrpngy; vd;w myfpidf; fz;Lgpbj;jth; rH My;/gpul;ngy; 08. mDkjpf;fg;gl;l xyp msT 80db>Kjy; 120db tiu 09. fdj;j rj;jkhff; fUjg;gLk; xyp msT 130 db

10. Njhy;

01. clypd; nkhj;j vilapy; Njhy; 8% Mf cs;sJ 02. cly; Njhypd; nkhj;j gug;gsT 1.1 Kjy; 2.2 tiu rJu kPl;lu; 03. vz;nza;r; Rug;gpfs; Ruf;Fk; vz;nza;g; nghUs; rPgk; 04. nkyhdpd nkyNdhNghH> nry;fspd; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; rpWJfs;fshf Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ 05. nkyhdpd; epwkpia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nry;fs; nkyhNdhirl; 06. ilNuh]pd; vd;Dk; mkpNd mkpyj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; epwkp nkydpd; 07. ntz;Njhy; Neha; Fiwghl;by; Mq;fhq;Nf ntz;ikg; gFjpfs;

Njhd;WtJ ypl;bNyhNfh

11. fopT ePf;fk; 01. kdpjdpd; ,uj;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; A+hpahtpd; msT 0.04fpuhk;/100kp.yp

02. kdpjdpd; rpWePhpy; fhzg;gLk; A+hpahtpd; msT 0.2fpuhk;;/100kp.yp 03. ,jaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; nkhj;j ,uj;jj;jpy; rpWePufkhdJ

ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; msT Vwf;Fiwa 20-25% 04. #shkUyrpy; cs;s cl;nry; je;Jfpfspty; fhzg;gLk; ,uj;j jput

mOj;jk; 75mmHg 05. #shkUyrpy; Kbthd mOj;j tpisT 75-50mmHg, 25mmHg 06. xU epkplj;jpw;F cUthFk; #shkUyhH tbjput msT (GFR)

125kp.yp/epkplk; 07. 24 kzpNeuj;jpy; tbf;fg;gLk; nkhj;j #shkUyhH tb jputj;jpd; msT

170> Kjy; 180ypl;lHfs;; 08. jiuthoplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; caphpdq;fspd; jftikg;G A+hpNahnlyprk; 09. Ntjptpid %yk; A+hpah cUthFk; Kf;fpa cWg;G fy;yPuyhFk; 10. rpWePufq;fspd; mbg;gil myF neg;/uhd;fs; 11. KOikahd cwpQ;rg;glhky; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; nghUs;fspy; xd;W.

fphpNal;bdpd; 12. rpWePufr;nray; ,og;gpdhy; ,uj;jk; kw;Wk; jpRf;fspy; A+hpah kw;Wk;

fopTg;nghUs;fspd; fyitahy; cUthFk; epiy ANukpah 13. clypy; ePhpog;G njhlHe;J mjpf ehl;fs; Vw;gLtjpdhy rpWePuff;

fw;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. 14. rpWePuff; fw;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd nghUs; fhy;rpak;

Mf;]nyl;> my;yJ gh];Ngl; 15. rpWePuff; fw;fspd; Kjy; jur; rpfpr;ir ypj;NjhbhPg;rp 16. ePhpopT Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfspd; ,uj;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;

rhf;fiuapd; msT 120lkp.fp/100kp.ypf;F mjpfk; 17. ,d;Rypd; rhuhj tif ePhpopT Nehapd; xU Kf;fpa fhuzk; cly; gUkdhjy;


Page | 5

11. ,dg;ngUf;f kz;lyk; 01. ,U tpe;Jr; Rug;gpfspYk; njhlHe;J cw;gj;jpahFk; tpe;J nry;fspd;

msT xU ehisf;F 125kpy;ypad;fs; MFk; 02. tpe;Jr; Rug;gp nrk;ikahfr; nray; Ghpe;J tpe;jZf;fisj; jahhpf;f Njitahd ntg;gepiy 32oC 03. nl];Nlh];bNuhid I cw;gj;jp nra;tJ yPbf; nry;fs; 04. mz;lr;Rug;gpapDs; cs;s /ghypf;fps;fs; tsHr;rpiaj; J}z;btpLtJ

<];l;Nuh[d; 05. fhHg;g]; ypA+l;baj;jhy; Ruf;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa `hHNkhd;

Gnuhn[];bNuhd; 06. mz;l mZitr; Rw;wpYk; fhzg;gLk; Kjd;ik epiy thpaw;w

ciwapd; ngaH Nrhdh ngy;Yrplh 07. mz;l ehsj;jpy; fUTWjy; epfotpy;iynadpy; ntspNawpa 12-24kzp

Neuj;jpy; mz;lk; kbe;J tpLk;. 08. Nrhdh ngYrplhtpw;F ntspg;Gwkhf mike;Js;s ,uz;lhk; epiy

ciw nfhNuhdh NubNal;lh 09. khjtplha; epiyapd; Kbtpy; fhHg;g]; ypA+l;bakhdJ rpije;J xU

tLthf mikAk; mikg;gpd; ngaH fhHg;g]; my;gpfd;]; 10. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tpe;jZf;fs; mz;lj;jpDs; mz;lj;jpDs; EioAk;

epfo;r;rp ghypNfkp 11. clYf;Fntspapy; nraw;iff; fUTWjypy;> Kjypy; ntw;wp ngw;wtHfs;

,q;fpyhe;jpd; y];Nlg;Nlh kw;Wk; vl;tHl;]; 12. GIFT vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; ,dr;nry; mz;lehs; cl;nrYj;Jjy; 13. IUD vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; ,d;l;uh A+biud; bit]; 14. IUS vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; ,d;l;uh A+biud; rp];lk; 15. fhg;gH T vd;gJ fUg;igapDs; 3 Mz;Lfs; tiu ,Uf;Fk;

2. Ez;Zaphpay; 01. Nfhopfspy; “fhyuh” kdpjhpy; ntwpeha;f;fbf;fhd „Nugp];‟ MLfspy;

Me;juhf;Rf;fhd jLg;G+rpia fz;Lgpbj;jtH gh];bah; 02. jput tbt ghf;Bhpah tsH Clfj;ij mfH nfhz;L jpl tbtj;jpw;F

khw;wpatH ,uhgHl; Nfhr; 03. Me;j;uhf;]; kw;Wk; vYk;GUf;fp (T.B) Neha;fSf;fhd ghf;Bhpahf;fis

gphpj;njLj;jtH ,uhgHl; Nfhr; 04. bA+ghFNyhrp]; gw;wpaf; fz;Lgpbg;gpw;F Nehgy; ghpR ,uhgHl; Nfhr;

(1905) 05. ghf;Bhpahtpd; J}a tsHg;Gr; nra;Kiw nra;jtH N[hrg; yp];lh 06. J}a tsHg;Gf;F yp];lH gad;gLj;jpa ghf;Bhpak; ‘Nyf;b];’ Ngf;Bhpak; 07. Md;bnrg;bf; mWit rpfpr;ir Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jtH N[hrg;

yp];lH 08. ghf;BhpahtpDs; tsUk; itu];fs; ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;fs; vd

miof;fg;gLk; 09. ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;fs; ghf;Bhpa [PNdhKld; xUq;fpize;;J fhzg;gL;k;

Row;rp iyNrhn[dp Row;rp 10. ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;fs; ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; njhw;wp mtw;wpDs;

ngUf;fkile;J mtw;wpid rpijf;fFk Row;rp; iyl;bf; Row;rp 11. rPuw;w mikg;ig nfhz;l itu];fs; T.ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;fs;> mk;ik

itu]; 12. rkgf;fr; rPH tbt itu];fs; mbNdh itu];fs;> SV15> NghypNah

itu]; kw;Wk; ePyehf;F itu];fs;> 13. ghuh itu];fspy; mtw;wpd; [PNdhkpy; fhzg;gLk; [Pd;fs; 3 - 4

[Pd;fs; 14. itu];fs; tsHg;G Kiwapy; kpf vspa kw;Wk; rpf;fdkhd Kiw

Nfhopf;fUTs; tsHg;G Kiw 15. Nfhopf;fUTs; tsHg;G Kiwapy; milfhj;jYf;F Njhe;njLf;fg;gLk;

ehl;fs; 5 ehl;fs; Kjy; 12 ehl;fs; tiu 16. Nfhopf;fUTs; tsHg;G Kiwapy; milfhj;jYf;F Njhe;njLf;fg;gLk;

ntg;gepiy 36oC 17. kdpj jLg;G+rp kUe;Jfspd; cw;gj;jpf;F tpUe;Njhk;gpr; nry;fshfj;

NjHe;njLf;fg;gLk; nry; tsHg;G Kiw bg;sha;L nry;fs; tsHg;G Kiw

18. Gw;WNehia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; itu]; Md;f;Nfhn[dpf; itu]; 19. Md;f;Nfhn[dpf; MH.vd;.V itu];fs; Nuht]; rhHf;Nfhkh 20. Nugp]; itu]; rhHe;jJs;s FLk;gk; NugpNl 21. Nugp]; Nehapd; mwpFwp ePH ntWg;G (i`l;NuhNghgpah 22. Nugp]; Nehapd; mwpFwp Njhw;wf;fhyk; 3 Kjy; 8 thuq;fs; 23. Nugp]; Nehahy; ,wg;G tPjk; 100%


Page | 6

24. vy;yh itu];fspYk; mstpy; nghpajhd nrq;fy; Nghd;w itu];fs; mk;ik itu];fs;

25. mk;ik itu];fspd; epA+f;spaha;il - FLFLg;ig 26. nghpak;ik itu]; vd miof;fg;gLk; itu]; NthpNahyh 27. kQ;rs; fhkhiy NehiaAk; kw;Wk; fy;yPuy; fhHrpNdhkh Gw;WNehiaAk;

Njhw;WtpfFk; itu]; n`g;gill;b]; B itu]; 28. HBV jLg;G+rp xU Rj;jpfhpj;j HBV Vd;l;b[d; M];jpNuypa Mz;b[d;

MFk;. 29. ghf;Bhpah tsHr;rp Clfk; fpUkp ePf;fk; nra;a Ml;Nlh fpNst; 30. ghf;Bhpa cUkhw;wk; vd;w epfo;r;rpia fz;lwpe;jtH fphpg;gpj; (1928)

,q;fpyhe;J 31. ghf;Bhpa cUkhw;wk; epfo;r;rpapy; gz;ig khw;Wk; nghUs; D.N.A

vd;gjid fz;lwpe;jtHfs; nkf;ypahl; kw;Wk; nkf;fhHj;jp (1944) 32. ghf;Bhpahtpy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; ilgha;L fha;r;ry;> rhy;Nkndy;yhilgp>

Nf];l;Nuh vd;biul;b];> fhy;khndy;yh fhyNurpa]; 33. fhyuh ---- tpg;hpNah fhyNu 34. gpNsf; ---- vHrpdpah ng];b]; 35. ghf;Bhpah ghy;tpid Neha;fs; rpgpyp]; - bhpNghdpkh ghyplk; nfhNdhhpah - ep];Nrhpah nfhNdhhpah 36. rhy;kdy;yh Ngrpy;yp kdpjdpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; %d;W tifahd Neha;fs;

ilgha;L> Nf];l;Nuh vd;l;biul;b];> nrg;Brpk;ah 37. tpg;hpNah fhyNu vd;w ghf;Bhpah kdpj Flypy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; er;Rg;

nghUs; vd;l;bNuhlhf;rpd; 38. fhyuhtpd; mwpFwpfs; the;jp> tapw;Wg;Nghf;F fLikahd ePhpog;G 39. kdpjhpy; gpNsf; Nehia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk ghf;Bhpak;; vHrpdpah ng];b]; 40. GNghdpf; gpNsf; Nehapy; epzePHr; Rug;gpfs; uzkhfp tPf;fk; milfpd;wd. 41. kdpjhpy; Nehpilahf clYwT nfhs;Sk;NghJ Vw;gLk; rpgpyp];

ntdPhpay; rpgpyp]; 42. fpUkp njhw;wpa jhaplkpUe;J Foe;ijf;F jha; Nra; ,izg;Gj;

jpRthd gpshrd;lh %yk; njhw;Wk; rpgpyp]; jha;-Nra; top rpgpyp]; 43. rpWePHg; Nghf;fpd; NghJ typAk; kQ;rs; epw jputKk; ntspg;gLjy;

NfhNdhhpah Nehapd; mwpFwpfshFk; 44. Foe;ijfspy; ilahhpah vdg;gLk; Ngjpf;Ff; fhuzkhd ePspio

GNuhl;NlhNrhtd; fpahHbah ,d;l];bdhyp]; 45. thapDs; [pd;[pitl;b]; vd;Dk; <W Nehiaj; Njhw;WtpfFk;

GNuhl;NlhNrhtd; Biuf;Nfh NkhdhLfs;; 46. kNyhpah Neha;> kdpjdpy; gpsh];Nkhbak; vd;w GNuhl;NlhNrhth

xl;Lz;zpahy; Vw;gLfpwJ. 47. kNyhpah mdhtpy]; ngz; nfhR %yk; guTfpwJ 48. kNyhpah xl;Lz;zpapd; ghypyp ,dg;ngUf;fk; Kiw> kdpjDs;

49. kNyhpah xl;Lz;zpapd; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; Kiw> mdhtpy]; ngz; nfhR

50. gpsh];Nkhbak; xl;Lz;zpapd; epue;ju tpUe;Njhk;gp ngz; mNdhgpy]; nfhR.

51. gpsh];Nkhbak; ghy;rpNguk; khypf;dd;l; nlHrpad; (m) ngHdprpa]; kNyhpah

52. kNyhpah fha;r;rypd; NghJ cly; ntg;gepiy RkhH 106oF 53. rptg;gZf;fspy; cs;s irrhz;Lfs; cilk;Ak; NghJ Vw;gLk;

er;Rg;nghUs; P̀Nkhrhapd; 54. kdpjhpy; fUePhf; fha;r;ry; Nehia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; GNuhl;NlhNrhth -

gpsh];Nkhbak; ghy;rpNguk; 55. kdpjhpy; mkPgpahrp]; Nehia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; GNuhl;NlhNrhth

vz;lkplh `p];Nlhiybf;fh rhHf;Nfhildh 56 vz;lkplh `p];Nlhiybf;fh rhHe;j tFg;G rhHf;Nfhildh 57. vz;lkPgh `p];Nlhiybf;fh vDk; GNuhl;NlhNrhtdpd; NehAz;lhf;Fk;

NgNjh[Pdpf; epiy LNuhg;NghNrhitl;L 58. Bhpg;gNdhNrhkh Nfk;gpad;]hy; cz;lhFk; Neha; Mg;hpf;f J}f;f

tpahjp 59. yP];Nkdpah Nlhdhthdp vd;gjhy; cz;lhFk; Neha; fhyh mrhH 60. yP];Nkdpah buhgpf;fh thy; cz;lhFk; Neha; Njhy; yP];Nkdpahrp]; 61. cyfpd; Kjd;Kjypy; fz;lwpag;gl;l vjpH Ez;ZapH kUe;J

ngd;rpypd; 62. ngd;rpypid fz;Lgpbj;jtH mnyf;rhz;lH /gpskpq; (1929) 63. ghf;Bhpah vjpH Ez;Zaph kUe;Jfs; Mk;g;gprpypd;> ];l;nul;Nlhikrpd;>

nll;uhirf;spd;> vhpj;Nuhikrpd; 64. G+Q;ir vjpH Ez;zpaphp kUe;Jfs; fpiurpNah/gy;tpd; kw;Wk;

,kplNrhy; 65. itu]; vjpH Ez;zpaphp kUe;Jfs; Mkd;l;bbd;> irf;NshFthNdhrpd;

kw;Wk; ,d;lH/nguhd; 66. kpfr;rpwe;j cj;jputhjk; mspf;Fk; itu]; Neha;fisf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;

Ntjpr;rpfpr;ir kUe;J ,z;lH/nguhd; 67. Gw;Wneha; vjpHg;G vjpH Ez;Zaphp kUe;J vhpj;Nuhikrpd; 68. va;l;]; Neha;f;Fhpa iturpid jdpj;jdpahff; fz;lwpe;jthfs; Yf;

khdNlf;dpaH> uhgHl; NfNyh 69. vr;.I.tp kdpj nul;Nuh itu];fspy; nyd;bdthpNd vd;w Jizf;

FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;j xU Gjpa tifahFk;. 70. nul;Nuh itu];fs; vdg;gLk; MH.vd;.V itu];fis b.vd;.V thf

khw;wf; $ba jpwd; ngw;w nehjp hptH]; buhd;]; fphpg;Nl]; 71. khHG kw;Wk; tapw;WNky; gFjpfspy; Njhypy; fUePsg; Gz;fs;

Njhd;WtJ fNghrp rhHf;Nfhkh 72. vr;.I.tp. njhw;wpid cWjp nra;Ak; Nrhjid nt];l;lHd; gpshl;


Page | 7

73. Md;bitu]; kUe;Jfs; (AZT) mrpl;Nlhijkpbd;> [pNlhTbd; kw;Wk; irf;NshtpH.

3. Neha;j; jilf;fhg;gpay;

01. fz;zPH kw;Wk; ckpo;ePhpy; cs;s vd;irk; iyNrhNrhk;; 02. ghf;Bhpahtpd; nry;Rtiu nrhpf;ff; $ba vd;irk; iyNrhNrhk; vd;irk; 03. ,uj;j nts;isaZ Nghd;w rpy nry;fs; itu];fshy;

jhf;fg;gLk;NghJ Ruf;fg;gLk; itu]; vjpHg;Gg; Gujq;fs; ,z;lH/nguhd;fs;;

04. kh];l; nry;fs; rpijTWk; NghJ ntspNaw;wg;Gl Ntjpa rkpf;iQg; nghUl;fs; `p];likd;> nrul;Nlhdpd;> GNuh];fpshz;bd;

05. T ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; kw;Wk; B ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; kw;Wk; gytifahd ,uj;jr; nry;fs; cw;gj;jpahfpd;w ,lk; vYk;G k[;i[

06. Neha;f; fpUkpfspd; %ykhfNth> my;yJ jLg;G kUe;Jfs; nrYj;Jtjd; fhuzkhfNth cUthFk; jilfhg;G epfo;Tfs; nrayhf;fj; jilfhg;G

07. Md;bghbfs; Nghd;w jilfhg;Gg; nghUs;fis> jilfhg;G jpwDila kdpjhpypUe;J jilfhg;Gj; jpwdw;w xU kdpjUf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjdhy; ngwg;gLk; FWfpa fhyNeha; vjpHg;Gj; jpwd; ke;jkhd Neha;j; jilfhg;G

08. ghY}l;bfspd; Kjy;epiy (m) ika epzePH cWg;Gfs; ijk];> vYk;G k[;i[ kw;Wk; gwitfspd; ; Ngg;hPrpa]; ig

09. Kf;fpa ntspg;Gw mikT epzePH cWg;Gfs; kz;zPuy;> epzePH Kbr;Rfs; Nfhiog;glyk; rhHe;j epzePhpaj; jpRf;fs;

10. tpyq;fpdq;fspy; Kjd; Kjyhfj; Njhd;Wk; epzePH cWg;G ijk]; 11. gd;dpnuz;lhtJ MtJ taJ tiuapy; ijk]; tsHfpwJ 12. ijk]hy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; `hHNkhd;fs; ijKypd;> ijNkhrpd;>

ijNkhghapl;bd; 13. Rz;nlypfspy; ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; Fiwtjw;F ypk;NghgPdpah vd;W ngaH 14. kz;zPuypd; jkdpr;#o; ntz;$k;g; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; epzePH Kbr;Rfspd;

ghuh fhHnlf;]; rhHe;j gFjpfspy; cs;s ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; T. ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;

15. epzePH Kbr;Rfspy; fhHnlf;]; gFjpapy; cs;s ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; T-ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;

16. ijk]; rhHe;j gFjpahf fUjg; gLtJ ghuh fhHnlf;]; 17. epzePH Kbr;Rfspd; fhHnlf;]; gFjp kw;Wk; nkLy;yhtpd; gl;il

gFjpfspy; cs;s ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; B. ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; 18. kdpj clypy; cs;s epzePH Kbr;Rfs; Vwj;jho 600 19. kpfg;nghpa epzePH cWg;G kz;zPuy; 20. Flypd; Nfhior;rt;tpy; fhzg;gLk; epzePHj; jpRf;fs; GALT

21. %r;Rf;Fohapy; cs;s epzePH jpR BALT 22. Nfhior;rt;T rhHe;j epzePH cWg;Gfs; MALT 23. Nfhiort;tpy; cs;s Rug;G ,k;ANdhFNshGypd;fs; IgA. 24. Mz;b[Dld; ,izAk; Md;bghb gFjp ghuhNlhg; 25. ghuhNlhg;Gld; Fwpg;ghgf ,izAk; Mz;b[dpd; gFjp vg;gpNlhg; 26. ,k;ANdh FNshGypd;fs; vd;git fpisf;Nfh Gujq;fshFk; 27. Neha;j; jhf;fj;jpw;Fk;> jLg;G kUe;Njw;wj;jpw;Fk; gpwF ,uj;jr; rPuj;jpy;

Md;bghbfspd; msT mjpfkhFk; ,uj;jr; rPuj;jpw;F ,k;A+d; rPuk; (m) Md;brPuk; vd;W ngaH

28. gOJg;gl;l XH cWg;ig> MNuhf;fpakhd khw;Wg;Gf; nfhz;L rhp nra;tJ buhd;];gpshd;Nlrd; MFk;

29. khw;WWg;G kWg;gpd; jd;ikfis mwpe;J mjd; tptuq;fis ntspapl;ltH nklhtH

30. nfhilahspaplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l jpR nfhilahsp egUf;Nf khw;wWit rpfpr;ir %yk; khw;WtJ Ml;Nlhfpuhg;l; (gpsh];bf; mWitr; rpfpr;ir)

31. cWg;G khw;wk; ntw;wpfukhf eilngw Kf;fpak; jpRg;nghUj;j Md;b[d;fs;

32. jpRg;nghUj;j Md;b[d;fis epHzapf;Fk; [Pd;fs; Kjd;ik jpRg;nghUj;j [Pd; $l;likg;G MHC

33. MHC [Pd;fs; Rz;nlypapd; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;sJ 6 tJ 34. kdpjhpy; MHC [Pd;fSf;Fk ngaH ypA+f;Nfhirl; Md;b[d; $l;likg;G

(HLA) 35. cWg;G epuhfhpg;gpd; Kjy; njhFg;gpy; <LgLk; nry;fs; T nry;fs;>

Nkf;NuhNg[;fs; kw;Wk; gpsh];kh nry;fs;. 36. khw;WWg;G kWg;gpd; ,uz;lhk; njhFg;gpy <LgLk; nry;fs;; B nry;fs; 37. Neha; jilfhg;ig kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kUe;Jfs; irf;Nsh];Nghhpd; kw;Wk;

];Buha;Lfs; 38. khw;WWg;G epuhfhpg;Gg; gpur;rizf;F jPHthfr; rkPgfhykhf

Kd;Ndw;wkile;Js;s El;gtpay; FNshdpq; kw;Wk; jz;Lr;nry; 39. rhjhuz Md;b[d;fSf;nfjpuhf> jilfhg;G kz;lyk; nghUj;jkw;wJk;

tuk;G kPwpaJkhd nray;fspy; <LgLk; NghJ xt;thik cz;lhfpwJ 40. xt;thikapy; <LgLk; Md;bghbfs; IgEMd;bghbfs; kw;Wk;

`p];likd;;fs; 41. myH[d;fs;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpjhpy; tpiuthdJk; jPtpukhdJk; Md

tpidfis Njhw;Wtpj;J ,wf;fr; nra;af;$Lk; tpdf;F mdhigyhf;rp]; vd;W ngaH

42. euk;Gfspd; ikaypd; ciwkPJ Md;bghbfs; gbtjhy; cz;lhFk; tpahjp ky;bg;gps; fpspNuhrp];

43. va;l;]; itu]pd; MH.vd;.V [PNdhik b.vd;V gbahf khw;WWk; nehjp hPtH]; buhd;];fphpg;Nl];


Page | 8

4. jw;fhy kugpay; 01. DNA ,ul;il jpUF RUs; khjphp tbtj;ij; fz;lwpe;jtHfs; thl;rd;

kw;Wk; fphPf;> (1952) 02. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; njhFg;G tiuglk; jahhpg;G Kiw NfhpNahfpuhk; 03. xU-nry;ypy; cs;s midj;J FNuhNkhNrhk;fSk; gphpf;fg;gl;L

thpirahf mLf;fg;gLk; Kiw FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; njhFg;G tiuglk; 04. fUr;nry;fspd; tsHr;rpapd; nghOJ kiwKf ghpiw epWj;j cjTtJ

fhy;fprpd; 05. G-njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;fs; 21>22 kw;Wk; Y 06. FNshdpq; ntf;lhHfs; my;yJ CHjp DNA vd;gJ ghf;BhpNahf;fspd;

gpsh];kpl;Lfs;> kw;Wk; Ngf;BhpNah/Ng[;fspd; itu];fs; MFk; 07. xU gpsh];kpl; vd;gJ RkhH 200 Kjy; 300 epA+f;spNahilL fhu

%yf;$Wfis cs;slf;fpaJ 08. xu; rpwe;j [Pd; ghpkhw;wk; nra;Ak; CHjp Mf nray;gLtJ gpsh];kpl; 09. kuGg; nghwpapaYf;F ,aw;if ekf;F mspj;j ghpR gpsh];kpl; 10. DNA d; ,uz;L rq;fpypfisAk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; jz;bf;fg;

gad;gLk; nehjp tiuaiw vd;Nlh epA+f;spNa]; 11. tiuaiw nehjpfs; v];nrhprpah Nfhiy Ngf;Bhpaj;jpy;

gphpj;njLf;fg;gl;lJ 12. xU DNA Jz;il ,izf;f gad;gLk; nehjp DNA ypNf]; 13. kugpay; nghwpapaypy; jFe;jnjhU tpUe;Njhk;gpr; nry;yhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gk; Ngf;Bhpak; v];nrhprpah Nfhiy Ngf;Bhpak; 14. kuGg; nghwpapaypy; gad;gLk; ghf;BhpNahf;fs; Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp];>

];l;nug;Nlh ikr];> rf;fhNuhikr];> nrhptprpah 15. Kjd; Kjypy; [Pid FNshdpq; nra;J ngUf;fpatH n`HgHl; NgaH>

];nld;yp nfh`d; (1973) 16. Kjd; Kjypy; #g;gHgif cUthf;fpatH Mde;j; rf;futHj;jp -

,e;jpah 17. #g;gH gf; ghf;Bhpak; vz;nzapy; cs;s Mf;Nld;fs;> irypd;fs;

fw;G+uk;> kw;Wk; nlhYapid rpijf;Fk; jpwd; ngw;wit 18. kdpjhpy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s ghuk;ghpa Neha;fs; RkhH 300 f;Fk; Nky; 19. xU FLk;gk; my;yJ re;jjp topj; njhlHfspy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nehapd;

my;yJ [Pdpd; gz;G ntspg;ghl;bid $He;J Muha;tJ re;jjp topj;njhlH gFj;jha;T

20. re;jjp topj;njhlH tiuglk; FLk;g kuk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; 21. cly; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;s Xq;F [Pdhy; Vw;gLk; kugpay; Neha;

mz;bq;ld; nfhhpah 22. clw;FNuhNkhNrhkpd; [Pd; jpBHkhw;w tpisthy; Vw;gLk; Neha; fjpH

mhpths; Nrhif Neha; 23. fjpH mhpths; Nrhif Neha;f;fhd xLq;F my;yPy; Hbs

24. fjpH mhpths; Nrhif Nehapy; khw;wpid n`l;hpNuhirf]; my;yPy;fis nfhz;ltHfspy; capUld; tho;gtHfs; HbA Hbs

25. nkyhdpd; tsHrpij khw;w Fiwtpdhy; Vw;gLK; Neha; my;gpdprk; 26. ghy;ntz;ik Nghd;w Njhypd; epwk; kw;Wk; xspf;$r;rk; Mfpa

mwpFwpfs;; fhzg;gLk; Neha; my;gpdprk; 27. kdpjhpy; fz;lhpag;gl;l Kjy; Xq;F [Pd; kuG Neha; mz;lq;ld;

nfhhpah 28. fLik $l;L Neha; vjpHg;Gf; FiwT rpd;Nuhk; (SCID) Nehapd; NtW

ngaH Fkpo;rpWtd; 29. SCIDf;F fhuzkhd ADA [Pd; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk; 20 30. cl;fU khw;wp nghUj;Jjy; nra;Kiwapd; %yk; Kjd; Kjypy;

FNshd;fis cUthf;fpatHfs; R.gphpf;]; kw;Wk; fpq; 31. nrk;kwp Ml;Lf; Fl;bapd; FNshdpq; nray;Kiw tpsf;fk; mspj;jtH

lhf;lH mad; tpy;kl; 32. KO cl;fUitAk; khw;Wtjpy; cl;fU ePf;fk; nra;a cjTk;

Ntjpg;nghUs; irl;Nlhnrhyhdpd; B 33. cl;fU nghUj;jypy; cl;fUit Eioj;J epiy epWj;j cjTk; Ntjpg;

nghUs; ghyp vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhy; 34. cly; nry; [Pd; rpfpr;irapy; cjTk; ntf;lhH nul;Nuhitu];fs; 35. mz;l nry;fisAk;> tpe;J nry;fisAk; Nrkpj;J ghJfhf;f cjTk;

Ntjpg; nghUs; jput iel;u[d; 36. caphpd; DNA %yf;$Wfis gphpf;f cjTk; Kiw vyf;NuhNghhprp]; 37. vyf;l;Nuh Nghhprp]; ghpjypd; NghJ DNA %yf;$Wfs; efUk; Kid

NeHkpd; Kid 38. DNA %yq;fis thrpf;f cjTk; jhdpaq;fp thpirapdH ,ae;jpuk;

rpf;NfhNdl;lH 39. caphp jftypaypy; cjthj nkhop E-fhkH]; 40. caphp jftypaypy; cjTk; nkhopfs; C, C+, [hth> NghHl;uhd;>

itdf;];> A+dpf;]; 41. Gujnra;jpapaypy; mkpNdh mkpyq;fis thrpf;f cjTk; ,ae;jpuk; jhdpaq;fp rPNfhNdl;lH. 42. Guj mikg;gpid tpsf;Fk; fpuhgpf;]; fzpzp khjphp vhpjdy;fhp 43. mz;bq;ld; nfhhpah Neha;fhd ghjpg;Gila [Pd; fhzg;gLk;

FNuhNkhNrhk; ehd;fhtJ FNuhNkhNrhk; 44. mz;bq;ld; nfhhpah ve;j taJilatHfspy; Njhd;WfpwJ 35-40 45. my;gpdprk; vd;w Neha;f;F fhuzkhd xLq;;F [Pd; aa


Page | 9

6. gad;ghl;L caphpay; 01. fhy;eilfspy; jpkpy; cs;s tif gh]; ,d;bf]; 02. fhy;eilfspy; jkpy; mw;w tif gh];lhu]; 03. fhy;eilfspy; vUikfspd; tif gh];Gghyp]; 04. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; khl;bdq;spd; tiffs; 26 tif 05. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; vUikfspd; tiffs; 6 tif 06. ntg;gj;ijAk;> G+r;rpf;fbiaAk; jhq;Fk; jpwDila gRf;fs; rpe;jp

gRf;fs; 07. rpe;jp gRf;fs; xU fwit fhyj;jpy; vt;tsT ghiy nfhLf;Fk; 5>443

fpNyhfpuhk; 08. gRf;fspy; fwit ,dj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L th`pthy;> rpe;jp> fpH>

lk;gsr;Nrhp> fud;Rtp]; 09. ,Oit ,dq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L mk;hpj;k`hy;> fhq;Nfak;> khy;tp>

rphp 10. $Hikahd mwpTila Kfj;Njhw;wk; cila gRf;fs; rpe;jp gRf;fs; 11. fk;gPukhd Njhw;wk; cila khLfs; fpH ,d khLfs; 12. fpH ,dg;gRf;fs; xU fwit fhyj;jpy; vt;tsT ghy; nfhLf;Fk; 3715

fpNyhfpuhk; 13. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjyhf 90 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jUtpj;j khl;bdk;

INuhg;gpa ,d khLfs; 14. fwitapdj;jpy; kpfTk; Fl;ilahdit n[Hrp 15. n[Hrp khLfspd; ghypd; epwk; kQ;rs; 16. n[Hrp khLfspd; ghy; kQ;rs; epwj;jpy; ,Uf;f fhuzk; ghypy;

fhzg;gLk; fNuhl;Bd; rj;J 17. fhy;eilfspy; ghf;Bhpahthy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; Md;j;uhf;];>

P̀NkNu[pf;> nrg;brPkpah> kh];bl;B];> fhrNeha;. 18. fhy;eilfspy; itu]pdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; khl;lk;ik> fhy;tha; Neha;> hpd;lHng];l; 19. Md;j;uhf;]; vDk; fhy;eil Neha; Vw;gl fhuzkhd ghf;Bhpak; ß

Md;juhf;rp]; 20. Md;j;uhf;]; vDk; fhy;eil Neha; Vw;gLk; NghJ clypd; ntg;gepiy

41-41.5oC 21. Md;j;uhf;]; Nehapd; mwpFwp ,aw;if Jthuq;fspd; topNa

,uj;jg;Nghf;F 22. ghy; fha;r;ry; vDk; gutyw;w Neha; Vw;gl fhuzk; fhy;rpak;

jd;kakhf;fg;glhik 23. kyr;rpf;fy; Nehia jLf;Fk; Kiw vdPkh mspj;jy; 24. Mz; ,dr;nry;fis ngz; ,df; fhy;thapy; nraw;if Kiwapy;

nrYj;Jjy; nraw;if Kiw fUj;jhpj;jy; 25. gUkdhd vYk;GfisAk; nghpa cly; thfpidAk; cila gwit

,dk; Mrpa tif ,d gwitfs;

26. ];ngapd; ehl;il NrHe;j ,dk; kpdhHf;Nfh 27. Nfhop;fspy; milf;fhf;fhj Nfhop,dk; kj;jpa jiuf;fly;

,df;Nfhopfs; 28. ,ej;jpahtpy; kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;w xU tHj;jf hPjpahd Nfhop ,dk;

nyf;`hd; 29. jiyapd; fPo;gFjpapy; jhb fhzg;gLk; Nfhop ,dk; nyf;`hd; 30. twz;l #o;epiyapNyNa mjpfr; nropg;Gld; tsUk; Nfhopapdk;

nyf;`hd; 31. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; ehl;L Nfhopfspy; FQ;R nghwpg;gjw;F Vw;w

rpwe;j jha;f;Nfhop ,dk; Njrp 32. rz;ilapLk; gz;ig ngw;Ws;s ehl;Lf; Nfhopapdk; mrPy; 33.; milfhg;gjw;F rpwe;j; Nfhopapdk; mrPy; 34. mjpf Kl;ilapLk; jd;ikAk;> Rik kpf;fjhfTk; cs;s Nfhopapdk;

rpl;lfhq; 35 fUik epw ,iwr;rp; cs;s Nfhopapdk; fhuf;ehj; Nfhopfs; 36. fhuf;ehj; Nfhopfs; kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; kio rhjpapduhy;

tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd 37. Nfhop Kl;il milf;fhj;jy; ehl;fs; 21-22 ehl;fs; 38. Nfhop FQ;Rfis tsHj;jypd;NghJ Kjy; %d;W ehl;fSf;F

Njitahd cfe;j ntg;gepiy 33oC 39. kPd;fspy; fhzg;gLk; mj;jpahtrpakhd mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; iyrpd;> kpj;jpNahdpd; 40. kPd;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tpl;lkpd;fs; tpl;lkpd; A kw;Wk; D 42. Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy; nghpa mstpw;F tsUk; kPd;fs; fhHg;Gfs; 43. ,ej;jpa ngUk; nfz;ilfs; fl;yh fl;yh> yhgpNah nuhfpl;lh>

fpHiudh kpHfhyh 44. ed;dPH Rwh vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ this kPd;fs; 45. this kPd;fspd; kw;nwhU ngaH ty;yhNfh Ml;L 46. jpNygpahtpd; nghJ ngaH [pNygp nfz;il 48. tpisahl;L kPd;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ l;nusl;Lfs;> rhy;Nkh

nfa;h;l;dhp 49. ghy; kPd;fspd; kw;nwhU ngaH rhdh]; rhdh]; 50. ed;dPH Fsq;fSf;F nghJthf rpghhpR nra;ag;gLk; iel;u[d;>

gh];gu]; kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpaj;jpd; msT NPK msT 18:10:4 51. kPd; gz;iz Nkyhz;ikapy; Fsj;jpd; ntg;g msT 25-35oC 52. kPd; gz;iz Nkyhz;ikapy; ePhpd; PH kjpg;G 6.5-9.0 53. fhHg;Gfspd; thpir rpg;hpdpghHkp]; 54. G+id kPd;fspd; thpir irY}hpghHkp]; 55. Kuy; (m) ghk;G jiy kPd;fspd; thpir rd;dpghHkp]; 56. jpNygpah kPdpd; thpir ngHrp ghy;kp]; 57. ,e;jpa ngUk; nfz;ilfspy; Ntfkhf tsuf;$baJ fl;yh fl;yh


Page | 10

58. midj;J fhHg;GfspYk; kpFe;j RitAilajhf fUjg;gLtJ Nygpah Nuhfpl;lh

59. tspkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s fhw;iw Nehpilahf Rthrpf;Fk; jpwd; ngw;w capH kPd;fs; G+id kPd;fs; (m) nfSj;jp kPd;fs;

60. Mg;gphpf;f fpof;F flw;fiug; gFjpapypUe;J 1952y; ,e;jpahtpw;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;l nfz;il kPd; tif jpNygpah [pNygp nfz;il

61. tUlj;jpw;F vl;L Kiw Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; kPd;fs; jpNygpah;

kPd;fs; 62. jk; thapy; Kl;ilfis itj;J ghJfhf;Fk; kPd; tif jpNyg;gpah

ngz; kPd;fs; 63. ];gpf;k]; vd;w fpNuf;f nrhy;ypd; nghUs; Jbg;G 64. rhjhuz ,uj;j mOj;jj;jpd; msT 120/80mmHg 65. ,jpy; 120 vd;gJ rp];Nlhypf; mOj;jk; 66. ,jpy; 80 vd;gJ la];lhypf; mOj;jk; 67. xU Mzpd; clk;gpy; cs;s RBCf;fspd; rhpahd msT 4.5-5.9

kpy;ypad;/fdkp.kP 68. ngz;zpd; clk;gpy; fhzg;gLk; RBCf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 4.1-5.1

kpy;ypad;/fdkp.kP 69. gpwf;Fk; NghJ kdpj clypy; cs;s RBCf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 4.0-5.6

kpy;ypad;/fdkp.kP 70. nghpatHfspd; clk;gpy; fhzg;gLk; WBCf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 4>500 –

11>000/fdkp.kP 71. rpWthfs; clk;gpy; cs;s WBCf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 10>000 –

25>000/fdkp.kP 72. ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; FiwtJ mdPkpah (,uj;j Nrhif) 73. ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; mjpfhpg;gJ ghypirjPkpah Fwpf;Fk; 74. epiyaw;w WBC mjpfhpg;G ghf;Bhpah njhw;iw Fwpf;fpwJ? 75. njhlHe;J mrhjhuz WBC vz;zpf;if mjpfhpg;gJ yf;fPkpah (,uj;j

Gw;WNeha;) Fwpf;Fk;? 76. lahgb]; nkypl;l];l vDk; epiyapy; rpWePhpy; fhzg;gLk;

FSf;Nfh]pd; msT 280kp.Nkhy;/yp 77. <.rp.[p apy; fhzg;gLk; miyfs; Vw;glf; fhuzk; vd;d kpd;dhw;wy;

jpir khw;wj;jhy; 78. <.rp.[pia gjpT nra;a cjTk; cgfuzk; vyf;l;NuhfhHbNahfpuhk;

7. ghpdhkf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

1) tpyq;fpaypd; jj;Jtk; vd;w E}ypid ntspapl;lth; - ykhh;f; 2) n[h;k;gpshrj;ij nrhkl;Nlhgpshrj;jpypUe;J gphpj;j mwpQh;- tP];kd; 3) nkf;^fhy;; Gjpa ykhh;fpaj;jpid Mjhpj;J ntspapl;l fUj;J ngw;w

gz;G kuGg; gz;ghjy; 4) lhh;tpd; Mjhpj;j ghpzhkf; fUj;Jf;fs; - kpfr;rpwe;jit jg;gp tho;jy; 5) ghpzhkr; nraw;ghq;F vDk; E}ypid ntspapl;lth; - GL ];nlgpd;]; 6) [Pd; FOkk; Nkk;ghl;bw;F fhuzpfs; - jpBh; khw;wk; 7) ngw;w gz;G kuGg;gz;ghjy; vd;w nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lth; - ykhh;f; 8) jw;fhyj;jpa Fjpiu ,dq;fs; - <Nt]; 9) Kw;fhy Fjpiu ,dq;fs; - i`uNfhj;jpak; (m) ,Nah`pg;g];) 10) ntg;gj;jpdhy; nts;nsypfspy; Vw;gLk; cly; khw;wq;fis Ma;T

nra;jth; - vg;.gp.rk;dh; 11) ntg;gj;jpdhy; nts;nsypfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpy; rk;diu Mjhpj;j

mwpQh;fs; - tpd;Nr> ifah;];kph;> fhnkuh;. 12) ,aw;if Njh;T Nfhl;ghl;il ntspapl;lth; - lhh;tpd; (1859) 13) epNah lhh;tpdprf; nfhs;ifia Mjhpj;jth; - `f;rpyp 14) ghpzhkj;ij elj;jptpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; - jpBh;khw;wk; 15) rhh;y]; lhh;tpd; caphpay; Ma;thsuhf gzpahw;wpa fg;gy; HMSgpfs; 16) ngz; rhkd; kPd; jdJ ,dg;ngUf;f fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;

Kl;ilfspd; vz;zpf;if – 80kpy;ypad;. 17) ml;yhz;bf; gFjpapy; thOk; rpg;gp jdJ gUtfhyj;jpy; ntspNaw;wk;

Kl;ilfspd; vz;zpf;if – 28>000>000. 18) ,dg;ngUf;f fhyj;jpy; fhil kPd;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f Rug;gpapy;

Njhd;Wk; Kl;ilfspd; vz;zpf;if – 10kpy;ypad; 19) ahidfs; gUt Kjph;r;rp milAk; taJ – 30 taJ. 20) lhh;tpd; $Wk; Fiwthd gpug;gpj;jy; jpwd; cila caphp – ahid 21) ahidfspd; ,dg;ngUf;f fhy taJ – 90 taJ tiu. 22) kugpa efh;T ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ 23) fjph; mhpths; Nrhif Nehapid kNyhpah fha;r;rYld;

njhlh;GgLj;jpath; - my;yprd; 24) kNyhpah fha;rypypUe;J mnkhpf;f ePf;Nuh kf;fis fhf;Fk; Neha; -

fjph; mhpths; Nrhif Neha;. 25) fjph; mhpths; Nrhif Nehapdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G – 02 vLj;J nry;Yk;

jpwd; Fiwjy;. 26) ngw;wgz;G kuG gz;ghjy; vd;gJ – yhkhh;f;fpd; ghpzhkf; Nfhl;ghL. 27) fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ghpzhk khw;wq;fshy; caphpdq;fSk; mtw;wpd;

cWg;GfSk; nghpjhFk; vd;gJ yhkhh;f;fpd; ve;j tpjp? Kjy; tpjp. 28) yhkhh;f;fpd; Kjy; tpjpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mth; $wpa tpyq;F -

<Ft]; (m) i`uNfhj;jphpak; Fjpiu ,dk;.


Page | 11

29) caphpdj;jpw;F Njitg;gLk; cWg;G tpiutpy; Njhd;wptpLk; vd;gJ yhkhh;f;fpd; - ,uz;lhtJ tpjp.

30) yhkhh;f; ,uz;lhtJ tpjpf;F cjhuzkhf $Wk; tpyq;F – xl;lf rptpq;fp.

31) yhkhh;f;fpd; %d;whtJ tpjp – clYWg;G gad;ghl;L tpjp. 32) ,Uk;G njhopypy; <Lgl;Nlhh;fspd; ifj;jirfSk; Xl;l ge;ja

tPuh;fspy; fhy; jirfSk; rpwg;giltJ – yhkhh;f;fpd; %d;whtJ tpjpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L.

33) yhkhh;f;fpd; ehd;fhtJ tpjp – ngw;w gz;G kuggz;ghjy;. 34) xU caphp jdJ tho;ehspy; ngWk; cly;khw;wk; my;yJ Gjpa gz;G

mLj;j jiy Kiwf;F flj;jg;gLk; vd;gJ – yhkhh;f;fpd; ehd;fhtJ tpjp.

35) Rw;W R+oy; mikg;Gfs; cly; mikg;GfSf;F Vw;g mike;jpUf;Fk; Kiw – epiyg;gLj;Jk; Kiw.

36) ,aw;ifapy;; jdpikgLj;Jk; Kiwfs; mjpfk; fhzg;gLtJ Gtpg; gutypy; jdpikgLj;Jjy;.

37) neUq;fpa ,dtopj; njhlh;Gila jtis ,dq;fs; njd; ,e;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; tho;jy; ve;j tifahd jdpik gLj;Jjy; - Gtpg;gutypy; jdpik.

38) Gtpg; guty; jdpik gLj;Jjypy; jtis ,dq;fs; jdpik gLj;jg;gl;l ,lk; - kz;zhh; tisFlh.

39) Ntw;wpl rpw;wpdq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - ,yq;if tho; jtis. 40) Xhplr; rpw;wpdq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L – uhdhn`f;rhlhf;fpilth>

uhdhn`f;rhilf;hpdh> uhdhraNdhgpypbf;];.

By

BHARATHIRAJA A

PGT ZOOLOGY

MOUNT ZION MHSS.

PUDUKKOTTAI.

CELL : 9944277623


Page | 1

kdpj clw;nraypay; - czT+l;lk;

01. fhHNghi`l;Nul;Lfs; ahit? mtw;wpd; ,iaGfs; ahit? fhHNghi`l;Nul;Lfs; vd;git xU Kf;fpa czTg; nghUs; MFk;.

,it ghypi`l;uhf;rp My;bi`Lfs; my;yJ fPl;Nlhd;fs; vdg;gLk;. fhHNghi`l;Nul;Lfs; fhHgd;> i`l;u[d;> Mf;rprd; Nghd;wtw;iw

1:2:1(CH2O)n) vDk; tpfpjj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,it xw;iwr;rHf;fiu> ,ul;ilr;rHf;fiu $l;Lr;rHf;fiu vd %d;W tifg;gLk;.

02. khNdhrhf;fiuLfis (xw;iwr;rHf;fiu) tifg;gLj;Jf?

khNdhrhf;fiuLfs; vd;git jdpj;j %yf;$wpdhy; Md vspa fhHNghi`l;Nul;Lfs; MFk;.

,tw;wpy; cs;s fhHgd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,it biuNahRfs; - C3H6O3 ngd;NlhRfs; - C5H10O5 n`f;NrhRfs; - C6H12O6vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

03. ilrhf;fiuLfs; (,ul;ilr;rHf;fiufs;) vd;why; vd;d? ,it ,uz;L xw;iwr; rHf;fiufspd; ,izg;ghy; Mdit.

,r;rHf;fiufs; ghy;> rHf;fiuapy; cs;sd. ,ul;ilr;rHf;fiuapd; tiffs;

khy;Nlh]; (Kisj;j jhdpaq;fs;) -FSf;Nfh];+FSf;Nfh];

Rf;Nuh]; (fUk;Gr;rHf;fiu) -FSf;Nfh]; + /g;uf;Nlh]; yhf;Nlh]; (ghy;) -FSf;Nfh]; + fhyf;Nlh];

04. ghyprhf;fiuLfs; ($l;Lr;rHf;fiu) vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf? gy xw;iwr;rHf;fiufspd; xd;wpizg;ghy; Mditf;F

$l;Lr;rHf;fiufs; my;yJ ghyprhf;fiuLfs; vd;W ngaH. ,it cly; fl;Lkhd nghUl;fspy; ifl;bd;> nry;Ynyh]; vDk; nghUl;fshf cs;sd.

mjpf msT rf;jpia nfhz;L Nrkpg;G czthf ];lhHr; mike;Js;sJ. czTj;Jfs;fspy; ];lhHr;rhdJ ngf;bd;> mikNyhngf;bd; %yf;$Wfshf cs;sJ.

tpyq;Ffspd; fy;yPuypYk; jirfspYk; fpisf;Nfh[d; vDk; $l;Lr;rHf;fiu mike;Js;sJ.

05. Gujk; tiuaW

fhHgd;> i`l;u[d;> Mf;]p[d; iel;u[d; (CHON) ,tw;Wld; rpwpjsT fe;jfk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;Ws;s %yf;$W Gujk; vdg;gLk;.

tiffs;: mikg;Gg; Gujq;fs; - nry;rt;T> Nuhkq;fs;> efq;fs;> jirfis

Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. nray;kpF Gujq;fs; - vd;irk;fs;

06. mj;jpahtrpakhd mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; ahit? M kPjpNahdpd; A mH[pidd; T jphpNahdpd P gpidy; mydpd; T bhpg;NlhNgd; V thypd; H `p];bbd; I InrhypA+rpd; L ypA+rpd; Ly iyrpd; mj;jpahtrpakhd mkpNdh mkpyq;fis ekJ clypy; cw;gj;jp nra;a

KbahJ. ,tw;wpid ehk; cztpd; %ykhf Neubahf ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

07. Fth\pahf;fH vd;why; vd;d? mjd; mwpFwpfs; vd;d?

cztpy; GNuhl;Bd; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;f;F Fth\pahHf;fH vd;W ngaH. mwpFwpfs; jirfs; nkype;J Kfk;> fhy;fspy; tPf;fk; Vw;gLk; tapW cg;gpapUf;Fk;. 08. kuh];k]; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; mwpFwpfs; vd;d?

cztpy; GNuhl;Bd; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;f;F kuh];k]; vd;W ngaH.

01) Foe;ijapd; cly; vil FiwAk; 02) fLikahd tapw;Wg;Nghf;F Vw;gLk;. 03) cly; jirfs; nkypAk; 04) vYk;gpd; kPJ Njhy; %bAs;sJ Nghd;w epiy Njhd;Wk;.

09. ypg;gpLfspd; gzpfs; ahit? 01) ,it nry;fspd; Kf;fpakhd %yf;$Wfs; MFk;. 02) clypd; kpf Kf;fpa Nrkpg;G czTg; nghUl;fs; 03) NjhYf;F mbapy; cs;s nfhOg;G clYf;F moF NrHf;fpwJ. 04) rpy tif ];Buha;L `hHNkhd;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jYf;Fk;

nfhOg;Gj; Njit


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10. PUFA vd;why; vd;d?

Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids MFk;.

PUFA vd;gJ epiwTwhj nfhOg;G mkpyq;fshFk;. ,it vspjpy; Mf;]pfuzkilAk;. vdNt jhd; ,uj;j mOj;j Neha; cs;stHfSf;F ghyp md;rhr;RNul;ll; nfhOg;g mkpyq;fs; cs;s #hpafhe;jp vz;nza; rh/g;stH vz;nza; Nghd;wit rpwe;jJ vdf; $Wfpdd;wdH.

kdpj clw;nraypay; - itl;lkpd;fs;

11. itl;lkpd; A Fiwghl;bdhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfs; ahit? 01) fz;zPHr; Rug;gp ghjpg;gile;J fz;zPHr; Rug;Gf; FiwAk; 02) tpopg;gly vgpj;jPypak; cyHe;J rptg;G epwkilAk;(Xerosis)

glyk; RUq;fyile;J fbdg;gLk; (Xeropthalmia) fz;zpd; fUikg; gFjpapy; ntz;Gs;sp (Bitot‟s spot) Njhd;Wk;.

03) tpopg;glyj;jpy; Gz;fs; Njhd;wp Neha; njhw;W Vw;gLk; (Keratomalacia)

04) khiyf;fz; Neha; Vw;gLk; (Nyctalopia) 12. itl;lkpd; tiffspd; ngaHfis vOJf?

itl;lkpd;fs; mtw;wpd; fiujpwd; mbg;gilapy; ePhpy; fiugit - BC kw;Wk;

nfhOg;gpy; fiugit - A,D,E,K vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd itl;lkpd;fs; vd;git $l;L mq;ff %yf;$Wfs; Neubahf rf;jpia

juhJ rf;jp jUk; clw;nray; khw;wk; eilngw ,it Njit.

13. #hpa xsp itl;lkpd; vJ? Mit Vd; mt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? #hpa xsp itl;lkpd; - itl;lkpd; D MFk;. #hpa xsp NjhYf;fbapy; cs;s vHNfh];buhy; vDk; nghUspd; kPJ

gLtjhy; ,e;j itl;lkpd; Njhd;WfpwJ. vdNt itl;lkpd; D #hpa xsp itl;lkpd; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

14. ];fHtp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; mwpFwpfs; ahit?

itl;lkpd; C gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; Njhd;Wk; Neha;f;F ];fHtp vd;W ngaH. mwpFwpfs;

gy; <wpy; ,uj;jf; frpT gy; tpOjy;> jirfspy; ,uj;jf; frpT Nghd;wit Vw;glyhk; ,izg;Gj;jpR Gujq;fs; jahhpg;G ghjpg;gilAk;.

15. ePhpd; gad;fs; ahit? 1) clypd; midj;Jr; nry;fspd; Kf;fpa mq;fkhFk;. 2) czT kw;Wk; fopTg; nghUl;fisf; flj;JjYf;F cjTk;. 3) Ntjpa khw;wq;fs; eilngWjYf;fhd jlkhf mikAk; 4) vd;irk;fs;> `hHNkhd;fs;> itl;lkpd;fs;> vyf;bNuhiyl;Lfspd;

fiug;ghdhfpwJ. 5) cly; ntg;gj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; 6) cly; jpRf;fspd; mikg;gpid cWjp nra;Ak;.

16. nghpnghp tiuaW itl;lkpd; B1 Kw;wpYk; Fiwtjhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; nghpnghp vdg;gLk;.

,jdhy; euk;G kw;Wk; ,ja Rw;W kz;lyk; ghjpg;gilAk; rpWtHfspy; ,e;j ghjpg;g mjpfk; ,Uf;Fk;. 17. ngy;yf;uh vd;why; vd;d?

itl;lkpd; earpd; Fiwtpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; ngy;yf;uh MFk;. mwpFwpfs;

Njhy; ghjpg;G> kwjp> tha;g;Gz;> ehf;F rpte;J typ Vw;gLjy;.

18. fNyhhp vd;why; vd;d? fNyhhp vd;gJ 1 fp.fpuhk; ePiu 10C caHj;Jtjw;F Njitahd ntg;g

msthff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

19. IRM kw;Wk; IRW Mfpatw;wpd; tphpthf;fk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gz;Gfis vOJf? IRM – Indian Reference Men (,e;jpa khjphp Mz;) 25taJ> cly;gug;G 1.4 r.kPl;lH cly; vil 45 fpNyhfpuhk;> ey;y cly;

eyk;. IRW – Indian Reference Woman (,e;jpa khjphp ngz;) 25 taJ> cly;gug;G 1.4 r.kPl;lH> cly; vil 45 fpNyhfpuhk;> ey;y

cly; eyk;.

20. BMI–ia tiuaW? cly; gUkid cly; vilf; FwpaPl;lhy; (BMI) Fwpg;gplyhk;. fpNyhfpuhk; fzf;fpYs;s cly; vilia kPl;lH fzf;fpYs;s cauj;jpd;

klq;fpdhy; tFj;jyhy; BMI fpilf;Fk;. 70 fpNyhfpuhk; vilAk; 180 nrkP cauKk; cila xUthpd; BMI (70/1.82) = 21.6 MFk;.

nghpatHfspd; BMI ahdJ 19 – 25 vDk; mstpy; ,ay;ghf

mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,jw;F Nky; BMI cs;s Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; Fz;lhdtHfshf fUjg;gLtH


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21. cly; gUkd; vd;why; vd;d? Fwpg;gpl;l tajpw;Fhpa vilapid tpl 10% cly; vil mjpfhpg;G

cly; gUkd; vdg;gLk;. mstpw;F mjpfkhd nfhOg;G clypy; Nrfhpf;fg;gLtjhy; cly; gUkd; mjpfhpf;Fk;. ,jdhy; ,uj;j mOj;j mjpfhpg;G> ,uj;jf; Foha; milg;G> ,ja Neha; ePuopT Neha; Nghd;w FiwghLfs; NehpLk;. 22. cly; gUkdhjYf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?

1) ghuk;ghpa fhuzq;fs; 2) mjpfg; grpAk; mjdhy; kpjkpQ;rpa czT cz;ZjYk;> 3) ehskpy;yh Rug;Gfspd; Rug;Gfs; kw;Wk; 4) tsHrpij khw;wf; FiwghLfshy; Vw;glyhk;.

kdpj clw;nraypay; - nrhpkhdk;

22. ckpo;ePHr;Rug;gpfs; ahit? mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; vd;irk; ahJ?

Nky; mz;zr; Rug;gpfs; (Parotid) fPo;j;jhilr; Rug;gpfs; (Submandibular)

ehtbr;Rug;gpfs; (Sublingual) ckpo; ePhpy; ];lhHr;rpd; kPJ nray;glf;$ba mikNy]; vd;w nehjpAk; kpA+rpd; vDk; xU fpisf;NfhGNuhl;BDk; cs;sJ.

23. Fly; miyT vd;why; vd;d?

czTf; Foypy; cs;s RUf;Fj; jirfspd; mLj;jLj;jr; RUf;fk; - jsHr;rpfshfj; Njhd;Wk; miy ,af;fq;fshy; czT ,iug;igia Nehf;fp efUk;. ,t;thW Njhd;Wk; Foy; RtH ,af;fj;jpw;Ff; Fly; miyT vd;W ngaH.

Fly; miyT ,iug;igia te;jila vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; fhymsT 9 nrfz;Lfs; MFk;.

24. fizaePupy; fhzg;gLk; nehjpfs; ahit? (J-10)

bhpg;rpd;> ifNkhbhpg;rpd;> fhHghf;]p ngg;bNl];> fiza mikNy];> fiza ypg;Ng]; kw;Wk; epA+f;spNq]; Nghd;w vd;irfs; cs;sd.

25. Kd;rpWFly; ePhpd; nehjpfs; ahit

khy;Nl];> Rf;Nu];> yhf;Nl];> ypg;Ng];> vhpg;rpd;> epA+f;spNa]; Mfpa nehjpfs; Kd;rpWFly; ePhpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

26. jd;kakhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? nrhpf;fg;gl;l czTg; nghUl;fs; cwpQ;rggl;L fy;yPuy; NghHl;ly;

rpiuapd; %yk; fy;yPuiyr; nrd;wilfpd;wd. fy;yPuypUe;J clypd; gpw gFjpfSf;F czTg; nghUl;fs; flj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mq;F mit gd;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,t;tpjk; czthdJ rf;jpahfTk;> nry; mikg;ghfTk; khWjy; ngWtJ jd;kakhf;fk; vdg;gLk;. 27. gw;nrhj;ij vd;why; vd;d? mtw;wpd; mwpFwpfs; ahit?

gy;ypd; kPJ ghJfhg;gpw;nfd cs;s vdhky;> nld;ild; vd;Dk; gy;nyOk;G (gw;je;jk;) rpwpJ rpwpjhf Nja;khdk; miltij gw;nrhj;ij vd;fpNwhk;.

gw;nrhj;ijapd; Jtf;fj;jpy; mwpFwpfs; ,y;iy. gw;nrhj;ij ed;F Vw;gl;Ls;sjw;F Kjy; mwpFwp gy;typahFk;. ,dpg;G kw;Wk; #L my;yJ FspHr;rp kpFe;j czthy; typ mjpfkhFk;. tha; JHehw;wKk; Vw;glyhk;.

28. ifNahikf;uhd; vd;why; vd;d?

gpj;jePhpy; cs;s gpj;jePH cg;Gf;fs; nghpa nfhOg;G nghUl;fis rpwpa nfhOg;G jptiyfshf khw;Wfpd;wd. ,e;j rpwpa nfhOg;Gj; jptiyfs; ifNahikf;uhd; vdg;gLk;.

29. gw;rpijTf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUspd; ngaH vd;d?

gw;rpijTf;F je;j urf;fyit (Dental amalgam– XH nkHFhp cNyhff; fyg;G)

kug;ghy; gprpDld; (Gutta percha) Jj;jehf Mf;i]L kw;Wk; gp];kj; Mf;i]L NrHe;j fyit nfhz;L epug;ggLk;.

30. NtHFop rpfpr;irapd; gad;fs; ahit?

NtHFop rpfpr;irahdJ gy; gpLq;Ftij jtpHj;J ,aw;ifg; gy;iyj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;s ,g;Gjpa rpfpr;ir cjTk;.

31. ,iug;ig Gz; vd;why; vd;d?

,iug;gFjpfspd; cl;Rthpy; jpRj;Njhy; mhpkhdk; mile;J fhak; Njhd;WjNy ,iug;ig Gz; vdg;gLk;.

,aw;ifapy; ,g;gFjpfs; Hcl mkpyj;jpd; ghjpg;gpypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;nfd XH Nfhiog; nghUisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

,g;nghUs; mopf;fg;gl;lhy; mq;F jpRf;fspy; tPf;fk; Vw;gl;L cs;Njhy; ghjpg;gilAk; ,jidNa ,iug;ig Gz; vd;fpNwhk;.

,iug;igg; Gz;zhy; 50 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;ltHfNs mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.


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32. Fly; Gz; Njhd;w fhuzq;fs; ahit? Fly; Gz;fs; n`ypf;NfhNgf;lH igNyhhp vDk; ghf;Bhpaq;fshy;

Njhd;Wfpd;wd. M];gphpd; kw;Wk; NtW rpy typepthuz kUe;Jg; nghUl;fisj;

Njitf;F mjpfkhf cl;nfhs;StjhYk; Gz;fs; Njhd;wyhk;. Gif gpbj;jy;> kJ mUe;Jjy;> fh/gpd; kw;Wk; cstpay;

mOj;jq;fshYk; Gz;fs; Vw;gLk;. 33. Flypwf;f Fly; gpJf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? Fly; gpJf;fj;jpd; tiffs; ahit?

Flypwf;fj;jpy; Flypd; xU gFjp jpUfyile;J gpJf;fj;jpDs; Eioe;JtpLk;. mg;gFjpapy; ,uj;j Xl;lk; jilg;glyhk;. ,jw;F FlypWf;f Fly; gpJf;fk; vd;W ngaH. Fly; gpJf;fj;jpd; tiffs;

ftl;ilg; gpJf;fk;> Nky;njhil gpJf;fk;> nfhg;G+o; Fly; ,wf;fk;.

34. Nky;njhil gpJf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? tapW njhil NrUkplj;jpy; Jilj;jkdpAk; rpiuAk; fPo;tapw;wpypUe;J

Jilg;gFjpf;F ,wq;Fk;. ,q;F Fly; gpJf;fk; vd;W ngaH. mjpf cly; vil my;yJ gy Foe;ijfisg; ngwy; Mfpa

fhuzq;fshy; ngz;fSf;F ,f;Fiw Nehplyhk;. Fly; ,wf;fj;jpid vspa mWit rpfpr;irapdhy; rhpnra;ayhk;.

35. nfhg;G+o; Fly; ,wf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? rpW Foe;ijfSf;F ehgpiar; Rw;wpAs;s gFjpapy; tapw;Wj; jirfs;

jsHr;rp miltjhy; nfhg;G+o; Fly; ,wf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ. Fly; ,wf;fj;jpid vspa mWit rpfpr;irapdhy; rhpnra;ayhk;.

36. gpj;jg;ig fy;ypd; Ntjpapay; nghUs; vd;d? fy;yPuypy; cw;gj;jpahFk; gpj;j ePhpy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lhy; gpj;jf;fy;

Njhd;Wjy; epfoyhk;. gpj;j ePhpy; nfhy];l;uhy;> epwkpfs; kw;Wk; rpy cg;Gf;fs; cs;sd.

40tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l gj;jpy; xUtUf;F (1/10) ,f;fw;fs; Njhd;wyhk;. 37. Fly;thy; mow;rpapd; mwpFwpfs; ahit?

Fly;thy; mow;rpapd; Jtf;fj;jpy; jpBnud tapw;wpy; typAk;> the;jpAzHTk; Njhd;Wk;> fha;r;rYk; Njhd;wyhk;.

38. n`g;ghbb]; vd;why; vd;d? fy;yPuy; mow;rpapdhy; fy;yPuy; tPf;fk; Vw;gl;L fhzg;gLtijNa fy;yPuy;

mow;rp my;yJ n`g;ghbb]; vd;fpNwhk;. n`ghbb]; itu];fspd; jhf;FjyhYk; mjpf msT kJ mUe;JtjhYk;

Vw;glyhk;.

39. cjug;igAiw mow;rp vd;why; vd;d? Fly;thy; mow;rpapy; rpfpr;ir jhkjkhdhy; Fly;thy; ntbj;J

tapw;iwapy; njhw;W NehpLk;. ,jdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G cjug;igAiw mow;rp vdg;gLk;.

kdpj clw;nraypay; - vYk;GfSk; %l;LfSk;

40. vYk;G Kwptpd; tiffs; ahit? gr;irf; nfhk;G KwpT> %ba KwpT> jpwe;j KwpT> Neha;epiy KwpT>

mOj;j KwpT> gpwg;G KwpT.

41. mOj;j vYk;G KwpT vd;why; vd;d? njhlHr;rpahf ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F vYk;gpd; Xhplj;jpy; Vw;gLk; mOj;jk;

,t;tif Kwptpw;F fhuzkhFk;.

42. gp]pNahnjugp tiuaW? gp]pNahnjugp (gapw;rp Kiw rpfpr;ir) vd;Dk; Jiw. clw;gapw;rpapd;

%ykhf nraypoe;j if> fhy;fis kPz;Lk; ed;Kiwapy; nray;glr; nra;fpwJ. %l;Lfs; ,Wf;fkiljy; kw;Wk; jirfspd; ,og;G Nghd;wit vYk;G

KwpT rpfpr;irapd; ,Wjpapy; Njhd;Wk; gpur;ridfs; MFk;. ,t;tpU gpur;ridfisAk; gp]pNahnjugp clw;gapw;rpfs; %yk; jPHf;fyhk;.

43. %l;L eOTjypy; fhuzq;fs; ahit? fd;n[dpl;ly; (gpwtpf;FiwghL)> tpgj;J> Neha;> gf;fthjk; Mfpa

fhuzq;fshy; %l;L eOTjy; Vw;glyhk;. fd;n[dpl;ly; vd;gJ fUtsHr;rpapd; NghJ kugpay; fhuzpfshy; vYk;G

tsHr;rpapy; FiwghL Vw;gLtjhFk;. ,itfSf;F nluNlhn[dpf; my;yJ nluNlhyh[pf; FiwghLfs; vd;W ngaH.

44. MHj;hpl;b]; (%l;L typ) vd;why; vd;d? %l;Lg; gFjpapy; cs;s cWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gfs; tPf;fkiltjdhy;

%l;Ltyp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F irNdhtpak;> ,uz;L vYk;Gfs; ,izAk; gFjpahd MHl;bFyH gFjp> kw;Wk; fhg;rpA+y; Mfpa gFjpfs; fhuzkhfpd;wd.

%l;L typf;Fg; gy Neha;f; fhuzpfs; cz;L mit> kdey – cly; ey Neha;f; fhuzp> Neha; njhw;Wjy;> gy;NtW Neha;fs;

kw;Wk; tsHrpij khw;wf; FiwghL Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; %l;Ltyp Njhd;wyhk;.


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45. %l;Ltypia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; njhw;W Neha;f; fhuzpfs; ahit? ];nlig/Nyhfhf;f];> ];l;nug;Nlhfhf;fy;> Nfhdhfhf;fy;> UNkl;bf;

fha;r;ry;> nghpak;ik> rp/gpyp];> fpdp GOf;fs; Nghd;w njhw;Wfs; %l;L typia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. 46. hpf;fl;]; tiuaW?

Foe;ijfspy; itl;lkpd; D Fiwtpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; hpf;fl;]; MFk;. mwpFwpfs; - tise;j fhy;fs;> Kd;JUj;jpa khHGf;$Lfs;> kzpf;fl;L

mfd;wpUj;jy;. 47. vYk;Grpfpr;ir tiuaW?

vYk;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l midj;J FiwghLfisAk; rhpnra;Ak; Kiw. ,jpy; nfhk;G nfhLj;jy;> rhe;J thHj;jy;> Mg;G Kiwapy; ,izj;jy; Nghd;w Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

48. M];bNahkNyrpah tiuaW? (OC-06)

taJ te;jtHfspy; itl;lkpd; D Fiwtpdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G M];bNah kNyrpah vdg;gLk;.

mwpFwpfs; -vYk;Gfspy; typ> vYk;Gfs; nkyptiljy;.

kdpj clw;nraypay; - Rthrpj;jy;

49. EiuaPuy; fhw;W}l;lj;jpd; NghJ epfo;tJ vd;d? EiuaPuy; fhw;Nwhl;lj;jpd; NghJ cl;Rthrk; kw;Wk; ntspr;Rthrk;

eilngWfpwJ. cl;Rthrk; Mf;]p[d; kpFe;j fhw;W EiuaPuypDs; ngwg;gLfpwJ. ntspr;Rthrk; cl;Rthrj;jpw;F gpwF Njhd;wpa fhHgd;-il-Mf;i]L kpFe;j fhw;W ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ. 50. Rthrj;jpd; NghJ nray;gLk; jirfs; ahit?

Rthrj;jpd; NghJ tpyh vYk;GfSf;fpilNa cs;s cs; tpyh vYk;gpilj; jirfs; kw;Wk; ntsp tpyh vYk;gpilj; jirfs; ,tw;Wld; cjutpjhdKk; NrHe;J gq;F nfhs;fpwJ.

51. cl;Rthr> ntspr;Rthr fhw;wpd; mikg;Gg; nghUl;fis xg;gpLf? Mf;]p[d; iel;u[d; fhHgd;-il-

Mf;i]L <ug;gjk;

cs;spOg;G % 21.00 79.00 0.04 khWgLk;

ntspNaw;wk;% 15.7 74.5 3.6 kpFjp

52. N`hpq; - GudH mdpr;ir vd;why; vd;d? %r;Rr; rpw;wiwfspd; RtHfs; cl;Rthrj;jpy; ed;F tphptilAk;. mjid

czHe;j czHgFjpfs; KFsj;jpYs;s ntspr;Rthrg; gFjpf;F Ntf]; euk;gpd; topNa J}z;Ljy;fisf; flj;Jfpd;wd. ,jdhy; cl;Rthrk; epWj;jg;gLk;. ,t;tif njhlH epfo;r;rpf;F n`hpq; - G&aH nray; vd;W ngaH.

53. epA+Nkhdpah Neha;f;F fhuzkhd Ez;ZapHfspd; ngaHfs; ahit? epA+Nkhdpah gy;NtW Neha; fhuzpfshy; Vw;gLfpwJ.

itu]; epA+Nkhdpah mbNdh itu];> Rthrr; nry;ypizg;G itu]; my;yJ fhf;rhfp itu];fshy; Vw;gLk;. ghf;Bhpah epA+Nkhdpah epA+Nkhfhf;f]; epANkhdpah ikf;Nfhgpsh];kh vDk; Ez;ZaphpfSk; epA+Nkhdpahitj; Njhw;Wtpf;fyhk;.

Neha; njhw;wypdhy; EiuaPuy;fs; tPq;fpa epiyapid miljNy epNkhdpah vdg;gLk;.

54. fhrNehia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Neha; fhuzp ahJ? mtw;wpd; mwpFwpfs; ahit?

fhrNeha; ikf;Nfhghf;Bhpak; bA+gHFNyhrp]; vDk; ghf;Bhpahtpdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. mwpFwpfs;: Kf;fpa mwpFwp ,UkYk; neQ;RtypAkhFk;. rpy Ntisfspy; ,uj;jk;> ntspg;glyhk;. neQ;Rtyp> %r;Rj;jpzwy;> fha;r;ry;> ,utpy; tpaHj;jy;> grpapd;ik> vilf;Fiwjy; Nghd;wit Vw;gLk; EiuaPuYf;F ntspNa ePHg;nghUs; jq;f Nehplyhk;.

55. khHGr;rsp Neha; (Bronchitis) vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? %r;R Fohapid EiuaPuy;fSld; ,izf;Fk; %r;Rf; fpisf; Foy;fspd;

Rtw;wpy; Vw;gLk; tPf;fj;jpidNa khHGr;rsp Neha; (Bronchitis) vd;fpd;Nwhk;. khHGr;rsp Neha; ghf;Bhpah> itu]; Nghd;w Neha; fhuzpfspdhy;

Vw;glyhk;. khHGr;rsp Neha; Gif gpbg;gjpdhYk; mjpf msT fhw;W khRgLjy;

cs;s ,lq;fspy; tho;tjpdhy; Vw;glyhk;. ,it jPtpu khHGr;rsp Neha; kw;Wk; Kw;wpa khHGr;rsp Neha; vd;W

,uz;L tifg;gLk;

56. jPtpu khHGr;rsp Neha; mwpFwpfs; ahit? jpBnudj; Njhd;wpr; rpwpJ fhyk; ghjpf;Fk;. fhuzq;fs;: fhw;wpd; khRf;NfL> Gifgpbj;jy;> iu];fs;> ghf;Bhpah. FspHfhyq;fspy; ghjpg;G mjpfkpUf;Fk; Gifgpbg;gtHfs;> rpWFoe;ijfs;> tajhdtHfs;> EiuaPuy; Neha;

cilatHfs; vspjpy; ghjpf;fg;gLtH.


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57. Kw;wpa khHGr;rsp Neha; mwpFwpfs; ahit? njhlHe;J ePbj;Jg; gy Mz;Lfs; ghjpf;fyhk;. fhuzq;fs;: fhw;wpd; khRf;NfL> Gifgpbj;jy; Nghd;wit Fiwe;jJ %d;W khjfhykhtJ ,UkYk; rspAk; Njhd;Wk;. %r;Rg; ghijfs; FWfyile;J milg;Gfs; Vw;gLk;. vk;igrPkh vdg;gLk; EiuaPuy; tPf;fNehAld; ,e;Neha; ,ize;jpUf;Fk;. ,jw;F (COLD) vd;W ngaH.

kdpj clw;nraypay; - jirfs;

01. rhHNfhnyk;kh vd;why; vd;d? jirehHfis Rw;wpf; fhzg;gLk; rt;T Nghd;w glyk; rhHnfhnyk;kh

vdg;gLk;.

02. ikNahiggpHfs; tiuaW? xt;nthU jirehhpYk; 4-20 tiu nky;ypa ,iofs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,it ikNahiggpHs;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; tpl;lk; 1-3 ikf;uhd;fs;. ikNahiggphpypd;dpd; jdpj;Jz;L rhHNfhkpaH vdg;gLk;.

03. jir ehHfspd; RUq;Fk; nraypy; gq;F nfhs;Sk; Gujq;fs; ahit?

jir ehHfs; RUq;Fk; nraypy; ikNahrpd;> Mf;bd;> bNuhNghikNahrpd; kw;Wk; bNuhNghdpd; Mfpa Gujq;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd.

04. efUk; ,io fUj;Jf; nfhs;if (Sliding Filament Hypothesis) vd;why; vd;d?

`hdrd; kw;Wk; `f;Ny ,tHfspd; fUj;jpd;gb> jirfspd; RUq;Fk; myfpy; ikNahrpd; kw;Wk; Mf;bd; Mfpa ,Utif ,iofs; cs;sd.

jir RUf;fj;jpd; NghJ ,t;tpiofs; xd;wd; kPJ xd;whf efHe;J nry;fpd;wd. jir RUf;fj;jpd; nghJk;> ePl;rpapd; NghJk;>A fw;iwapd; ePsk; khwhJ ,Uf;fpd;wJ. kw;nwhU Gwj;jpy; I fw;iwapd; ePsk; jirapd; ePsj;jpw;F Vw;wthW khWfpwJ.

,jd; tpisthf Z Nfhl;Lg;gFjpfspy; xd;iw Nehf;fp xd;W ,Of;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,ijaLj;J> mLj;jLj;j rhHNfhkpaHfSk; ,Of;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,JNt jirr;RUf;fkhfpwJ.

05. euk;G – jir re;jpg;G vd;why; vd;d?

jirehHfs;> ikaypDiw nfhz;l euk;GfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j euk;Gfs; jz;L tlj;jpypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,e;j euk;Gfs; KbAk; ,lj;jpy; jirAk;> euk;GfSk; re;jpf;fpd;wd. ,jw;F euk;G – jir re;jpg;G vd;W ngaH.

06. jirfspd; Fiwe;j msT RUf;fk; (Muscle Tone) vd;why; vd;d? jirfs; Xa;T epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> rw;Nw J}z;Ljy; ngw;W xU

Fwpg;gpl;l msT RUq;fpa epiyapNyNa jirfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;Fj; jirfspd; Fiwe;j msT RUf;fk; vd;W ngaH.

vYk;GfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s jirfspd; Fiwe;j msT RUf;fk; jz;Ltlj;jpypUe;J tUk; J}z;LjypdhYk;> jir ehHfSf;Fs;NsNa Njhd;Wk; xU jd;dpr;irahd nraNy> ,e;j Fiwe;j msTf;F fhuzkhFk;. 07. jirr;NrhHT (Muscle Fatigue) vd;why; vd;d?

jirr;NrhHT vd;gJ jirfs; Nkw;nfhz;L RUq;f ,ayhky; NghtJ kw;Wk; jir ehHfspy; tsHrpij khw;wr; nray; eilngw ,ayhky; Nghthjij jirr;NrhHT vd;fpNwhk;.

ePz;l Neuk; tYthd epiyapy; jirfs; RUf;fj;jpy; ,Ug;gjpdhy; jirfspy; cs;s fpisf;Nfh[d; Fiwe;J yhf;bf; mkpyk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; jirr;NrhHT Vw;gLfpwJ.

08. kuz tpiwg;G (Rigor Moritis) vd;why; vd;d?

xUtH ,we;j gpwF gy kzpNeuk; tiu> jirfs; RUq;fp epiyapid (tpiwg;Gld;) milAk;. ,jw;F kuz tpiwg;G vd;W $WfpNwhk;.

jirehHfspy; ATP %yf;$Wfs; ,y;yhjNj ,jw;F fhuzkhFk;. ,e;epiy> nry;ypy; cs;s iyNrhNrhk;fspd; vd;i]k;fspd; vd;i]k;fs;> jir ehHfspd; Gujq;fis Kw;wpYkhf rpijf;Fk; tiu ePbf;fpwJ. ,r;nray; eilngw 15-25 kzpNeuj;jpw;Fs; MfpwJ.

09. jirg;gpbg;G vd;why; vd;d? fhuzq;fis vOJf?

jirehHfs; mjpfgl;r ePl;rp jpwDf;F NkYk; ,Of;fg;gLk; NghJk;> mjpf Ntfj;Jld; jir RUf;fk; Vw;gLk; NghJk;> rpy rkaq;fspy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; jir mirTfs; eilngWtjpdhYk;> mt;tplj;jpy; jirfs; rpijtiltJ my;yJ jirfs; ghjpf;fg;gLtjhFk; ,jidNa jirg;gpbg;G vd;fpNwhk;.

10. INrhlhdpf; jirr; RUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

,r;RUf;fj;jpy;> jir Ez;zpiofspd; eOTjypdhy; jirfs; Fl;ilahfpd;wd. ,r;RUf;fk; rhjhuz mirTfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mjhtJ Koq;fhy;fis klf;Fjy;> if> fhy;fisr; Row;Wjy; kw;Wk; rphpj;jy; Nghd;witfshy; Vw;gLk; jirr; RUf;fj;ijNa ehk; INrhlhdpf; jirr;RUf;fk; vd;fpNwhk;.


Page | 7

11. INrhnkl;hpf; jirr;RUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? ,r;RUf;fj;jpy;> jir Ez;zpiofs; mjd; mr;rpypUe;J rf;fuk;Nghy;

RoYk; NghJ> jirfspy; tpiwg;Gj; jz;ik Vw;gLfpwJ. Jirfs; Vwj;jho xU mirahj nghUspd; Fopf;Fs; ,Ue;J nray;gLtjhy; jirfspy; tpiwg;Gj; jd;ik Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F INrhnkl;hpf; jirr; RUf;fk; vd;W ngaH.

12. ikah];jPdpah fpNutp]; vd;why; vd;d?

ikah];jPdpah fpNutp]; vd;gJ xU Ra Neha;j;jLg;G mikg;Gf; Fiwghl;L Neha; MFk;. ekJ clypy; jirj; J}z;LjYf;Ff; fhuzkhd mrpl;ily;nfhiyd; nray;ghl;Lf;F vjpuhf Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy; (Md;bghbfs;) Njhd;wp tpLk;. ,jdhy; Rthr cWg;Gfspd; jirfs; kw;Wk; if> fhy;fs; nraypoe;J tpLk;.

,e;Nehapd; Kf;fpa mwpFwpahf fz; ,ik nraypoj;jy; MFk;. ,e;Nehia rhpnra;a ,uj;jj;ij Rj;jpfhpf;Fk; (gpsh];Nkh/gPhprp];)

nray; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. caphp - tpyq;fpay; - ,jak;

01. ,ja ,af;f Row;rp

xU Jtf;f ,jaj; Jbg;Gj; Njhd;wp gbg;gbahfg; gy epfo;r;rpfspd; gpd; kPz;Lk; ,ja Jbg;gpd; Jtf;fk; Njhd;Wjy; xU ,ja ,af;f Row;rpahFk;.

,r;Row;rpapy; ,jak; RUq;Fjy; rp];Nlh]; vdg;gLk;. ,ja jsHr;rpahdJ ila];Nlhy; MFk;. XH ,jaj; Jbg;G vd;gJ xU rp];Nlh];> XH ila];Nlhy; Mfpatw;iw

cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;.

02. ,jaj;jir erpTwy; Neha; (Myocardial Infarction) ,J xU ,jaj; jir jkdp Neha; MFk;. ,ja jirfSf;F nry;Yk; jkdp Foy;fspy; VNjDk; milg;G

Vw;gLtjpdhy; ,ja jirfSf;F rhpahd msT ,uj;jk; nry;yhky; ,ja jirapd; xU gFjp ,we;J tpLfpwJ.

,jdhy; kpf fLikahd neQ;R typ Vw;gLk;.

,ja jir erpTwy; Neha;f;fhd mwpFwpfs; kpff;fLikahd neQ;R typ> ,t;typ fOj;J kw;Wk; ,l Jiff;Fk;

gutyhk;. tpaHj;jy;> %r;R jpzwy;> tapw;Wf; Fkl;ly;> the;jp> kuzk; gw;wpa glglg;G Mfpait Vw;gLk;.

03. mikjpahd ,ja jir erpTwy; Neha; 5-y; xUtUf;F ,ja jir erpTwy; Nehapdhy; neQ;R typ

Njhd;Wtjpy;iy. Mdhy; kaf;fk;> tpaHj;jy;> Njhy; ntSg;G Nghd;wit Nehplyhk;. ,J mikjpahd ,jaj;jir erpTwy; Neha; vdg;gLk;.

04. jPtpu khHG typ (Angina Pectoris)

,jaj; jirfSf;F ,uj;j xl;lk Fiwe;J Mf;]p[d; fpilj;jypy; FiwghL Vw;gLtjhy; khHig mOj;JtJ Nghd;w fLikahd typ Vw;gLk;. ,JNt MQ;i[dh vDk; jPtpu khHG typahFk;.

jPtpu khHG typahdJ jpBnudj; Njhd;Wk. khHG ,Wf;fkhfj; Njhd;Wk; typahdJ khHG mOj;jg;gLtJ Nghd;W mikAk;. 30 epkplq;fs; tiu ,t;typ ePbf;fyhk;. 05. jPtpu khHG typf;fhd mwpFwpfs;

,ja ,uj;jf; Fohailg;G Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ,jaj; jirfSf;F ,uj;j Xl;lk; FiwTgLjy;.

kpf mfjpfkhd ,uj;jr; Nrhifapdhy; ,uj;jj;jpd; Mf;]p[d; J}f;fpr; nry;Yk; jpwd; FiwTgLk;.

ghyp irj;jPkpah Nehapdhy; ,uj;jr; rptg;G mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;Fk;. ,jdhy; ,uj;jj;jpd; mlHT mjpfhpj;J ,jaj; jirfSf;F nry;Yk; ,uj;j Xl;lk; Ntfk; FiwAk;.

ijuhf;rpd; Rug;G mjpfhpj;jhy;> mjw;F ijulhf;rpNfhrp]; vd;W ngaH. ,e;Nehapy; ,ja ,af;fk; jPtpukilAk;. ,jar; RtH ,uj;j Xl;lk; mjw;F <L nra;ahJ. ,jdhy; jPtpu khHG typ Njhd;Wk;.

06. MQ;rpNah fpuhk; (,ja ,uj;jf; Foyilg;G glj; Njhw;wk;)

,jar; jir ,uj;jf; Foha;fypy; Vw;gLk; FiwghLfis fz;lwpa rpwg;g tha;e;j x-fjpHfis gad;gLj;jp ,jaj;jir ,uj;jf; Foha;fis glkhfj; Njhw;Wtpj;jNy MQ;rpNahfpuhk; MFk;.

07. fNuhdhp MQ;rpNah gpsh];b (,jaj; jir ,uj;jf; Foyilg;G ePf;fk;)

xU gY}d; cl;nrYj;jpf; Foiy (Baloon Catheter) njhil jkdp topahf ,ja jir jkdp Foy;fs; tiu cl;nrYj;jp mq;F ,ja jir jkdp Foy;fspy; fhzg;gLk; milg;Gfis ePf;Ftjw;F ,jaj; jir ,uj;j Foyilg;G ePf;fk; (fNuhdhp MQ;rpNah gpsh];b) vd;W ngaH.

08. ,jaj; jir ,uj;jf; Foy; khw;Wg;ghij mWit rpfpr;ir (Coronary

Bypass Surgery) ,r;rpfpr;irapy; milg;Gs;s gFjp ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpy; jtpHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,ja ,af;fk; epWj;jg;gl;L mWit rpfpr;ir Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. mt;Ntisapy;


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Rthr - ,uj;j Xl;lg; gzpia ,ja EiuaPuy; fUtp (Heartung Machine) Nkw;nfhs;Sk;> clypd; NtnwhU gFjpapy; ngw;w ,uj;jf; Foyhy; milg;Gs;s gfjpf;F khw;whfg; Gjpa ghij mikf;fg;gl;L ,uj;j Xl;lk; rPuhf;fg;gLk;. 09. ,ja jir ,uj;jf; Foy; milg;gpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

,ja jir Foy; milg;gpw;Ff; nfhOg;Gk; vz;nza;fSk; fye;j Me;Nuhkh vDk; nghUs; Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;. NkYk;> kbe;j nry;fs;> ehHj; jpRf;fs;> ,uj;j gpNsl;nyl;Lfs;> nfhy];l;uhy;> fhy;rpak; Nghd;witfSk; ,g;ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

10. ,jaj; J}z;ly; milg;G (Heart Block)

,ja ,af;fj;jpw;fhd kpd; J}z;ly; irD Mhpf;FyhH fZtpy; Njhd;wp Kiwahf ,jaj; jirfSf;F nry;tJ jilg;gLtjhy; ,jaj; J}z;ly; milg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. 11. ,ja vjpnuhyp tiuglk; (Echo Cardiography)

XH Ez; xyp Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; fUtp khHgpy; ,jag; gFjpapd; Nky; itf;fg;gl;L> Ez; xyp miyTfis ,jaj;jpd; cl;nrYj;jp ,jaj;jpd; cs;sikg;gpid glkhfj; Njhw;Wtpj;jNy ,ja vjpnuhyp tiuglk; MFk;. 12. ,uj;j mOj;jk;

jkdpfspd; topNa ,uj;jk; XLk; NghJ mj;jkdpfspd; Rtw;wpy; Njhd;Wk; mOj;jNk ,uj;j mOj;jk; vdg;gLk;. xUthpd; ruhrhp ,uj;j mOj;jk; 120/80mmHg. clw;gapw;rp> kdmOj;jk;> cwf;fk; Nghd;w jd;ikfis nghWj;J ,ja ,af;fKk; ,uj;j mOj;jKk; khWgLk;.

13. ila];lhypf; mOj;jk;

ntz;l;hpf;fps;fspd; RtH jsHr;rpailAk; Ntisapy; jkdpfspd; Rthpy; Njhd;Wk; mOj;jk; ila];lhypf; ,uj;j mOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

14. rp];lhypf; mOj;jk;

ntz;l;hpf;fps;fspd; miur;RtH RUq;Fk;NghJ> jkdpfspy; ,uj;jk; gha;e;J nry;Yk;. mg;NghJ Njhd;Wk; mOj;jk; rp];lhypf; mOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

15. kpifaOj;jk; (Hypertension)

rp];lhypf; mOj;jk; 160mmHg kw;Wk; ila];lhypf; mOj;jk; 95mmHg Mfpa msTfspNyh my;yJ mjw;F mjpfkhfNth ,ug;gpd; mj;jd;ik kpifaOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

16. ,ja – EiuaPuy; nray; J}z;ly; (M-12. OC-10)

,jaj;Jbg;G epd;Wtpl;l xUtUf;F cldbahf khHGg; gFjpapy; ,jaj;jpw;F Nky; mOj;jpg; gpire;J> thapd; Nky; tha; itj;Jr; Rthrj; J}z;ly; nra;tij ,ja-EiuaPuy; nray; J}z;ly; vd;fpNwhk;.

17. ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fspd; tiffs;

01. epA+l;Nuh/gpy;fs; 02. ,nahrpNeh/gpy;fs; 03. NgNrh/gpy;fs; 03. ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; 05. NkhNdhirl;Lfs;

18. `PNkh];lhrp]; (,uj;jk; ciwjy;) XH ,uj;jf; Foy; ghjpg;gile;jhy; jput epiyapy; cs;s gpsh];khtpy;

fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW GNuhl;Bd;fshy; ehH gpd;dyhy; Md xU tiy nghd;w mikg;G Vw;gl;L mjpy; midj;J ,uj;jr; nry;fSk; gpNsl;nyl;LfSk; rpf;f fl;b nghd;w mikg;ghf Njhd;WtijNa ,uj;jk; ciwjy; (m) `PNkh];lhrp]; vd;fpNwhk;. 19. jpuhk;Nghrp];

xU ,uj;j Foha;fspDs; ,uj;jk; ciwe;J ,uj;jf; fl;b (jpuhk;g];) cw;gj;jpahFk; epfo;r;rpf;F jpuhk;Nghrp]; vd;W ngaH.

,jajir jkdp Foy;fshy; ,uj;jf;fl;b Vw;gbd; mjw;F fNuhdhp jpuhk;Nghrp]; vd;W ngaH. ,jdhy; khuilg;G (Heart Attack) Vw;glyhk;.

%isf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,uj;jf; Foha;fspy; ,uj;jf;fl;b Vw;gbd; mjw;F nrhpg;uy; jpuhk;Nghrp]; (Cerebral Thrombosis) vd;W ngaH. ,jdhy; gf;fthjk; Vw;gLk;. 20. ,uj;jk; ciwjy; fhuzpfs; vd;why; vd;d?

gpsh];khtpy; cs;s gy GNuhl;Bd;fshy; ,uj;jk; ciwjy; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,tw;wpw;F ,uj;jk; ciwjy; fhuzpfs; vd;W ngaH. ,it nghJthf nrayw;w epiyapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. fhak; Vw;gLifapy; ,it J}z;btplg;gLk;. 21. Ukhl;bf; ,Uja Neha; vd;why; vd;d?

njhz;ilg;gFjpapy; ];bnug;Nglhf;fhfy; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; jhf;Ftjhy; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,J clypd; Mw;wYf;F NfLtpistpf;f $baJ. fha;riy Vw;gLj;Jk; xUthpd; Neha; jLg;G jd;ik mtuJ cly; jpRf;fspd; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. mwpFwpfs;

cly;typ> %l;Lf;fspy; tPf;fk;> ,ja thy;Tfs; ghjpg;giljy;


Page | 9

capH – tpyq;fpay; euk;G xUq;fpizT

01. epidthw;wy; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? epidthw;wy; vd;gJ %isapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

epidthw;wy; vd;gJ rpy epkplq;fspy; ,Ue;J gy Mz;Lfs; tiu ePbf;Fk; jpwdhFk;.

01. czHTfspd; epidthw;wy; 02. Kjy;epiy epidthw;wy; 03. ,uz;lhk; epiy epidthw;wy;

02. epue;ju epidTg; gFjp (m) epidT njhlHjy; (Memory Engram) vy;yh euk;G nry;fspd; ,izg;Gk; J}z;ly;fisf; flj;Jk; trjp

ngWkhdhy; mJ xU rpe;jid Rw;W Mf cUntLf;fpwJ. ,e;j rHf;A+l; VjhtJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l J}z;ly;fspdhy; gpd;dhspy; J}z;lg;gLk; nghJ xU epue;ju epidT epiyia milfpwJ. ,e;j KO rHf;A+l;bw;F epue;ju epidTg; gjpT my;yJ epidT njhlHjy; vd;W ngaH.

03. cwf;fk;

xt;nthU ehs; ,uTk; xU kdpjd; epidtpoe;j epiyia milfpwhd;. mjpypUe;J kPsj; jFe;j Gwj;J}z;ly;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;nraiy ehk; cwf;fk; vd;fpNwhk;.

01. nkJthd miy cwf;fk; 02. REM cwf;fk; (Jhpjf; fz; mirTfSld; $ba cwf;fk;)

04. %isf; fha;r;ry; (Meningitis)

%isr;rt;T fha;r;ry; vd;gJ %isiar; Rw;wp cs;s %isr; rt;Tfspd; tPf;fkhFk;. ghf;Bhpah> itu];> G+Q;irfs; Nghd;w Neha;ffhuzpfspdhy; ,e;Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ. jiytyp> xsp tpUk;ghik> vhpr;ry;> fOj;Jg; gFjpapy; jir ,Wf;fk;> fha;r;ry; kw;Wk; gpw euk;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l NfhshWfs; Nghd;wit ,e;Nehapd; mwpFwpfshFk;. 05. mdpr;ir nray;

czH cWg;Gfspd; J}z;Ljy;fspdhy; ek; ,r;irf;Fl;glhky; kw;Wk; ehk; mwpahky; tpiuthf eilngWk; epfo;r;rpNa mdpr;irr; nray; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh: J}rp tpOk;NghJ fz;fis tpiuthf %bf;nfhs;Sjy;> ifapy; ntg;gk; gl;lTld; clNd ,Oj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;.

06. N`hkpNah];Nlrp]; vd;why; vd;d? midj;J caphpfSk; clypDs; epiyahd nray;ghLfis

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. #o;epiy khWgl;lhYk; epiyj;j jd;ikia ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,jw;F N`hkpNah];Nlrp]; vd;W ngaH.

07. euk;G nry; ,izg;G vd;why; vd;d?

xU euk;G nry;ypd; Mf;]hdpd; Kbtpy; cs;s Fkpo; Nghd;w gFjp mLj;j euk;G nry;ypd; nld;biul;Lld; njhlHG nfhs;Sk;. ,e;j ,izT euk;G nry; ,izg;G MFk;. ,jd; ,ilntsp 10-20 ehNdhkPl;lH.

08. mk;dPrpah tiuaW

mk;dPrpah vd;gJ epidthw;wy; ,og;G MFk;. ,jdhy; fle;j fhy epfo;Tfis epidT $w ,ayhJ.

09. mdpr;ir tpy;

mdpr;irr; nray;fs;> ek; ,r;irf;Fl;glhky; jhkhfNt eilngWk; ,r;nraypy; <Lgl;Ls;s cWg;Gfspd; njhFg;G mdpr;ir tpy; vdg;gLk;. czH cWg;Gfs; czHT euk;G jz;Ltlj;jpd; rhk;gy; epwg;gFjp ,ilaPl;L euk;G ,af;f euk;G nray; cWg;Gfs;. 10. %isj; jz;ltl jputk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gzpfs; ahit?

%isapd; ntz;l;hpfps;fs; kw;Wk; jz;Ltl ikaf; FopapDs;Sk; epuk;gpAs;s epwkw;w> njspthd jputk; %isj; jz;Ltlj; jputk; MFk;. %isapd; ntz;l;hpfps;fspy; cs;s nfhuha;L gpsf;];]pd; Rug;Gr; nry;fs; %isj; jz;Ltlj; jputj;ijr; Ruf;fpd;wd. 11. %isj; jz;Ltlj; jputj;jpd; gzpfs; ahit? (OC-09. J-10)

01. jiy mirAk; nghOJ> my;yJ kj;jpa euk;G kz;ly; mjpHr;rpf;Fs;shFk; NghJ ,j;jputk; mjpHT jhq;fpahfr; nray;gLfpwJ.

02. kj;jpa euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; ghJfhg;G ciwahfTk;> %isapd; kpjit ,ay;igAk; rhpnra;fpwJ.

03. %is kw;Wk; jz;Ltlj;jpw;F Njitahd `hHNkhd;fisAk; czTg; nghUl;fisAk; ,J Nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ.

04. ,J ,af;fj; jhq;fp Mf ,aq;FfpwJ. kj;jpa euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; cs;Sk; GwKk; mike;J ,af;f mOj;jj;ijr; rhp nra;fpwJ. fghyj;jpd; cs;sOj;jk; ,j;jputj;ij ntspNaw;WfpwJ ,t;tOj;jk; FiwAk; nghJ ,j;jputk; ntspr;nry;tJ epWj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.


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Ntjp xUq;fpizT

01. Kd;gFjp gpl;A+l;lhpapd; (mbNdhi`g;Nghigrp];) `hHNkhd;fs; ahit?

mbNdhi`g;Nghigrp]; MW buhg;gpf; `hHNkhd;fis Ruf;fpwJ. 01. tshr;rp `hHNkhd; (m) Nrhkhl;Nlh bNuhgpf; `hHNkhd;

(GH/STH)

02. ijNuhl;Nuhgpd; (m) ijuha;ilj; J}z;btpLk; `hHNkhd; (TSH)

03. ml;hpNdh fhHbNfhbNuhgpf; `hHNkhd; (ACTH)

04. /ghypf;fps; nry;fisj; J}z;btpLk; `hHNkhd;(FSH)

05. Y}l;bidrpq; `hHNkhd; (LH)

06. Y}l;bNahbNuhgpf; `hHNkhd; (LTH) (m) GNuhyhf;bd;

02. gpd;gFjp gpl;A+l;lhpapd; (epA+Nuhi`g;Nghigrp];) `hHNkhd;fs; ahit? epA+Nuhi`g;Nghigrp]; ,uz;L `hHNkhd;fis Ruf;fpwJ. 01. Mf;]pNlhrpd; kw;Wk; 02. thN]hg;gpu];]pd; 03. my;]PkpaH Neha; xU jPtpu %isf;FiwghL. ePz;lfhy epidthw;wy; ,og;G. %isapd; rpe;jidj;jpwd; Fiwe;J ,wg;Gk; Vw;glyhk;. nghJthf KjpatHfsplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ngU%isg; Gwzpapy; cs;s epA+uhd;fs; rpijtiltjhy; mtw;wpd;

Mf;]hd;fSk;> nld;l;iuLfSk; rpijtilfpd;wJ. nghJthf my;]PkpaH Neha; [Pd; jpBH khw;wj;jpdhy; Njhd;WfpwJ.

04. epidthw;wy; epidthw;wy; vd;gJ %isapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. epidthw;wy; vd;gJ rpy epkplq;fspy; ,Ue;J gy Mz;Lfs; tiu

ePbf;Fk; jpwdhFk;. epidthw;wypd; tiffs;

01. czHTfspd; epidthw;wy; 02. Kjy;epiy epidthw;wy; 03. ,uz;lhk; epiy epidthw;wy;

05. cwf;fk; xt;nthU ehs; ,uTk; xU kdpjd; epidtpoe;j epiyia milfpwhd;.

mjpypUe;J kPsj; jFe;j Gwj;J}z;ly;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;nraiy ehk; cwf;fk; vd;fpNwhk;.

01. nkJthd miy cwf;fk; 02. REM cwf;fk; (Jhpjf; fz; mirTfSld; $ba cwf;fk;)

06. nkJthd miy cwf;fk; %isapy; miyfs; kpf nkJthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fdtw;w cwf;fk; vd;W $wpdhYk; fdTfs; mbf;fb Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ek;khy; mf;fdT epfo;r;rpfis epidT$w ,ayhJ. ,e;j cwf;fj;jpd; NghJ ek; clypd; ,uj;j mOj;jk;> Rthrj;jpd; tPjk;

kw;Wk; mbg;gil tsHrpij khw;wq;fs; Fiwe;J ek; clYf;F ed;ik gaf;fpwJ.

07. REM cwf;fk;/ nuk; cwf;fk; (Jhpj fz; mirTfSld; $ba cwf;fk;) Xt;nthU 90 epkpl ,ilntspapy; ,t;Twf;fk; epfo;fpwJ. ,t;Twf;fk; 5Kjy; 30 epkplq;fs; tiu ePbf;Fk;. ,f;fdTwf;fj;jpd; NghJ ,ja Jbg;gpd; tPjk; kw;Wk; Rthr ,af;fq;fs;

rPuw;W ,aq;Ffpd;wd. %isapd; Jbg;Gld; ,aq;FfpwJ. %isapypUe;J gy;NtW jpirNehf;fp nry;y Ntz;ba kpd;;J}z;ly;fs;

rhptur; nry;yhjjhy;> ekf;Fr; Rw;Wg;Gw tpopg;GzHT ,d;wp> tpopj;njOk; epiyAkpd;wp cwq;Ffpd;Nwhk;.

08. ,Ugf;f czH ,af;fk;

ngU%isapd; ,lJ> tyJ miuf;Nfhsq;fSk; fhHg]; fy;Nyhrk; vd;Dk;jpRtpd; topahfr; nra;jpfisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

Kd;Gw ,izg;Gj; jpR kw;Wk; `pg;NghNfk;g;gy; ,izg;Gj; jpRtpd; %yKk; ,t;tpU ,iuf;Nfhsq;fSk; nra;jpfisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

,t;tpU miuf;Nfhsq;fSk; nray;fisg; gphpej;J mwpe;J nray;gLtjpdhy;> ,t;tpU miuf;Nfhsq;fspd; nray; ,Ugf;f czH ,af;fk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

09. fha;l;lH tiuaW ehk; cz;Zk; cztpy; mNahbd; mNahbd; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy;

ijuhf;]pd; cw;gj;jp FiwAk;. ,jdhy; ,uj;jj;jpy; ijuhf;]pd; Fiwtjhy; TSH mjpfk; Rue;J ijuha;L Rug;gpia tPq;f nra;fpwJ. ,e;epiyf;F vspa fha;lH vd;W ngaH.

10. Fs;sj;jd;ik (Dwarfism) Foe;ij gUtj;jpy; tsHr;rp `hBHNkhd; Fiwe;jhy;> tsHr;rp

jilg;gLfpwJ. vYk;G tsHr;rp jilg;gLtjhy; Fs;sj;jd;ik Vw;gLfpwJ. ,f;FiwghLfs; 0.9-1.2kP. cauk; kl;LNk tsUthHfs;. ,tHfs; ghy; KjpHr;rp miltjpy;iy. ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;GfisAk; ngWtjpy;iy.

11. ,uhl;rj jd;ik (Gigantism) Foe;ij gUtj;jpy; tsHr;rp `hHNkhd; mjpfk; Ruf;Fkhdhy;> ,uhl;rj

jd;ik Vw;gLfpwJ. ,f;FiwghL cilatHfspd; clypy; vYk;Gfs; mjpf mstpy; tsHrr;p milfpwJ. ,tHfs; 7-9 mb cauj;ij miltH.


Page | 11

12. mf;Nuhnkfyp nghpatHfspy; tsHr;rp `hHNkhd; mjpfkhfr; Ruf;fg;gl;lhy; fPo;j;jhil>

if> fhy; vYk;Gfs; jbj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;epiyf;F mf;Nuhnkfyp vd;W ngaH.

13. Y}l;bidrpq; `hHNkhd; (LH) (m) ,ilaPl;Lr; nry;fisj; J}z;Lk; `hHNkhd;

kdpjdpd; LH xU fpisNfh GujkhFk;. ngz;fspy; ,e;j `hHNkhd;> mz;lfj;jpd; ghypf;fps; nry;fspd; KjpHr;rpiaj; J}z;b> mz;lk; tpLgLjy; nraiyAk; nra;fpwJ. Mz;fspy; ,e;j `hHNkhd;> khk;NkhbNuhgpd; Nghd;w gy;NtW ngaHfshy; GNuhyhf;bd; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,it ngz;fspy; ghy; Ruf;Fk; nraiy J}z;LfpwJ. 14. ijuhf;]pdpd; nray;ghLfs; ahit?

01. Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; jUthapYk;> gpwe;j Kjy; Xuhz;L fhyq;fspy; Foe;ijapd; euk;G cWg;Gj; njhFg;Gfspd; tsHr;rpf;F ,e;j `hHNkhd; kpfTk; mtrpak;.

02. Guj tsHr;rpij khw;wj;ij J}z;b> cly; tsHr;rpia Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

03. rPuk; nfhy];buhy; msitf; Fiwf;fpwJ. 04. ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; jpwk;gl nray;gl itf;fpwJ.

15. i`g;Nghijuha;brk; ijuhf;]pd; Ruj;jypd; gw;whf;Fiw i`g;Nghijuha;b]k; MFk;.

,jdhy; fphpl;bdp]k;> kpf;]pbkh kw;Wk; vspa fha;lH Nghd;w Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

16. `hHNkhd;fs; tiuaW

ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;w Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;> ,uj;jj;jpd; %yk; mit nray;gLk; ,lj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;

nry;yg;gLfpd;wd. `hHNkhd;fs; clw;nraypay; Ntiyiar; nra;fpd;wd. `hHNkhd;fSf;F Ntjpaj; J}JtHfs; vd;W ngaH.

17. BMR tiuaW (M-11) clYk; kdKk; G+uz Xa;tpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ 20oC miw

ntg;gepiyapy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mstpy; clypy; cz;lhFk; ntg;gj;jpd; msNt mbg;gil tsHrpij khw;w msT MFk;.

18. fphpl;bdp]k; Foe;ijfs; gpwf;Fk; NghNj ijuhf;]pd; gw;whf;Fiwahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy;

,e;epiyik Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jd; mwpFwpfshtd cly; tsHr;rp Fd;wp fhzg;gLjy;> mbg;gil tsHrpij khw;w tPjk; Fiwjy;> gUt KjpHr;rp milahjjpdhy;> ghy; gz;Gfspd; tsHr;rp jilgLjy;> vYk;G tsHr;rp Fd;Wjy;> ehf;F ntspNa js;Sjy;> tapW tPf;fKw;W

fhzg;gLjy;.

19. kpf;]pbkh (OC-10) ijuhf;]pd; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy;> nghpatHfSf;F kpf;]pbkh vd;Dk; Neha;

Njhd;WfpwJ. ,jd; mwpFwpfshtd> mbg;gil tsHrpij khw;w tPjk; Fiwjy; Njhy; jbj;J> cyHe;J nrhunrhug;ghFjy;> Njhypy; Kb cjpHjy;> Fuypy; khw;wk;> nkJthd Ngr;R> nkJthd rpe;jid> Qhgf kwjp.

20. i`gHijuha;b]k; (m) ijNuhlhf;]pNfh]p]; (m) fpNutpd; Neha; (m)

vf;Nrh/gg;jhy;kpf; fha;lH vd;why; vd;d? ijuha;L Rug;gpapd; Rug;G mjpfhpg;gjhy;> fpNutpd; Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ.

,jd; mwpFwpfshtd> kpifahd mbg;gil tsHrpij khw;wk;. kpifahd Rthrk;> kpifahd ,ja Jbg;G> gpJq;fpa fz;fs;> cly; vil Fiwjy;> rPuk; nfhy];l;uhy; msT Fiwjy;> ,uj;jj;jpy; rHf;fiuapd; msT $Ljy;.

21. i`gH ghuhijuha;brk; ,J ,uj;jj;jpy; mjpf msT ghuhijuha;L `hHNkhd; ,Ug;gijf;

Fwpf;fpwJ. ghuhijuha;L `hHNkhd; mjpfkhf Ruf;fg;gl;lhy; vYk;GfspypUe;J jhJ cg;Gfs; ePf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; vYk;G rt;Tg;igj; Njhd;wp ,uj;jj;jpy; fhy;rpaj;jpd; msT caHe;J tpLfpwJ. rpWePufk;> jkdp> tapW> EiuaPuy; Mfpatw;wpy; fhy;rpag;gbT Vw;gLfpwJ. 22. i`Nghghuhijuha;brk;

ghuhijuha;L Rug;gp clypypUe;J ePf;fg;gLk; NghJ ,uj;jj;jpd; fhy;rpaj;jpd; msT Fiwe;J nll;ldp my;yJ fpl;bg;Nghjy; vd;Dk; epiy cz;lhfpwJ. Nll;dpapdhy;>

rPuk; fhy;rpak; msT FiwfpwJ. rpWePufk; ntspNaw;wk; fhy;rpak; kw;Wk; gh];Ngl;bd; msTk;

Fiwfpd;wd. euk;GfSld; xl;ba jirg;gFjpfs; mjpfkhf J}z;lg;gLjy; kw;Wk; jir

ehHfspd; ,Wf;fk;> typg;G Nghd;wit mwpFwpfshfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.


Page | 12

23. nll;lhdp tiuaW ghuhijuha;L Rug;gp clypypUe;J ePf;fg;gLk;NghJ ,uj;jj;jpd;

fhy;rpaj;jpd; msT Fiwtjhy; nll;lhdp (m) fpl;bg;Nghjy; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; rPuk; fhy;rpak; msT FiwfpwJ. 24. ,d;Rypdpd; clw;nraypay; nray;fs; ahit?

01. ,J FSf;Nfhi]> fpisf;Nfh[dhf khw;wpf; fy;yPuy; kw;Wk; jirfspy; Nrkpf;fg;gLtij mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ.

02. jpRf;fspy; FSf;Nfh]; Mf;]pfuzk; milAk; tPjj;ij mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ.

03. FSf;Nfh]; nfhOg;ghf khw;wg;gl;L mbg;Ngh]; jpRf;fspy; Nrkpf;fg;gLtij mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ.

04. mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; rpijTw;W ePH kw;Wk; fhHgd; - il –

Mf;i]lhf khWk; nraypd; tPjj;ij xOq;Fg;gLj;JfpwJ. 05. kpjkhd mstpy; fy;yPuypy; fhHNghi`l;Nuhl; my;yhj

nghUspypUe;J FSf;FNfh]; cw;gj;jpiaAk; rPuhfg; guhkhpf;fpwJ.

25. i`gHfpisrpkpah vd;why; vd;d?

,d;Rypd; ,ujj;jpYs;s FSf;Nfhrpd; msit Fiwf;fpwJ. NghJkhd msT ,d;Rypd; Ruf;fhtpby; jirfs;> fy;yPuy; ,tw;why; FSf;Nfhi]> fpisNfh[dhf khw;w ,ayhJ. ,jd; tpisthf ,uj;jj;jpy; FSf;Nfh]; mjpf msT NrHtjhy; ,ujj;r rHf;fiuapd; msTk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. ,e;j kpifr; rHf;fiu epiyf;F i`gHfpisrpkpah vd;W ngaH.

czTz;zh epiyapy; ,ay;ghd ,ujj;r rHf;fiuapd; msT 70-110 kp.fp.nl.ypl;lH.

fhHNghi`l;Nul; kpFe;j cztpid cl;nfhz;lgpd; ,uj;jr; rHf;fiu cr;rfl;lkhf 140kp.fp.nl.ypl;lH. ,t;tif caH msT ,uj;jj;jpy; ePbj;jhy; mjw;F i`g;gHfpisrpkpah vd;W ngaH.

26. i`g;Nghfpisrpkpah vd;why; vd;d?

,d;Rypd; mjpf msT Rue;J tpLtjhy; ,uj;jg; gpsh];khtpy; FSf;Nfhrpd; msT FiwAk;. czTz;zh epiyapy; kpfTk; Fiwe;JtpLk;. ,jw;F czTz;zh i`Nghfpisrpkpah vd;W ngaH.

i`Nghfpisrpkpahtpw;F rHf;fiuapd; mstpidf; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;Yjy; ,ayhJ.

27. nl];Nlh];Buhdpd; gzpfs; ahit? 01. Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfspd; fUtpay; tsHr;rpf;F

nl];Nlh];Buhd; `hHNkhd; fhuzkhfpwJ. 02. gUtkilAk; NghJ> ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfshd cly;

tsHr;rp> cNuhk tsHr;rp> Mz;Fuy;> Mzpdj;Jf;fhd gof;f tof;fq;fs;> Nghd;wit njhluTk;> nl];Nlh];Buhd; ,d;wpaikahjJ.

28. fpNutpd; Neha; mwpFwpfs;

ijuha;L Rug;gpapd; Rug;G mjpfhpg;gjhy; fpNutpd; Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ. kpifahd mbg;gil tsHrpij khw;wk; kpifahd Rthrk;> euk;G fpsHr;rp> gpJq;fpa fz;fs;> kpifahd ,jaj;Jbg;G> cly;vil Fiwjy;>

czH cWg;Gfs; - fz;

01. tpopapd; Vw;gikT (Accomodation) kdpjdpd; fz;zpy; cs;s nyd;rpd; Ftpe;j gFjp ghHf;Fk; nghUspd;

J}uj;jpw;F Vw;wthW jhNd Ftpj;jd;ikia khw;Wk; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lJ. ,j;jd;ik tpopapd; Vw;gikT vdg;gLk;.

02. ];fhl;Nlhgpf; ghHit

Fr;rp nry;fs; mjpf xsp czHjd;ik nfhz;lit. vdNt Fiwe;j xspapYk; ghHg;gjw;F ,it cjTfpd;wd. ,g;ghHit ];fhl;Nlhgpf; ghHit vdg;gLk;. 03. Nghl;Nlhgpf; ghHit

$k;G nry;fs; Fiwe;j xsp czHjd;ik nfhz;lit. vdNt mjpf xspapy; kl;Lk; nray;gLtjpdhy; epwq;fis njspthf czu KbfpwJ. ,g;ghHit Nghl;Nlhgpf; ghHit vdg;gLk;. 04. Vnkl;Nuhgpah vd;why; vd;d? mjpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW epiyfs; ahit?

ntF njhiyT Kjy; 25nr.kP mUfpy; cs;s nghUl;fs; tiu njspthfg; ghHf;Fk; tifapy; Fiwghlw;w tpop Vw;gikT ngw;Ws;sJ. ,r;rhpahd xspr;rpjwy; epiyia ,nkl;Nuhgpah vd;gH.

,nkl;Nuhgpah epiyapypUe;J khWghL mile;jhy; (FiwghLila tpop Vw;gikT) mjw;F Vnkl;Nuhgpah vd;W ngaH.


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Vnkl;Nuhgpahtpd; epiyfs; ikNahgpah (fpl;lg;ghHit) i`g;gH nkl;Nuhgpah (J}ug;ghHit) m];bf;Nkl;brk; kw;Wk; gpu];igNahgpah

05. ikNahgpah – fpl;lg;ghHit ikNahgpah vDk; fpl;lg;ghHit fz;nyd;rpd; Gw tisTg; gFjp

mjpfhpg;gjpdhYk; fz;Nfhsk; ePl;rpAUtjhYk; Vw;gLfpwJ. cs; nry;Yk; xspf;fjpHfs; Njitf;F mjpfkhfr; rpjwyilAk;NghJ> xspf;fjpH tpopj;jpiuf;F Kd;dhNyNa Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; gpk;gk; njsptw;wjhf czug;gLfpwJ. ,e;epiy fpl;lg;ghHit vdg;gLk;.

fpl;lg;ghHit Fop nyd;rpd; %yk; rhpnra;ag;gLfpwJ.

06. i`g;gH nkl;Nuhgpah – J}ug;ghHit fz;zpd; nyd;R gFjpapy; NghJkhd GwtisT ,y;yhjjpdhy;

i`g;gH nkl;Nuhgpah epiy cz;lhfpwJ. ,jdhy; xspf;fjpHfs; NghJkhd msT rpjwyilahjjhy; xspahdJ tpopj;jpiuf;F gpd; gFjpapy; Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;epiy J}ug;ghHit vdg;gLk;.

J}ug;ghHit Ftp nyd;rpd; %yk; rhpnra;ag;gLfpwJ.

07. CLR Clear Lens Replacement njspthd nyd;R khw;W rpfpr;ir ,k;Kiwapy; ,aw;ifahd nyd;ir vLj;Jtpl;L NtW nyd;ir

fz;Zs; jpUk;g gjpaitf;fg;gLfpwJ. 08. m];bf;Nkl;brk;

fz;zpd; fhHdpah my;yJ nyd;]; ghjpg;giltjpdhy; xspr;rpjwy; mjpfkhfNth my;yJ kpff;FiwthfNth fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy; nghUspd; xU gFjpapy; ,Ue;J tUk; xspf;fjpHfs; tpopj;jpiuf;F Kd;dhs; ikNahgpah Nghd;Wk; kw;w gFjpapy; ,Ue;J tUk; xspf;fjpHfs; tpopj;jpiuf;F gpd;dhs; i`g;gH nkl;Nuhgpah Nghd;Wk; Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

m];bf;Nkl;brj;ijf; fz;Zf;F Kd; nyd;R itj;Jr; rhpnra;ayhk;.

09. gpu];igNahgpah taJ KjpHr;rpahy; fz;zpd; nyd;]; fbdkhtjpdhYk;> kPs;j;jd;ik

FistjpdhYk; tpop Vw;gikTj; jd;ikapy; FiwT Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F gpu];igNahgpah vd;W ngaH. thrpg;gpy; FiwghL Vw;gLfpwJ. 10. ghHit fzf;fPL (Optometry) (M-06.)

fz;zpd; ghHit jd;ikia mwpe;J mjw;F V;ww fz;zhbfs; my;yJ fhd;nlf;l; nyd;Rfis cgNahfpj;Jg; ghHit Fiwia eptHj;jp nra;Ak; Kiw ghHit fzf;fPL vdg;gLk;.

11. nul;bNdhgjp (m) tpopj;jpiu Neha;

tpopj;jpiuapy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G nul;bNdhgjp vdg;gLk;. ,jw;F fhuzk; ePuopT Neha; my;yJ caH ,uj;j mOj;jk; Mfyhk;. nul;bNdhgjpapd; tiffs;:

ePuopT rhHe;j nul;bNdhgjp caH ,uj;j mOj;jk; rhHe;j nul;bNdhgjp.

12. fz;Giu (Cataract) (M-07. OC-07. J-06) fz;nyd;rpd; xspGFk; jd;ik Fiwghl;bdhy; nyd;rpy; cs;s nky;ypa

Guj ,iofspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; fhuzkhff; fz;Giu Vw;gLfpwJ. fz;Giuapdhy; KO FUl;Lj; jd;ik Vw;glhJ. fz;ghHit topahf

nyd;rpd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; xspGfhj;jd;ik kw;Wk; ntz;ikahFjy;fisf; fhzyhk;. fz;Giuapd; tiffs;

mlHkj;jp fz;Giu (nyd;rpd; ikaj;jpy; fz;Giu cUthFjy;) ntspg;Gwf fz;Giu (nyd;rpd; Gwg;gFjpapy; fz;Giu cUthFjy;)

13. fz;Giu cUthf fhuzq;fs; (OC-07)

tajhFjy;> mjpf #hpa xspgLjy;> Gif gpbj;jy;> czT gw;whf;Fiw> fz;fhakiljy;> KO cly; Neha;fshd ePuopT> njhw;W Neha;fs;> fhaq;fs;> ];Buha;L fye;j kUe;Jfis cz;Zjy;. n[Hkd; jl;lk;ik fUTw;w jhapidj; jhf;Fk; NghJ Foe;ijf;Ff; fz;Giu cz;lhff; fhuzkhfyhk;.

14. fz;fl;b(Stye)

fz; ,ikfspd; Xuq;fspy; mike;Js;s Rug;gpfspy; Vw;gLk; jPtu njhw;W ];il vdg;gLk;. ,jdhy; tPf;fk;> typ> vhpr;ry; kw;Wk; fz; ,ikapd; Xug;gFjp rptg;ghFjy; Vw;gLfpwJ. 15. epf;NlNyhg;gpah vd;why; vd;d?

itl;lkpd; A Fiwghl;bd; Kjy; mwpFwp khiyf;fz; my;yJ epf;NlhNyhg;gpah.

tpopj;jpiuapdpy; cs;s Fr;rp kw;Wk; $k;G nry;fspd; tsHr;rpFiwe;J nfhz;Nl nry;fpwJ.

16. FUl;Likak; tiuaW

tpopj;jpiuapd; euk;G Njhd;Wk; gFjpapy; czH nry;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy vdNt ,g;gFjpapy; tpOk; gpk;gj;jpid czu KbahJ. ghHitia czuhj ,g;gFjp FUl;L ikak; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.


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17. fz;ghJfhg;G (OC-11) 01. fz;iz mbf;fb ghpNrhjpj;J mjd; ghHitf; FiwghL kw;Wk;

rpy FiwfSf;fhd mwpFwpfs; njd;gLfpd;wdth vd;gij njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

02. fz;zpd; kPJ rpy J}Rfs; tpOfpd;wd. ,it fz;zpDs; nry;yyhk;. MfNt> fz;zpd; kPJ tpOe;j J}rpfis kpf ftdkhf> fz;iz Nrjg;gLj;jhtz;zk; mfw;w Ntz;Lk;.

03. fz;zpd; tpopj;jpiuia (nul;bdh) mbf;fb ghpNrhjpj;J> mJ mjpf mOj;jj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwjh my;yJ ,uj;j mOj;jk; kw;Wk; ePuopT Nehahspfspy; ,J mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

04. Rakhf fz; kUe;J vLj;Jf; nfhs;tijj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;. kq;fyhd ghHit Njhd;wpdhNyh my;yJ fz;zpy; cldb typ Vw;gl;lhNyh fz; kUj;Jtiu ehLtJ ey;yJ.

18. xyp czH ghij

Xyp miyfs; - nrtpg;giw mjpHtiljy; - fhJ vYk;Gfspd; mirTfs; - ePs;tl;lg; gyfzp mjpHT - #o;jput miyfs; - cs;jput miyfs; - nua;];dH rt;tpy; tisT – NgrpyhH rt;tpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; - kapHr;r nry;fspd; tisT – tpidkhw;w epfo;T – nrtp euk;gpd; %yk; flj;jy;.

19. fhJ Nfshj; jd;ikapd; tiffs;

flj;jy; tif> fyg;Gf; flj;jy; tif> czHjy; tif> kw;Wk; euk;G NfhshWfs;. 20. nrtpf;FUj;njYk;Gfs;

eLr;nrtpapy; %d;W nrtpf; FUj;njYk;Gfs; mike;Js;sd. khy;ypa]; nrtpg;giwAld; ,ize;Js;sJ. ];Nlg;gp]; eLr;Rthpy; mike;Js;s ePs;tl;lg; gyfzpAld;

,ize;Js;sJ. ,d;f]; ,t;tpU vYk;GfSlDk; ,ize;Js;sJ.

21. Njhypd; Ntiyfs; (M-09) 01. itl;lkpd; D cw;gj;jpapy; cjTfpwJ 02. Ez;Zaphpfshy; Vw;gLk; njhw;W Neha;fisj; jLf;Fk;

muzhfj; Njhy; mike;Js;sJ. 03. clypypUe;J ntg;gk; ntspNaWjiyf; Fiwj;Jf;

fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. 04. rpwpjsT fopT ePf;fk; kw;Wk;> cl;fpufpj;jy; eilngwr;

nra;fpwJ.

05. Njhy; gytif czH cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;l XH czHr;rpg; gug;ghf mike;Js;sJ.

06. clypypUe;J ePH Mtpahjiyj; jLf;fpwJ. Ntjpag; nghUl;fs; ntg;gk;> xspjhf;fk;> CLfyg;G Mfpatw;wpypUe;J cliyg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.

22. fhJNfshNjhH gad;gLj;jf;$ba nghUl;fs; ahit? xypngUf;fpa nlypNghd;fs;> miog;Gkzp> gpufhrxsp tpsf;Ffs;>

xypapid czUk; mjpHfUtpfs;> jiyapy; nghUj;Jk; NghDld; $ba njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;bfs;> njhiy jl;lr;R ,ae;jpuk;> topelj;Jk; xypfs;. 23. nlHkill;b]; rUkNeha;

,e;Nehapdhy; cly; Njhypy; tPf;fk; Vw;gLk;. ,e;epiy> xt;thikapdhNyh my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzkpd;wpNah Vw;glyhk;. xUtifj; Njhy; Neha;f;F vf;]pkh vd;W ngaH.

nrNghhpf; rUkNeha;> njhlHG rUkNeha;> xspr;rUkNeha; vd %d;W Njhy; Neha;fSz;L.

fopT ePf;fk;

02. rpWePufj;jpd; gzpfs; ahit? 01. Guj tsHrpij khw;wj;jpy; cUthFk; fopTfis

ntspNaw;WfpwJ. 02. H+ kw;Wk; fhHgNdl; madpfis ntspNaw;Wtjpd; %yk; fhu>

mkpy epiyfis xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ. 03. rpWePufj;jpd; cs; kw;Wk; ntspNa Ruf;Fk; `hHNkhd;fs; %yk;

ePH kw;Wk; cg;Gfspd; msT xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpwJ. 04. nudpd; kw;Wk; vhpj;Nuhgha;bd; Rug;gjpdhy; ,uj;j mOj;jk;

kw;Wk; ,uj;jk; cUthFjy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

03. rpWePH cUthFk; Kiwapy; fhZk; epfo;Tfs; ahit? 01. FshkUyhH tbfl;Ljy; 02. Foy;fspy; kPz;Lk; cwpQ;Rjy; mz;ik RUz;l Foy;fspy; kPz;Lk; cwpQ;Rjy; n`d;yp]; tistpy;

kPz;Lk; cwpQ;Rjy; Nra;ik RUz;l Foypy; kPz;Lk; cwpQ;Rjy;. 03. Foy;fspy; Ruj;jy;

04. rpWePufr; nray; ,og;G rpWePufkhdJ> ,uj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J fopTg; nghUl;fis tbfl;b rpWePuf

ntspNaw;Wtjpy; Vw;gLk; Fiwghl;bid rpWePufr; nray; ,og;G vdyhk;. 01. cldbahfr; nraypoj;jy; (Acute Reneal Failure) 02. nkJthf nraypoj;jy; (Chronic Renal Failure)


Page | 15

05. A+hpNahnlyprk; tiuaW jiu thoplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; caphpdq;fspd; iel;u[d; mlq;fpa

fopTePf;f jftikg;G A+hpNahlyprk; vdg;gLk;. 06. rpWePuf CLgFg;G

rpWePufk; nraypof;Fk; NghJ ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s fopTg; nghUl;fs;> mjpfg;gbahd jputk; Mfpatw;iw clypypUe;Nj nraw;ifahf CLgFg;G Kiw %yk; ntspNaw;wyhk; ,jw;F rpWePuf CLgFg;G vd;W ngaH.

01. ,uj;j CLgFg;G (`PNkh lahyprp];) 02. nghpNlhdpay; CLgFg;G

07. ePhpopT Neha; fizaj;jpdhy; Ruf;fg;gLk; ,d;Rypd; `hHNkhd; gw;whf;Fiw my;yJ

KOtJk; ,y;yhikahy; Vw;gLk; `hHNghi`l;Nul; tsHrpij khw;w FiwghL ePhpopT Neha; vdg;gLk;.

08. ,d;Rypd; Fiwghl;bw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

01. fizj;jpy; FiwghL 02. fizj;jpYs;s yhq;fHfhd; jpl;Lfspy; gPl;lh nry;fspd;

,d;Rypd; Ruj;jypy; FiwghL 03. gPl;lh nry;fs; ghjpg;giljy; 04. kuGf; NfhshWfs;

09. rpfpr;ir nra;ag;glhj ePuopT Nehapd; mwpFwpfs; ahit? 01. ghypA+hpah - mjpf msT rpWePH ntspNaWjy; 02. ghypbg;rpah -mjpf jhfk; Vw;gLtjhy; ePH gUFjy;

mjpfhpj;jy; 03. ghypNg[pah -grp mjpfhpg;gjpdhy; mjpf msT czT

cz;Zjy;. MdhYk; cly; vilf;Fiwe;Jk; fhzg;gLjy;. 10. ePuopT Neha;f;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?

1. ,d;Rypd; rhHe;j ePhpopT Neha;f;Fiw kuG rhHe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.

02. itu]; njhw;wpd; fhuzkhf fizak; ghjpf;fg;gLtjpdhy; ,d;Rypd; FiwghL Vw;gLfpwJ.

03. ,d;Rypd; rhuh ePhpopT Neha;f;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; cly; gUkdhjy; MFk;.

04. fLikahd eyf;Fiwthd fizak; ghjpj;jy; kw;Wk; ijuha;L ghjpj;jyhy; ePhpopT cz;lhfpwJ.

05. fhHbNfh];Buha;L kw;Wk; ilA+hpbf; Nghd;w kUe;Jfis cl;nfhs;tJk; fhuzkhfpwJ.

,dg;ngUf;fk;

01. Mzpd; ,dg;ngUf;f nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; `hHNkhd;fs; ahit? 01. gpl;A+l;lhpapd; FSH, LH `hHNkhd;fspd; cw;gj;jpia %isapd;

i`g;Nghjyhk]; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. 02. FSH, LH `hHNkhd;fs; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfisj; J}z;btpLk;.

tpe;Jr;Rug;gp tpe;Jr; nry;fisAk; nl];Nlh];Buhd; `hHNkhd;fisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;.

03. nl];Nlh];Buhd; gpw Mz; ,dg;ngUf;fr; nray;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. ,J NkYk; ,uz;lhk; epiyg; ghy; gz;GfisAk; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,jdhy; njhz;ilg;gFjp mfd;W Fuy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;. cNuhk tsHr;rpAk; gpw tpliyg; gUt khw;wq;fSk; Vw;gLk;.

02. <];l;Nuh[d;

,it ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f ];Buha;L `hHNkhd; MFk;. ,it mz;lr;Rug;gpapd; jPf;fh ,d;lHdh> fpuhgpad; ghypf;fps;> fhHg]; Y}l;bak;> gpshnrd;lh Nghd;wtw;why; Ruf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

01. ,it Jizg;ghy; cWg;Gfspd; tshr;rp kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyg; ghy; gz;GfSf;F fhuzkhf cs;sd.

02. khjtplha; Row;rpapid fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. 03. mz;lr;Rug;gpapDs; cs;s /ghypf;fps; tsHr;rpiaj; J}z;b

tpLfpd;wd. 04. ghy; Rug;gpfspd; tsHr;rpf;Fk; nkyhdpd; vDk; epwkpapd;

Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzkhf cs;sd

03. GNuhn[];buhd; ,it ngz; ,d;gngUf;f ];Buha;L `hHNkhd; MFk;. ,it fhHg;g];

Y}l;baj;jhy; Ruf;fg;gLk;. 01. ,J fUg;igapd; Rtw;wpy; fUKl;il xl;b tsHtjw;fhd

epiyapid Vw;gLj;jp jUfpwJ. 02. gpshnrd;lh vDk; jha;-Nra; ,izg;Gj; jpR Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; 03. fUTw;w jd;ikia epiy epWj;jTk; 04. fUg;igahdJ fHg;gf; fhyj;jpy; fUg;igapd; RUq;Fk;

jd;ikiaj; jLj;J tpLfpwJ. 05. Gjpa mz;l mZ ntspg;gLjiyj; jLf;Fk; 06. fHg;g fhyj;jpy; khjtplha;r; Row;rpia epWj;jp itf;Fk;.


Page | 16

04. fhHg]; Y}l;bak; (M-08) mz;l mZ Njhd;wp> ntspNawpa fhypahd fpuh/gpad; ghypf;fpspd;

khWghL fhHg]; Y}llbak; vdg;gLk;. ,J GNuhn[];buhd; vd;w `hHNkhid cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. 05. khjtplha; (m) nkd;]]; (J-09)

XH ngz; KjpHr;rpaile;j fhyj;jpypUe;J fUg;igapy; Njhd;Wk; vz;Nlhnkl;hpak; vDk; jir ehH mLf;Fk;> mz;l Fohapy; fhzg;gLk; fUTwuhj mz;l nry; kw;Wk; rpwpjsT ,uj;jk; ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f ghijapd; topahf ntspNaWk; epfo;r;rpf;F khjtplha; my;yJ nkd;]]; vd;W ngaH.

,r;rPH ,af;fq;fs; 28 ehl;fis nfhz;l fhyr; Row;rpahf mikAk; ,jw;F khjtplha; Row;rp vd;W ngaH.

khjtplha; Row;rpapy; fhzg;gLk; epiyfs; ( J-09)

01 ./ghypf;FyhH epiy (m) ngUf;f epiy (5 Kjy; 14 ehl;fs;) 02. ypA+l;bay; epiy (m) Kd; khjtplha; epiy (15 Kjy; 28 ehl;fs;) 03.khjtplha; epiy (m) nkd;];LUty; epiy (1 Kjy; 5 ehl;fs;)

06. Njrpa FLk;g eyj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW ,izg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;

01. jha; - Nra; eyk; NgZjy; 02. jha;> Foe;ijfs; Neha; jLg;G nra;jy; 03. fUTw;w ngz;fSf;Fk; rpW Foe;ijfSf;Fk; Kiwahd

czT+l;lk; 04. fUj;jilr; rhjd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fy;tp Kiwfs;

07. fhHg]; my;gpfd;]; vd;why; vd;d? nkd;Rty; epiyapy; fUg;igapd; cl;Rthpd; mLf;Ffs; cwpaj;

Jtq;Fk; ,jd; Kbtpy; fhHg]; Y}l;bak; xU tLthf khWk;. ,J fhHg]; my;gpfd;]; vdg;gLk;.

08. thrf;lkp (J-08)

Mz;fSf;fhd epiyahd fUj;jil KiwahFk;. ,jpy; tpe;J ehsj;jpd; xU gFjp Jz;bf;fg;gl;L Kbr;Rfs; ,lg;gLk;. ,jpy; cldb gyd; fpilg;gjpy;iy.

09. bA+ngf;lkp (M-12 J-08)

ngz;fSf;fhd epiyahd fUj;jil KiwahFk;. ,jpy; mz;l ehsj;jpd; xU gFjp Jz;bf;fg;gLk;. ,jpy; cldb gyd; fpilf;fyhk;.

3. Neha; jilfhg;gpay;

01. Neha; jilfhg;gpay; Neha;f; fpUkpfs; kw;Wk; Gw;WNeha; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J cliyg;

ghJfhf;Fk; mikg;ig Neha;j; jilfhg;G mikg;G vd;Wk; ,t;tikg;igr; rhHe;j mwptpaYf;F Neha; jilfhg;gpay; (Immunology) vd;W ngaH.

02. Neha;j;jilfhg;G tiffs;

01. ,ay;G Neha;j;jilfhg;G (Innate Immunity) 02. ngw;Wf; nfhz;l Neha;j;jilfhg;G (Acquired Immunity) 03. ,ay;G Neha;j;jilfhg;G (Innate Immunity) Neha;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;G ngWtjw;fhf ,aw;ifahfNt caphpay;

mike;jpUf;Fk; jilfhg;G Kiwfs; MFk;.

,ay;G Neha;j;jilfhg;gpaypd; tiffs; 01. clyikg;Gr; rhHe;j jilfs; 02. clw;nray; rhHe;j jilfs; 03. /NgNfhirl;Nlhrp]; (m) nry; tpOq;Fjy; 04. tPf;fk; cz;lhtjhy; Vw;gLk; jil

04. ngw;Wf;nfhz;l (m) Fwpg;gPL jd;ikAila Neha;j;jilfhg;G Fwpg;gpl;l Ez;Zaphpfs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;L ,k;Kiw %ykhf

mopf;fg;gLtjhy;> ,jw;F “nghUe;jj;jF jilfhg;G” vd;Wk; “Fwpg;gpL jd;ikAila jilfhg;G” vd;Wk; ngaH. 05. ngw;Wf;nfhz;l jilfhg;gpd; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs;

01. Fwpg;gpL jd;ik 02. gy;tifj; jd;ik 03. Ra kw;Wk; my; %yf;$Wfis Ntw;Wikg;gLj;Jjy; 04. epidT

06. iyNrhirk; fz;zPH kw;Wk; ckpo;ePhpy; fhzg;glf;$ba vd;irk; iyNrhirk;

vdg;gLk;. ,J ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; nry;Rtiu nrhpf;ff;$baj. ,J clw;nray; rhHe;j fhudp.

07. tPf;fk; Vw;gl itf;Fk; Ntjpa rkpf;if nghUl;fs; ahit?

`p];likd;> nrul;Nlhdpd;> GNuhl;Nlhfpsh];bd; Kjypad. ,it kh];l; nry;fs; rpijTWk; nghJ cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.


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08. Xhpdr; nry; ngUf;fk; KLf;fp tplg;gl;l cjtp nra;Ak; T nry;fs; (T helper cells) B ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; kw;Wk; nry; er;rhf;fr; nry;fs; vDk; nry;fspd;

xU gphptpid (CTLs-Cytotoxic T-Cells) Fwpg;gpL jd;ikAld; J}z;Lfpd;wd. J}z;lg;gl;l B nry;fs; kw;Wk; nry; er;rhf;f T ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; vz;zpf;ifg; ngUf;fkilfpd;wd. ,e;epfo;r;rpf;F Xhpdr; nry; ngUf;fk; (Clonal Proliferation) vd;W ngaH.

09. Mz;bghbfspd; Kf;fpa gzpfs; (M-09,11,12, OC-06,10. J-09)

01. ghf;Bhpaq;fs;> it];fs; Nghd;w Jfs; nghUl;fisj; jphpgilar; nra;fpd;wd.

02. /NgNfhirl; nry;fshy; ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk;> nry; tpOq;Fjy; eilngWtij vspjhf;Fk; tifapYk; Mz;bghbfs; ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; G+r;rhf mikfpd;wd. ,jw;F Xg;NrhdPfuzk; vd;W ngaH.

03. ghf;Bhpaq;fspdhy; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; er;Rg; nghUl;fisr; nraypof;fr;nra;fpd;wd.

10. nghUe;jj;jF Neha;j; jilfhg;gpd; tiffs; (M-06 )

nghUe;jj;jF Neha;j; jilfhg;G ,uz;L tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nrayhf;f nghUe;jj;jF Neha;j; jilfhg;G: Active acquired Immunity Neha;f; fpUkpfspd; %ykhfNth> my;yJ jLg;G kUe;Jfs; nrYj;Jtjd; fhuzkhfNth cUthFk; jilfhg;G epfo;Tfs; nrayhf;f nghUe;jj;jF Neha;j; jilfhg;G vdg;gLk;

ke;jkhd nghUe;jj;jF Neha;j; jilfhg;G: Passive acquired Immunity Mz;bghbfs; Nghd;w jilfhg;Gg; nghUl;fis> jilfhg;Gj; jpwDila kdpjhpypUe;J> jilfhg;Gj; jpwdw;w xU kdpjUf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjdhy; ngwg;gLk; FWfpa fhy Neha; vjpHg;Gj; jpwd; ke;jkhd nghUe;jj;jF Neha;j; jilfhg;G vdg;gLk;. 11. FUjpahf;fk; (Haematopoiesis) (OC-10)

T ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; my;yJ T nry;fs; kw;Wk; B ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; my;yJ B nry;fs; ,t;tpuz;L tif ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; kw;Wk; NkYk; gytif ,uj;jr; nry;fs; vYk;G k[;i[apy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd. ,e;epfo;r;rpf;F FUjpahf;fk; vd;W ngaH. 12. kz;zPuypd; gzpfs; (OC-10. J-10, 11)

01. kpfTk; tajhd epiyapYs;s ,uj;jr; nrt;tZf;fs; (RBC) mopf;fg;gLk; ,lkhf kz;zPuy; nray;gLfpwJ.

02. nrt;tZ (RBC) cw;gj;jpf;F khw;W ikaq;fshfTk;> nrt;tZf;fisj; Njf;fp itf;Fk; cWg;ghfTk; kz;zPuy; nray;gLfpwJ.

03. ,uj;j Xl;lg;ghijapy;> Ez;fpukpfs; Nghd;w may;nghUl;fis tbfl;Lk; cWg;ghf kz;zPuy; nray;gLfpwJ. ,uj;jk; topahf tUk; Mz;b[d;fSf;nfjpuhf jilfhg;G eltbf;iffis KLf;fp tpLtNj kz;zPuypd; Kf;fpa gzpahFk;.

13. Mz;b[d; kw;Wk; ,k;ANdh[d; (OC- 06. J-11)

Mz;b[d; vd;gJ may; nghUs; MFk;. ,J Mz;bghbAlNdh my;yJ nry;top Neha; jilfhg;gpy; <LgLk; nry;fSlNdh tpidGhpAk; %yf;$WfshFk;.

,k;ANdh[d; vd;gJ jilfhg;G eltbf;ifiaj; (Immune response) J}z;Lk; %yf;$WfshFk;.

14. `hg;nld; (M- OC-07,10. J-08)

Mz;b[d; cld; njhlHGila kw;nwhd;W `hg;nld; MFk;. `hg;nld;fs; Rakhfj; jhNk jilfhg;G epfo;Tfisj; J}z;lhj tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ntjpa %yf;$Wfs; MFk;. (v.fh: il-iel; NuhgPdhy; DNP)

,it Vw;fdNt cz;lhf;fg;gl;l Mz;bghbfSld; kl;LNk tpidGhpAk;. `hg;nld;fs; KOikahf jilfhg;G eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl Ntz;Lnkdpy;> vLj;Jr; nry; %yf;$WfSld; (Carrier Molecule Eg:Serum Protein) mit ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

15. ghuhNlhg; vgpNlhg; (M-07)

Mz;b[Dld; ,izAk; Mz;bghbg; gFjpf;F „ghuhNlhg;‟ vd;W ngaH. vg;gpNlhg;

ghuhNlhg;Gld; Fwpg;ghf ,izAk; Mz;b[dpd; gFjpf;F „vg;gpNlhg;‟ vd;W

ngaH. 16. Mz;b[d;fspd; tiffs;

Mz;b[d;fs; ,aw;ifahfNth my;yJ nraw;ifahfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. ,aw;if Mz;b[d;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit> 01. Jfs; tbt Mz;b[d;

ghf;Bhpaq;fs;> itu];fs;> ,uj;j nrt;tZf;fs; kw;Wk; nry;fs; 02. fiuAk; Mz;b[d;

ghf;Bhpa er;Rfs;> Gujq;fs;> fpisf;Nfh Gujq;fs;> ypg;Ngh Gujq;fs;.


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17. Mz;bghbapd; %d;W Kf;fpa gzpfs; ahit? 01. ghf;Bhpah itu]; Nghd;w Jfs; nghUl;fis jphpailar;

nra;jy;. 02. NgNfhirl;Lfshy; ,dk;fhz;gjw;Fk;> nry;tpOq;Fjiy

vspjhf;Ftjw;Fk;> Mz;bghbfs; ghf;Bhpaj;jpd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; G+r;rhf mikfpd;wd. ,jw;F Xg;rpfuzk; vd;W ngaH.

03. ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; er;Rg;nghUl;fis nraypof;fr; nra;fpd;wd.

18. buhd;];gpshd;Nlrd; vd;why; vd;d? gOjile;j cWg;ig ePf;fptpl;L MNuhf;fpakhd khw;WWg;Gf; nfhz;L

rhpnra;jNy cWg;G khw;wk; (m) buhd;];gpshd;Nlrd; vd;W ngaH.

19. ,k;ANdhFNshGypd;fspd; tiffs; (M-08) H rq;fpypfspy; Vw;gLk; Ntw;Wik jd;ikia mbg;gilahf nfhz;L

,k;ANdhFNshGypd;fs; Ie;J tifahf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit> IgG(fhkh) IgA(My;gh) IgM(kpA+) IgD(nly;l;lh)

IgE(vg;rpyhd;)

20. `hl;];ghl;Lfs; (Hotspot) kpFjp khWghl;L gFjpfs; ,k;ANdhFNshGypd; %yf;$wpd; N my;y mkpNdh Kidapd; mkpNdh

mkpy thpiraikg;gpy; mjpfg;gbahd khWjy; Vw;gLtJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW kpifahd khWjy; Vw;gLk; H kw;Wk; L rq;fpypg; gFjpfSf;F `hl;];ghl;Lfs; my;yJ kpFjp khWghl;L gFjpfs; vd;W ngaH.

21. ,k;A+d; rPuk; (m) Mz;b rPuk;

Neha;j;jhf;fj;jpw;Fk; jLg;G kUe;Njw;wj;jpw;Fk; gpwF ,uj;jr; rPuj;jpy; Mz;bghbfspd; msT mjpfhpj;Jf; fhzg;gLk; ,t;tif ,uj;jr; rPuj;jpw;F „,k;A+d; rPuk;‟ my;yJ Mz;b rPuk; vd;W ngaH.

22. khw;WWg;G kWg;gpd; (nklhtphpd; fUj;J)jd;ikfs;

01. xU kdpjdpd; clypy; xU gFjpapypUe;J> kw;nwhU gFjpf;Fj; jpR my;yJ cWg;G khw;wk; nra;jhy;> mt;TWg;G (fpuh/g;l;) vspjhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

02. cld; gpwe;jtHfs; Nghd;W neUq;fpa cwtpdHfSf;fpilNa cWg;G khw;wk; nra;ag;gLNkahdhYk; khw;WWg;G (fpuh/g;l;) kWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

03. xUKiw khw;WWg;G kWg;G epfo;e;jgpd;> mNj nfhilahspaplkpUe;J kw;nwhU cWg;ig kPz;Lk; xU Nehahsp ngUthNuahdhy;> kpf tpiuthfTk;> jPtpukhfTk; fpuh/g;l; kWg;G epfo;fpwJ.

23. Ml;Nlhfpuh/g;l; (Ra khw;WWg;G) nfhilahspaplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l jpR nfhilahsp egUf;Nf khw;wWit

%yk; nghUj;jg;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfg; gpsh];bf; mWit rpfpr;ir %ykhf xU kdpjdpd; njhilg;gFjpapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l Njhy; gFjpia mk;kdpjdpd; jPf;fhankw;gl;l Kfg;gFjpf;F khw;Wjy;. 24. INrhfpuh/g;l; (xj;j kugpag; gz;G nfhz;l khw;WWg;G)

xNu kugpa mikg;Gf; nfhz;l ,U egHfspilNa khw;wg;gLk; fpuh/g;l;. v.fh:-FNshd;fs; my;yJ cUtnkhj;j ,ul;ilaHfSf;fpilNa cWg;G khw;wk;. 25. my;Nyhfpuh/g;l; (xNu ,d caphpfSf;fpilNa khw;wg;gLk; cWg;G)

xNu rpw;wpdj;ijr; rhHe;j kugpa mikg;G khWgl;bUf;Fk; khWgl;l kugpa mikg;GilaJk;> xNu rpw;wpdj;ijr; rhHe;jtHfSf;fpilNa khw;wg;gLk; fpuh/g;l; MFk;. v.fh:-xU kdpjdpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhUtUf;F khw;wg;gLk; rpWePufk;.

26. nrNdhfpuh/g;l; (Ntw;wpd caphpfSf;fpilNa khw;wg;gLk; cWg;G) (OC-07)

NtWNtW ,dq;fshf cs;s caphpfs; Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l kugpa ghuk;ghpaj;ijr; rhHe;jit. ,tw;wpw;fpilNa khw;wg;gLk; cWg;G nrNdhfpuh/g;l;. v.fh:-gd;wpapypUe;J kdpjDf;F my;yJ gG+d; Fuq;fpypUe;J kdpjDf;F khw;wg;gLk; cWg;G.

27. khw;WWg;G epuhfhpf;fg;gLk; NghJ Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;

01. Njhy; mhpg;G 02. kz;zPuypy; ePHfl;Ljy; kw;Wk; tPf;fkiljy; (];g;sPNdhnkhfhyp) 03. cly; nkype;J Nghjy; (,khrpNard;) 04. fy;yPuy; tPf;fk; (n`g;ghl;Nlhnkfhyp) 05. tapw;Wg;Nghf;F 06. ,uj;jr;Nrhif kw;Wk; nghJthd NehnajpHg;Gj; jpwd; Fiwjy; 07. gpj;j ehsq;fs; ciljy; 08. gpyp&gpdpd; mjpfg;gbahd cw;gj;jp Kjypad khw;WWg;G

epuhfhpf;fg;gLk; NghJ Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; MFk;.

28. jilfhg;G kz;ly rPHFiyTfs; jilfhg;G kz;lyk; ekJ cliy NehapypUe;J ghJfhf;f cs;sJ.

rpyrkak; jilfhg;G kz;lyk; rhptu ,aq;fhtpby; cly;eyf;FiwT kw;Wk; Neha;fs; Vw;glyhk;. Rpyrkak; kuzk; $l epfo tha;g;Gz;L.

29. ,k;ANdh xLf;fp kUe;Jfs; ahit?

jilf;fhg;Gj;jpwid kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kUe;Jfs; ,k;ANdh xLf;fp kUe;Jfs; MFk;. v.fh:-irf;Nsh];Nghhpd;> ];Buha;L.


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30. khw;WWg;G epuhfhpg;igj; jLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; 01. cWg;G Vw;gthpd; ,uj;jj; njhFjpia (A,B,O kw;Wk; Rh)

Muha;jy;. 02. cWg;G Vw;gthpd; ,uj;j rPuj;jpy; nry; er;rhf;f Mz;bghbfs;

cs;sdth vd;gij fz;Lgpbj;jy;. 03. epzePhpaj; jpRf;fis KOikahff; fjphpaf;fj;jpw;F

cl;gLj;Jjy; Kjypad. 04. irf;Nsh];Nghhpd; kw;Wk; ];Buha;Lfs; Nghd;w jilfhg;ig

kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kUe;Jfis khw;Wj;jpR Vw;gtHfSf;F mspj;jy;. 05. cWg;G jhdk; nra;gtH kw;Wk; cWg;Gg;ngWk; egH Mfpa

,Uthpd; ,uj;jr; nry;fisf; FWf;F xg;gPL nra;jy;. 06. jz;L nry; El;gtpay; kw;Wk; FNshdpq; %yk;

cUthf;fg;gLk; cWg;Gfs; vspjpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

jilfhg;G kz;ly rPHFiytpdhy; Vw;gLk; FiwghLfs; 01. xt;thik (allergy) my;yJ i`gH nrd;rpl;btpl;b 02. Rajilfhg;G Neha;fs; 03. jilfhg;G FiwT Neha;fs;

m) jPtpu xUq;fpize;j jilfhg;G FiwT Neha; M) va;l;];

31. epzePH Kbr;rpd; gzpfs; ahit? 01. epzePiu tbfl;Lk; ikaq;fshf nray;gLfpwJ. 02. Ez;Zaphpfs; Nghd;w may; nghUl;fis ,jpy; cs;s

NgNfhirl;Lfs; tpOq;Ffpd;wd. 03. T kw;Wk; B nry;fspd; mjpfhpg;G kw;Wk; cly;topg; gazk;

Mfpatw;wpw;F Kf;fpakhdJ.

32. mdhigyhf;rp]; myH[d;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpjdpy; tpiuthdJk; jPtpukhdJkhd

tpidfis Njhw;Wtpj;J ,wf;fr; nra;af;$Lk;. ,t;tpidf;F mdh/igyhf;rp]; vd;W ngaH.

33. xt;thik (m) i`g;gH nrd;rpl;btpl;b

rhjhuz Mz;b[d;fSf;nfjpuhf> jilfhg;G kz;lyk; nghUj;jkw;wJk; tuk;G kPwpaJkhd nray;fspy; <LgLk; NghJ xt;thik cz;lhfpwJ.

xt;thikia Vw;gLj;jf;$ba nghUl;fs; myH[d;fs; vdg;gLk;. J}R> G+Q;irfs;> kfue;jj; Jfs;fs;> kw;Wk; gy;NtW czTg;

nghUl;fs;> ngd;rpypd; Nghd;w kUe;Jfs; xt;thikf; fhuzpfshf myH[d;fshf nray;glf;$Lk;.

34. Rajilfhg;G Neha;fs; jilfhg;G kz;lyk;> Ranry;fs; kw;Wk; Ra%yf;$WfSf;nfjpuhfr;

nray;gl;L> mtw;iw mopf;Fk; NghJ> Ra jilfhg;G Neha;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. v.fh:-ky;l;bg;gps; ];fpspNuhrp];> hpAkhl;lhapL MHj;jpiul;b];> ,d;Rypd;

Crp Njitg;gLfpd;w rHf;fiu tpahjp. 35. jilfhg;G FiwT Neha;fs;

,ay;G my;yJ jftikT Neha;j;jilfhg;G mikg;Gfspd; myFfspy; VNjDk; Fiw ,Ue;jhy;> jilfhg;Gf; FiwT Neha;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

[Pd; jpBH khw;wq;fs;> NehAWjy;> Nghjpa czT+l;lkpd;ik> kw;Wk; tpgj;J Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; jilfhg;G FiwT cz;lhfyhk;.

36. jPtpu xUq;fpize;j jilfhg;Gf; FiwT Neha; (SCID)

kugpa FiwTfspd; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. mbNdhrpd; B mikNd]; FiwT vd;gJk; ,k;khjphpahd kugpa fiwghl;lhy; cz;lhfpwJ.SCID Neha; ghjpj;jtHfspd; ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpy; ijNkhirl;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. SCID apdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs; ,sk; gUtj;jpNyNa ,we;J tpLfpd;wdH.

37. ijk]pdhy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; ahit?

ijKypd;> ijNkhrpd;> ijNkhgha;bd; 38. NgNfhirl;Nlhrp]; my;yJ nry; tpOq;Fjy

,ay;G Neha; jilfhg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd epfo;r;rpahFk;. ,jpy; ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fs; (ypA+f;Nfhirl;Lfs;) Kf;fpakhf gq;F ngWfpd;wd. ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fs; ghf;Bhpaq;fis nrhpf;Fk; nehjpfs; kw;Wk; Ntjpag; nghUl;fs; cs;sd vdNt Ez;Zaphpfis mopj;J tpOq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j epfo;r;rpf;F NgNfhirl;Nlhrp]; my;yJ nry; tpOq;Fjy; vd;W ngaH.

39. nry;top Neha;j;jilfhg;G

nry;top Neha;j;jLg;igr; nray;gLj;JtJ nry; er;rhf;f tif T nry;fs; MFk; (CTL).

Neha;f;fpUkpfshy; jhf;fg;gl;l nry;fisf; Fwpg;ghf ,dq;fz;L mtw;iwg; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; jhf;fp mopf;fpd;wd.

Neha;f;fpUkpfspd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rp epiwT ngWtjw;f KO mikg;Gf; nfhz;l> tpUe;Njhk;gpr; nry;fs; Njitahf cs;sjhy;> nry;fs; rpijtile;j fhuzj;jpdhy; Neha;f;fpUkpfspd; tsHr;rp fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Gw;W Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l nry;fis mopg;gjw;Fk; nry;top Neha;j; jilfhg;G Kiw toptFf;fpwJ.


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40. ,uj;j top Neha;j;jilfhg;G Mz;bghb top my;yJ ,uj;jtop Neha;j; jilfhg;Gf; Fwpg;Gf; nfhz;l

vjpHg;Gg; nghUs; %yf;$Wfshd ,k;ANdhFnshGypd;fs; (IgS)B tif ypk;Nghirl;Lfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

,k;ANdhFNshGypd;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l Mz;b[d; cld; G+l;L rhtp Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb ,izAk;gbahd mikg;ig ngw;wJ.

,uj;j top Neha; jilfhg;G Gw;W Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l nry;fis mopg;gjpy; gq;F nfhs;tjpy;iy.

41. ,k;ANdhFNshGypd;

,k;AndhFNshGypd;fs; vd;git fpisf;Nfh Gujq;fshFk;. ,k;ANdhFNshGypd;fis B tif ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd.

ePs tpj;jpahrKila ehd;F ghypngg;ilL rq;fpypfshy; MdJ. ,uz;L rpwpa ghypngg;ilL njhlUf;F ,Nyrhd rq;fpyp L-Chain

vd;Wk;> ,uz;L nghpa ghypngg;ilL njhlUf;F fdkhd rq;fpyp H-Chain vd;Wk; ngaH.

ehd;F ghypngg;ilL rq;fpypfSk; ,ize;J Y tbtj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

42. ijk]pd; gzp ahJ?

01. nry;top Neha;j;jilf;fhg;gpy; <LgLtJ 02. ijkpf;ypk; Nghirl;Lfis cw;gj;jp nra;tJ. 03. clypd; ypk;Nghirl;Lfspd; ngUf;fjpw;F jiyaha ikakhf

nray;gLtJ.

43. mg;Nghg;Nlhrp]; vd;why; vd;d? cw;gj;jpahd ypk;Nghirl;Lfspy; xU rjtPjk; kl;LNk ijki]tpl;L

ntspNaWfpd;wd. kw;wit tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nry; ,wg;G Kiwapy; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it mg;Nghg;Nlhrp]; vdg;gLk;. 44. Kjy;epiy epzePhpa cWg;Gfs; ahit?

,it ika epzePhpa cWg;Gfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. ghY}l;bfspd; ijk];> vYk;G k[;i[> gwitfspd; Ngg;hPrpa];ig.

45. ,uz;lhk;epiy epzePhpa cWg;Gf;fs; ahit?

kz;zPuy; epzePH Kbr;Rfs; Nfhiog;glyk; rhHe;j epzePhpa jpRf;fs;.

46. ,z;lH/nguhd;fs; ,uj;j nts;isaZ Nghd;w rpy nry;fs;> itu];fshy;

jhf;fg;gLk;NghJ ,z;lH/nguhd;fs; vDk; itu]; vjpHg;Gg; Gujq;fs;

Ruf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,z;lH/nguhd;fspdhy; mUfhikapYs;s gpw nry;fs; itu]pd; jhf;Fjypy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; itu]hy; jhf;fg;gl;l kdpjhpy; itu]; jhf;fj;ij vjpHf;Fk; jpwd; NkYk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. 47. jilfhg;G kz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epzePH jpRf;fs;

Fly; rhHe;j epzePhpaj; jpRf;fs; (NgaH jpl;Lfs;)> Fly; thy;> lhd;rpy;fs;> ckpo;ePHr;Rug;gpfs;> fz;zPHr;Rug;gpfs;> kw;Wk; rPk;ghy; Ruf;Fk; epiyapYs;s jhapd; khHgfq;fs; MfpadTk; jilfhg;G kz;lyj;jpd; mikg;Gfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. 48. epzePH jpRf;fspd; tiffs;

MALT - Nfhior;rt;T rhHe;j epzePhpaj; jpRf;fs; GALT -Flypd; Nfhior;rt;tpy; mike;J fhzg;gLk; epzePhpa jpRf;fs; BALT - %r;Rf;Foha;fisr; rhHe;j epzePhpaj; jpRf;fs;

49. tPf;fk; Vw;glitf;Fk; rkpf;iQg; nghUs;fs; ahit? 01. kh];l; nry;fs; rpijTWk; NghJ `p];likd;> nrNuhl;Nlhdpd;

kw;Wk; GNuh];Nlhfpsh];bd; Nghd;wit. 02. /NghNfhirl;Lfis Ftpar; nra;J Neha; fpUkpfis mopf;f

toptFf;fpd;wd.

50. epzePhpa cWg;Gfis vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tifg;gLj;Jf 01. Kjy;epiy epzePH cWg;Gfs; (my;yJ) ika epzePH cWg;Gfs;

v.fh.ijk];> vYk;G kI;iI> gwitfspd; Ngg;hPrpa]; ig 02. ,uz;lhk; epiy cWg;Gfs; (my;yJ) ntsp mikTepzePH

cWg;Gfs; v.fh. kz;zPuy;> epzePH Kbr;R> Nfhiog;glyk;> lhd;rpy;> fz;zPHRug;gp

51. ,k;ANdh xLf;F kUe;Jfs; vd;why; vd;d?

irf;Nsh];Nghhpd; kw;Wk; ];Buha;Lfs; Nghd;w jilfhg;ig fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kUe;Jfs;.

v.fh: khw;WWg;G mWit rpfpr;irapd; NghJ epfOk; cWg;G epuhfhpg;ig jLf;f cjTk; kUe;Jfs;. 52. khw;WWg;G epuhfhpg;gijf; jLg;gjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs; vOJf

01. cWg;G Vw;gthpd; ,uj;j njhFjpia (V> gp> X kw;Wk; MH.vr;) Muha;jy;

02. cWg;G Vw;gthpd; ,uj;j rPuj;jpy; nry; er;rhf;f Mz;bghbfs; cs;sdth vd fz;lwpjy;.

03. epzePhpaj; jpRf;fis KOikahf fjphpaf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;Jjy;


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04. irf;Nsh];Nghhpd; kw;Wk; ];Buha;L Nghd;w jilfhg;ig fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kUe;Jfis khw;Wj;jpR Vw;gtHfSf;F mspj;jy;.

53. epidT Fwpg;G jUf

01. jilfhg;G kz;lyk; Kjd;Kjyhf xU Fwpg;gpl;l may;fhuzpia vjpHnfhs;Sk; nghOJ mjw;nfjpuhf jilfhg;G tpidfis Nkw;nfhz;L mjid mopf;fpwJ.

02. ,e;epfo;r;rpia jilfhg;G kz;lyk; neLehl;fSf;F epidtpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ.

03. ,uz;lhtJ Kiw> mNj may;fhuzpia vjpHnfhs;Sk; NghJ NkYk; jPtpukhd jilfhg;G eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. v.fh: Ez;Zaphp

54. ntspg;Gw epzePhpa mikTfs; ahit? 01. Nfhiog;glyk; rhHe;j epzePhpaj; jpRf;fs;: kz;zPuy;> epzePH Kbr;Rfs; 02. Fly;rhHe;j epzePhpaj; jpRf;fs;: (NgaH jpl;Lfs;): Fly;thy;>

lhd;rpy;fs;> ckpo;ePHr;Rug;gpfs;> fz;zPHr;Rug;gpfs;. 03. rPk;ghy; Ruf;Fk; epiyapYs;s jhapd; khHgfq;fs;.

55. ijk]; Ruf;Fk; `hHNkhd; fhuzpfs; ahit? 01. ijKypd; 02. ijNkhrpd; 03.ijNkhghapl;bd

56.epzePH Kbr;R vd;why; vd;d?

01. epzePHf; Foha;fspy; tl;ltbtkhfNth> Kl;il tbtkhfNth mike;Js;s rpwpa Kbr;Rfs; ehHr;nry;fspdhy; Md epzePiu tbfl;Lk; cWg;G.

02. Gw ciwapypUe;J Buhgf;Fyh vDk; jLg;Gr; RtHfs; Nghd;w jpR mikg;Gfs; cs;Nehf;fp tsHe;Js;sd.

03. epzePH Kbr;rhdJ fhHnlf;]; vDk; GwmLf;F kw;Wk; nkLy;yh vDk; cs;sLf;F Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

57. ghuh fhHnlf;]; gFjp vd;why; vd;d?

01. epzePH Kbr;rpd; fhHnlf;]; gFjp ghypf;fps;fSf;Fk; nkLy;yhg; gFjpg; gl;ilfSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l mLf;Fg; ghuh fhHnlf;]; gFjpahFk;. ,jd; eL mLf;fpy; Vuhskhd T ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; cs;sd. ghuh fhHnlf;]; ijk]; rhHe;j gFjpahFk;.

58. epzePH Kbr;rpd; gzp ahJ? 01. epzePH Kbr;Rfs; epzePiu tbfl;Lk; ikaq;fshfr;

nray;gLfpd;wd. 02. Ez;Zaphpfs; Nghd;w may;nghUs;fis ,jpy; cs;s

/NgNfhirl;Lfs; tpOq;Ffpd;wd. 03. T kw;Wk; B nry;fspd; mjpfhpg;G kw;Wk; cly;topg; gazk;

Mfpatw;wpw;F Kf;fpakhdJ. 04. Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpahdJ Mz;b[d;fshy; J}z;lg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;

mijr; rhHe;j epzePH Kbr;Rfs; tPf;fkilfpd;wd. 59. Neha; gug;Gk; fhuzpfs; ahit?

01. clYf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;gLj;jf; $ba may;nghUl;fspy; Ez;fpUkpfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Rug;Gg; nghUl;fs;.

02. rpy czTg; nghul;fs;. Ntjpag; nghUl;fs;> kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; kfue;jj;Jfs;fs; Mfpad mlq;Fk;

60. iyNrhirk; vd;why; vd;d?

01. fz;zPH kw;Wk; ckpo;ePhpy; cs;s iyNrhirk; vd;irk;. ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; nry;Rtiur; nrhpf;ff;$baJ.

02. xU clw;nray; rhHe;j ,ay;G neha; jilf;fhuzp


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4. jw;fhy kugpay;

01. re;jjp topj;njhlH Ma;T (M- 10,11.OC-06,10) kdpj kugpay; ty;YeHfs; ,aw;ifapNyNa eilngWk; kdpjf;

fyg;Gfis Ma;T nra;fpd;wdH. ,t;tha;Tfs; xU FLk;g my;yJ re;jjp topj;njhlHfspy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nehapd; my;yJ [Pdpd; gz;G ntspg;ghl;bid $He;J Ma;fpd;wdH. ,Jr; re;jjp topj;njhlH gFg;gha;T vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.

02. jyhrPkpahtpd; kUj;Jt mwpFwpfs; (M-11. OC-07, 08. J-07, 07, 10, 11)

01. vYk;G k[;i[ nraypy; FiwghL 02. ntspg;Gw ,uj;j Xl;l rpijT 03. kz;zPuy; kw;Wk; fy;yPuy; tPf;fk; Mfpait Njhd;Wk; 04. jyhrPkpahthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; RkhH gjpNdO

tajpy; ,wf;f NehpLk;.

03. NfhpNahilg;gpd; gad;fs; (M-07,08. OC- 11. J-06) 01. FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;G tiuglk; fHg;g fhyj;jpy;

Mk;dpNahnrd;bir]; Kiwapd; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gl;Lg; gpwf;Fk;NghJk; Foe;ijapd; ghy; fz;lwpag;gLk;.

02. ,k;Kiwapd; %yk; kdpjdpy; cz;lhFk; kuG Neha;fs; fz;lwpag;gLk;. Nkw;gb kuG Neha; fUg;gpuhaj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gLk; NghJ kUj;Jt MNyhridapd; %yk; Nkw;gb FiwghL nfhz;l fUtpidr; fUr;rpijT nra;J jLf;fyhk;.

03. xU kdpjdpd; ,ay;ghd njhFg;G tiuglj;jpd; %yk; FNuhNkhNrhk; gpwo;r;rpfshd ePf;fy;> ,ul;bj;jy;> ,lk;khWjy;> rhptu Nrhb gphpahik kw;Wk; mjd; tpistpdhy; cz;lhFk; mDg;gpshapb Nghd;w Fiwfisf; fz;lwpayhk;.

04. kuGg; nghwpapaypy; may; DNA

may;DNA my;yJ gaz DNA:vd;gJ nehjpfshy; gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;w kw;Wk; gpujpnaLf;fg;gLfpd;w DNA rq;fpypapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Jz;lk; (may; [Pd;) MFk;.

05. FNshdpq; ntf;lhH

ntf;lhHfs; my;yJ CHjp DNA vd;gJ may; DNA Jz;lj;ijj; jd;Dld; ,izj;Jr; Rkf;fpd;w DNAf;fs; MFk;. ,it ngUk;ghYk; ghf;Bhpahf;fspd; gpsh];kpL DNA kw;Wk; Ngf;BhpNah/Ng[; itu];fSk; MFk;.

06. kuGg; nghwpapaypy; gad;gLk; ghf;Bhpa ,dj;jpd; ngaH

V];nrhprpah Nfhiy ghf;Bhpak; kugpay; nghwpapaypy; jFe;jnjhU tpUe;Njhk;gpr; nry;yhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

,jpy; v];nrhprpah Nfhiyay;yhJ Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp];> ];nug;Nlh ikr]; kw;Wk; rf;fhNuhikr]; nrhptprpah Mfpa caphpfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. 07. DNA jz;lhf;Fjy;

kuGg; nghwpapaypy; DNA fl;likg;Gj; Jz;lkhf;fy; vd;gJ DNA%yf;$w;iwg; gy [Pd; gFjpfshf gphpj;J mjpYs;s fhuthpirfis (m) epA+f;spNahilL thpirfis Ma;T nra;jiyAk; my;yJ mtw;wpid tiuglk; jahhpg;gij Fwpg;gjhFk;.

,jid nra;tjw;F Ntjpa kw;Wk; nehjp nra;Kiwfs; cs;sd. ,jd; thapyhfr; DNArq;fpypapy; cs;s [Pd; kw;Wk; [Pdy;yhj gFjpfis fz;lwpa ,aYk;.

08. khWghL miljy; (M- 12)

gy nry;Yaphpfspd; tshr;rpapy; fUtpidj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; %yr; nry;yhf fUKl;il tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

fUTw;w Kl;ilapy; ikl;lhrp]; gphpTfisj; njhlHe;J eilngWtjd; %yk; vz;zw;w nry;fs; cUthfpd;wd.

,r;nry;fs; gpd;dH tbtj;jpYk; nraypYk; gy;NtW nry; tiffshf khWghilfpd;wd.

Nkw;$wpa nry; njhiffspd; my;yJ nry;tiffspd; Njhw; nraNy khWghliljy; vd miof;fg;ngWk;.

09. [Pd; rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; tiffs; (M-06. OC-07, 08, 10. J-07, 08, 11.)

[Pd; rpfpr;ir vd;gJ kdpjdpy; jtwhd [Pd;fSf;F gjpyhfj; jpUj;jg;gl;l [Pd;fis Eiog;gjhFk;. tif 01. cly; nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir Kiw 02. fUr;nry; top [pd; rpfpr;ir Kiw 10. caphpa nra;jpapay; juT jsk; (Database)

gpw;fhyg; gad;ghl;bw;F cjTk; tifapy; juTGyk; njhFf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. juT Gyk; ngUkstpyhd jfty;fs; my;yJ gjpTfspd; Njf;fkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.


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11. NfhpNahilg;gpq; A+NfhpNah nry;fspy; cs;s ,ul;il vz; njhFg;G FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;

xU epiyj;j tbtikg;Gf; Fzq;fshd vz;zpf;if> tbtk;> gUk; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

NkYk; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; ,uz;lhk; epiy RUf;fk;> G[tpfpjk; kw;Wk; epwf;fw;iw mikg;G Mfpa ,jug; gz;Gfs; %yKk; milahsk; fhzg;gLk;.

Nkw;$hpa midj;Jg; gz;GfisAk; tpsf;Ffpd;w FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; njhFg;G NfhpNahilg;gpq; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

12. NfhpNahfpuhk; ( OC-07)

FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;G tiuglk; jahhpg;G Kiw xU nry;ypy; cs;s midj;J FNuhNkhNrhk;fSk; gphpf;fg;gl;L mitfs; thpirahf mikf;fg;gLjy; MFk;. ,J jw;NghJ ,bNahfpuhk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,f;FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; tiug;gl tpsf;fj;jpw;F gad;ghl;by; cs;sJ. 13. kuGg; nghwpapay;

kuGg; nghwpapay; vd;gJ kdpjDila Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g [Pd;fis khw;wp mikf;Fk; nray;ghLfis tpsf;FfpwJ.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiyAila [Pid mjd; ,ay;ghd ,lj;jpypUe;J ePf;fp mjd; gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;JtJ kuGg; nghwpapay; MFk;. 14. kuGg; nghwpapaypy; gad;gLk; nehjpfs;

01. vf;Nrh epA+f;spNa];fs; 02. vd;Nlh epA+f;spNa];fs; 03. nu];l;hpf;rd; (tiuaWf;fg;gl;l) vd;Nlh epA+f;spNa];fs; 04. Xhpizr;rq;fpypapd; DNA Kidfis rPuhf;Fk; SI nehjpfs; 05. DNA ypNf];fs; 06. my;fiyd; gh];gNl]; 07. vjpHkiw buhd;]; fphpg;Nl]; 08. DNA ghypkNu]; Mfpa nehjpfs; kuGg; nghwpapaypy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

15. gpsh];kpL xU gpsh];kpL vd;gJ RkhH 200 Kjy; 300 epA+f;spNahilL fhu

%yf;$Wfis cs;slf;fpa xU tl;l tbt DNA MFk;. ghf;Bhpar; nry;fspDs; Kjd;ik FNuhNkhNrhKld; irl;Nlh

gpshrj;jpy; jdpj;J> Nkw;gb gpsh];kpl; DNA fhzg;gLk;. gpsh];kplhdJ xU rpwe;j [Pd; ghpkhw;wk; nra;Ak; CH jpahfr;

nray;gLfpd;wJ.

16. ghypd;l;Nuhk; [Pd; thpir xU Ngypd;l;Nuhk; fhu thpir vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; fhuq;fs;

mike;jJ. mit DNA d; ,uz;L rq;fpypfspYk; vjpnujpHj; jpirapy; fhzg;gLk; cjhuzkhf DNAd; xU rq;fpypapy; mike;j fhuthpir „GAATTC‟5‟-3‟jpirapYk; mjd; epiwTWg;Gr; rq;fpypapy; 3‟-5‟jpirapy; „CTTAAG‟ vjphpilahff; fhzg;gLk;.

17. kWNrHf;if DNA

xU may; DNA ([Pd;) Jz;lk; ve;j tiuaiw vz;Nlh epA+f;spNa]; nehjpahy; gphpf;fg;gl;lNjh mNj nehjp gpsh];kpl; DNA itAk; Jz;bf;fpwJ.

may; DNA Jz;lkhdJ gpd;dH DNA ypNf]; nehjp %yk; gpsh];kpl; DNA Ds; Eiof;fg;gl;L xd;wpizf;fg;gLk;.

,t;thW xd;wpize;j may; DNA+ gpsh];kpl; DNA.MdJ kWNrHf;if DNA my;yJ r.DNA vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. 18. #g;gH gf; kw;Wk; gad;fs;

kuG nghwpapay; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; “Super Bugs” vd miof;fg;gLk;. kWNrHf;if ghf;Bhpaq;fs; xNu Neuj;jpy; gy fhpk i`l;Nuh fhHgd;fis

rpijf;fty;yd. ,t;tif ghf;Bhpaq;fs; flypy; Vw;gLk; fg;gy; tpgj;Jf; fhuzkhf

fly;ePhpy; fyf;Fk; vz;nza; nghUs;fis cldbahfr; rpijj;J khR ePf;fk; nra;ag; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Kjd; Kjypy; #g;gH gf; mnkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s Mde;j; rf;futHj;jp vd;Dk; xU ,e;jpauhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

mtH #NlhNkhdh]; vd;w #g;gHgf; tifia vz;nza; frpTfisr; Rj;jk; nra;Ak; nghUl;L cUthf;fpdhH.

mtUila “#g;gH gf;” ghf;Bhpak; vz;nzapy; cs;s Mf;Nld;fs;> irypd;fs;> fw;G+uk; kw;Wk; nlhYtPd;fis rpijf;fty;y jpwd; ngw;wJ.

19. re;jjp topg; gFg;gha;tpd; gad;fs;

re;jjp topj;njhlH tiuglk; xU FLk;gj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gz;gpd; tuyhw;iw czHj;Jk; gy Fwpfs; nfhz;L tiuag;gLfpwJ.

,jidf; FLk;g kuk; vd miof;fyhk;. ,j;jifa tiuglk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l kuG Neha; re;jjp topj; njhlHfspy; vt;typjk; ntspj; Njhd;WfpwJ vd;w mjd; ghijia mwpe;J nfhs;s gad;gLfpwJ.

/igg;Nuhrp]; kw;Wk; gpidy; fPl;Nlh epA+hpah Nghd;w Neha;fspd; re;jjp topj; njhlhpid mpe;J nfhs;s gad;gLfpwJ.


Page | 24

20. rpf;fps; nry; mdPkpah kw;Wk; vt;thW Vw;gLfpwJ (OC-09) fjpH mhpths; Nrhif vd;Dk; kuT Neha; xU cly; FNuhNkhNrhkpd;

[Pd; jpBH khw;w tpisthy; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,jd; xLq;F my;yPy; Hbs MFk;. ,e;j [Pd; N`hNkhirf]; epiyapy;

(Hbs) ,it ,ay;gw;w `PNkhFNshgpdhd `PNkhFNshgpd; S-cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ.

,e;j Nehahy; rpWePufk;> kz;zPuy; kw;Wk; %is Mfpa cWg;Gfs; gOjile;J ,wf;f NehpLk; 21. VfhkhFNshGypdpkh

vfhkhFNshGypdpkh vd;w kugpay; Neha; xU xLq;F [Pdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Neha; vjpHg;Gg; Gujkhd fhkhFNshGypdpd; cw;gj;jp eilngwhky; Nghfpd;wd.

,e;Neha; nfhz;ltHfs; mjpf mstpy; Neha; vjpHg;Gj; jpwd; Fd;wpAk;> gpsh];kh nry;fs; Kw;wpYk; ,y;yhkYk;> ,ay;gw;w epzePHf;fZf;fSlDk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpy; ,ay;Gf;Fk; Fiwthd ypk;Nghirl; nry;fSlDk; fhdg;gLtH.

Neha; vjpHg;G Gujkhd Mz;bghbfs; csw;gj;jp ,y;yhjjhy; ,e;Nehahspfs; itu];fs; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; Fwpg;ghf khHGWg;Gfspy; mtw;wpd; jhf;FjYf;F cl;gLtH. ,e;Neha; ngUk;ghYk; rpWtHfspy; fhzg;gLk;. 22. my;gpdprk;

my;gpdprk; vd;gJ jpBH khw;wkile;j xLq;F epiy [Pd;fshy; Njhd;Wk; kuG top Neha; MFk;. nkyhdpd; tsHrpij khw;w epfo;tpy; gq;F nfhs;Sk; rpy nehjpfis cw;gj;jp nra;ahky; Nghtjhy; nkyhdpd; epwkpfs; Njhy;. Kb> kw;Wk; fz;fs; Nghd;w gfjpfspy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jdhy; ,tHfs; ghy; ntz;ik Nghd;w Njhypd; epwj;JlDk; xspf;$r;rj;JlDk; fhzg;gLtH.

23. my;gpdprj;jpd; tiffs;

01. cly; KOtJkhd my;gpdprk; 02. fz;ZWg;G mstpyhd Mf;FyhH my;gpdprk; 03. Njhy; kw;Wk; Kb ghjpg;Gw;w gFjp tif my;gpdprk;

24. mz;bq;ld; nfhhpah Nehapd; gz;Gfs; 01. ,af;F jirfs; Nfhshhpdhy; mtw;wpd; jhdpaq;F jd;ikahy;

clypy; mlq;f Kbahj xU tif if> fhy; cjwy; (m) mjpHTfs; cz;lhjy;.

02. ika euk;G kz;lyk; ntF tpiuthf gOjile;J cly; kw;Wk; %isr; nray; njhlHe;J rPuoptpid miljy;.

03. Gj;jpf;$Hik rPuopT> %isr;NrhHT> gak;> ntspAyfpy; gwg;gJ Nghd;w czHT Mfpa kNdhhPjpapyhd ghjpg;Gfs; Njhd;Wk;.

25. Fkpo rpWtd; Neha; (Bobble Boy Syndrome)

,J xU fLik $l;L Neha; vjpHg;Gf; FiwT rpd;l;Nuhk; MFk;. ,J Foe;ijfis ghjpf;Fk; kuG top Neha; MFk;. ,e;Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfspy;> Kw;wpYkhf Neha; vjpHg;Gr; rf;jp ,y;yhky; NghFk;. ,jw;F mtHfspd; ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s vy;yh nts;isaZf;fSk; mopjNy fhuzkhFk;.

,e;j Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; vg;nghOJk; xU J}a;ikahd > fpUkp ePf;fg;gl;l Fkpopf; Ftisapy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk;. ,e;Neha; „Fkpo; rpWtd;‟ rpd;l;Nuhk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. vYk;G k[;i[ cWg;G khw;wk; nra;ahtpby; ,f;Foe;ij fl;lhakhf ,wf;f NehpLk;.

26. [Pd; tq;fp my;yJ [PNdhk; nra;jp Nrfhpg;G

kdpj [Pd; tq;fp my;yJ [PNdhk; nra;jp Nrfhpg;G vdg;gLtJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l [Pd;fspd; thpirKiwg;gLj;jiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. vjpHfhyg; gad;ghl;bw;F Nkwgb thpirg;gLj;Jjy; nra;ag;glLfpd;wJ. tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;l [Pd;fNs mbg;gil nra;jpfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

27. GNuhl;bNahkpf;]; (OC-09, J-10)

kdpj [PNdhk; Guj Ma;TfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;. gytif Gujq;fis Ma;T nra;jYk;> mtw;wpw;Fhpa nry;fis fz;lwpjYk;> kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;Fhpa [Pd;fisf; fz;lwpjYk; Gujr; nra;jpapay; my;yJ GNuhl;bNahkpf;]; MFk;.

28. epiwTWg;G DNA (c.DNA) (M-10)

GNuhl;Bid fz;lwptjw;fhf mtw;wpd; cUthf;Fk; mRNA f;fspd; %ykhf mtw;wpid cUthf;fpa [Pd;fs; my;yJ DNA Jz;lq;fs; Njlg;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;gb fz;lwpe;j DNAf;fs; eDNA (epiwTWg;G DNAf;fs; ) vdg;gLk;.

29. FNshdpq; (M-08, 09)

FNshdpq; vd;gJ kuG xj;j caphpfis gpujpfshf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nra;KiwahFk;.

30. kuG khw;wg;gl;l tpyq;Ffs;

kuGg; nghwpapay; %yk; [Pd;fis XH caphpypUe;J kw;nwhU caphpf;F khw;Wk; Kiw> kuG khwp tpyq;Ffspd; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;F toptFj;Js;sJ. ,e;j tif caphpfs; buhd;];n[dpf; caphpfs; vdg;gLk;.


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31. kuG khw;wg;gl;l tpyq;Ffspd; gad;fs; (M-12) 01. kuG khw;wg;gl;l tpyq;Ffs; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GapHfis tpl

czT jd;kakhf;fy; jpwid mjpfkhff; nfhz;Ls;sd. 02. ,t;Taphpfs; Jhpj tsHr;rpiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> re;ijia

vl;Lk; mstpidr; rPf;fpukhf milfpd;wd. 03. ,tw;wpw;fpilNa khkprj;jpd; juk; rpwg;ghf cs;sJ. 04. rpy tpahjpfSf;F ,t;Taphpfs; vjpHg;ghw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;sd. 05. ,t;Taphpfs; cw;gj;jpr; rhiyfshfr; nray;gl;L Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j kWNrHf;ifg; Gujq;fs; kw;Wk; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mtw;wpd; ghy;> ,uj;jk;> rpWePH %yk; jUfpd;wd.

32. caphp jftypay; (M- 09. J-10)

caphp jftypay;> caphp jfty;fshd epA+f;spf; mkpyk;> [Pd; thpirfs; kw;Wk; Guj thpiraikg;G Mfpatw;wpd; juTj; jsq;fis cz;lhf;fTk;> epWtTk; cjTfpd;wdJ.

mjd; gad;ghLfs; [Pd; rpfpr;ir> Neha; mwpjy;> kUe;jhf;fk;> gapH Kd;Ndw;wk;> caphp Ntjpapay; epfo;Tfs; Mfpad.

33. juG Gyk; kw;Wk; juT jsj;jpd; tiffs; (M-08,09. OC-08,10)

gpw;fhyg; gad;ghl;bw;F cjTk; tifapy; juTGyk; njhFf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. juT Gyk; ngUkstpyhd jfty;fs; my;yJ gjpTfspd; Njf;fkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

juT Gyq;fs; nghJthd juTg;Gyq;fs; kw;Wk; rpwg;ghd juT Gyq;fs; vd ,uz;L gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nghJthd juT Gyq;fs;

DNAGujq;fs; fhHNghi`l;Nul;Lfs; Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;Gfs; nghJthd juT Gyj;jpy; mlq;Fgit. rpwg;Gj; juT Gyq;fs;

,jpy;ESTs vdg;gLk; ntspg;gL thpir Kj;jpiufs;>GSs vdg;gLk;. [Pndhk; rHNt thpirfs;>SNPs vdg;gLk; jdp epA+f;spNahilL gy;YW mikg;Gfs; STSs vdg;gLk; thpir Kj;jpiu ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; RNA juT Gyq;fs; Mfpait mlq;Ffpd;wd. 34. epA+f;spf; mkpy thpir juTg; Gyq;fspd; Kfthp

EMPL - INuhg;gpa %yf;$w;W caphpay; Nrhjidf; $lk; NCBI - Njrpa caphp njhopy;El;gtpay; jfty; ikak; DDBJ - [g;ghd; juT tq;fp vd;w %d;W Kjd;ik epiyaq;fs;

epA+f;spNahilL thpir juT Gyq;fSf;fhd chpik epiyaq;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

35. DNA E}yfk; (M-07,11. OC-06) DNA E}yfk; vd;gJ xU capUf;Fhpa midj;Jg; gFjpfspd; thpiria

cs;slf;fpa Nrfhpg;ghFk;.

36. cDNA E}yfk; J}JtH (RNA) MH.vd;.Vf;fspd; epiwTW cDNA fspd; gpujpfs;>

gpd;Ndhf;fp (hptH];) buhd;];fphpg;Nl]; nehjpfs; %yk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cDNA E}yfq;fs; [PNdhkpf; E}yfq;fis tplr; rpwpait. ,it DNA %yf;$Wfspd; [Pd; gFjpfiskl;Lk;nfhz;lit.

37. Kdpj [PNdhk; jpl;lk; gad;ghLfSk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

01. kdpj [PNdhk; jpl;lk capHf;nfhy;yp Nehahd Gw;WNeha; Nghd;wtw;iw Fzg;gLj;Jk; topKiwiaf; fz;lwpa cjTfpd;wJ.

02. kdpjdpy; Njhd;Wk; Neha;fs; gw;wpj; njspthf mwpaTk; mjw;Nfw;g kUe;Jfis cUthf;fTk; ,j;jpl;lk; cjTfpwJ.

03. ,j;jpl;lk; clw;nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; fUtopapyhd [Pd; rpfpr;ir Kiwf;F cjTfpd;wd.

38. FNshdpq; ed;ikfs; (J-09) 01. gy;YapH jd;ikia epiyepWj;j FNshdpq; Kiw cjTfpd;wJ.

,jd; %yk; ,t;Tyfpy; ,Ue;J Kw;wpYk; mope;J tpl;l tpyq;fpdq;fis my;yJ mopaf;$ba epiyapy; cs;s tpyq;fpdq;fis kPz;Lk; capHg;gpj;J epiyg;gLj;j KbAk;.

02. kdpj FNshdpq; nra;Kiwapdhy; kdpj cly; cWg;Gfis> mtw;wpd; %yr;nry;fs; %yk; tsHf;f> gad;gLj;jyhk;. mt;thW cWg;Gfis tsHj;jy; %yk; jpR xt;thik> jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; Neha; vjpHg;G tpisTfs; Mfpaitfisj; jtpHj;Jg; gy kdpj capHfisf; fhg;ghw;w ,aYk;.

39. kuG nghwpapaypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (OC-11)

01. [Pd; rpfpr;irfs; %yk; Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;jyhk;. 02. fopT kWRow;rpapd; %yk; cw;gj;jpia ngUf;f ,aYk;. 03. Ntshz; gapHfspy; jPq;Faphpfs; jhf;fj;jpw;F vjpHg;gpid

Vw;gLj;j cjTk;. 04. caphp jftypay; %yk; kUe;JfSk;> capHfhf;Fk; nghUl;fshd

,d;Rypd;> tsHr;rp `hHNkhd;fs;> ,d;lHnguhd;fs;> irl;Nlhifd;fs;> NkhNdhFNshdy; Mz;bghbfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.


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40. caphp nra;jpapaypd; gad;fs; 01. caphp nra;jpapay; [Pd; mikg;gpidAk; Guj cw;gj;jp gw;wpAk;

mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ. 02. Neha;fis gw;wp NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ. 03. kUj;Jt kw;Wk; caphp nghwpapay; Jiwfspd; gad;ghl;bw;F

toptFf;fpd;wJ.

41. Guj mikg;gpd; tiffs; (J-09) Kjy; epiy mikg;G

ePsghl;by; xU Fwpg;gpl;l thpirapy; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; mikag; ngw;w ghypngg;ilL rq;fpyp Gujj;jpd; Kjd;ik epiy mikg;ghFk;. ,uz;lhk; epiy mikg;G

ghypngg;ilL (m) Gujr;rq;fpyp kbg;Gw;W vspjpy; milahsq; fhzf;$ba tifapy; My;gh tisT kw;Wk; gPl;lh jfL mikg;gpYk; fhzg;gLtJ Guj ,uz;lhk; epiy mikg;ghFk;. %d;whk; epiy mikg;G

Guj rq;fpypapd; Kg;ghpkhz mikg;G mjd; %d;whk; epiy mikg;ghFk;.

42. Guj khjphpapd; gad;fs;

01. Guj mikg;G nry; kw;Wk; jpRf;fspd; fl;likg;igAk; mtw;wpd; caphp %yf;$w;W thpiraikg;igAk; mwpag; gad;gLfpwJ.

02. Guj mikg;Gfs;> Guj khjphpfs;> fzpdp tiugl khjphpfs; caphpay; tpidfis mwpa cjTfpd;wd.

03. fzpdp tiugl khjphpfs;> xU Gujj;jpy; ve;j xU gFjp kUj;Jt Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhz;lJ vd;gij mwpe;J mjd; %yk; jLg;G CrpfisAk;> kUe;JfisAk; cUthf;f gad;gLfpd;wd.

43. fLikahd jyhrPkpah Neha;f;fhd mwpFwpfs; ahit?

ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; RkhH gjpNdO tajpy; ,wf;f NehpLtH. mwpFwpfs; vYk;G kI;iI nraypy; FiwghL. ntspg;Gw uj;j Xl;l uj;jr;rpijT kz;zPuy; kw;Wk; fy;yPuy; tPf;fk;.

44. fjpHmhpths; Nrhif Nehapd; mwpFwpfs; ahit? (OC-09)

01. ,Uja gOjiltpdhYk;> rpWePufk; kz;zPuy; kw;Wk; %is Mfpa cWg;Gfs; gOjiltjdhYk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

02. ,t;TWg;Gfs; ,uj;j ehsq;fspd; milg;gpd; %yk; gOjiltjhy; ,wf;f NehpLtH.

45. buhd;];ngf;rd; (m) mad; [Pd; njhw;W vd;why; vd;d? tpyq;Ffspd; nry;fs; may; [Pd;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; gz;gpid

buhd;];ngf;rd; my;yJ may;[Pd; njhw;W vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. 46. gFjpj;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d? (m) G+Shp Nghld;l; vd;why; vd;d?

G+Shp Nghld;l;: gFjpj;jpwd; epiyapy; mr;nry;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l jpRf;fisAk; my;yJ cWg;Gf;fis kl;LNk cUthf;Fk; ,ay;G nfhz;lit. 47. cly;nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir vd;why; vd;d? (J-09)

01. Nehahspfspd; ,uj;jk;> vYk;G k[;i[ my;yJ cWg;Gfshd Njhy; %is Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J jtwhd [Pd;fisf; nfhz;l nry;fs; gphpj;J vLf;fg;gl;L kuGg; nghwpapay; %yk; jpUj;jg;gl;L gpd;dH kPz;Lk; Nehahspapd; clypy; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

02. [Pd; jpUj;jk; Nra; re;jjpfSf;F ghuk;ghpakha; flj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

48. fUr;nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir vd;why; vd;d? (J-10)

01. tpyq;Ffspd; fUKl;ilapYs;s cl;fUtpDs; Neha;fhg;G [PdhdJ nrYj;jg;gLk;.

02. fUKl;ilapd; cl;fUTld; ,ize;j Neha;fhg;G [Pd;fs; tpyq;fpd; clypy; me;j [Pd;fSf;Fhpa Gjpa Gujq;fs; cUthfr; nra;fpd;wd.

03. Neha;fhg;G [Pd;fs; ghuk;ghpakhf flj;jg;gLfpd;wd. 49. kdpjhpy; fhzg;gLk; xUrpy kugpay; Neha;fspd; ngaH jUf

01. fjpHmhpths; Nrhir 02. jyhrPkpah 03. m fhkhFnshGypdpkpah 04. my;gpdprk; 05. mz;bq;ld; nfhhpah 06. fLik $l;LNeha; vjpHg;Gf; FiwT rpd;l;Nuhk;.

50. re;jjp topj;njhlH tiuglk; vd;why; vd;d? (M-11) 01. xU FLk;gj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gz;gpd; tuyhw;iw czHj;Jk;. 02. ,t;tiuglk; gyFwpfs; nfhz;L tiuag;gLfpwJ. ,jidf;

FLk;g kuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 03. xU Fwpg;gpl;l kuG Neha; re;jjp topj; njhlHfspy; vt;tpjk;

ntspj;Njhd;Wfpd;wJ vd;w ghijia mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; fUJNfhyhf Cfpf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.


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51. Gujj;juT tq;fp vd;why; vd;d? ( J-06) 01. Gujq;fspd; Kg;ghpkhz mikg;G gw;wpa nra;jpfs; Nrfhpg;G

fzpdpapy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;. ,J Gujj;juT tq;fp vdg;gLk;.

02. Gujq;fspd; Kg;ghpkhz tbtq;fNs Guj mikg;ig mwpa itf;Fk;.

2. Ez;Zaphpay; 01. Ez;Zaphpay; vd;why; vd;d? Ez;Zaphpfs; vd;git itu];> ghf;Bhpah> G+Q;ir> GNuhl;NlhNrhth xl;Lz;zp Nghd;w Ez;Nzhf;fp %yNk fhzf;$ba caphpdq;fs; gw;wpa mwptpay; gphpT Ez;Zaphpay; vdg;gLk;. ,t;twptpay; Ez;Zaphpfspd; tbtk; mikg;G> ,dg;ngUf;fk;> clw;nraypay; tsHrpij khw;wk; mtw;wpd; tifghl;bid tpsf;Ffpd;wd. 02. J}a Clf cw;gj;jp nra;Kiwapd; gad; ahit? xU jptu Clfj;ijg; gy ePHkq;fspy; Nrhjidf; Fohapy; (m) Nrhjidf;$l cgfuzj;jpy; ,l;L> xNu ,dj;ijr; rhHe;j Ez;Zaphpfspd; nry;fis tsHj;jNy J}a Clf cw;gj;jp nra;Kiw vdg;gLk;. gad;fs;: yp];lH ,t;tsHg;G Kiwia ghf;Bhpak; yhf;B]; vd;Dk; ghf;Bhpaj;jpw;Fr; nra;J gy Ez;Zaphpfspd; tsHr;rpf;F jFe;j Clfkhf tsHg;G Kiw cs;sjhf tpsf;fpdhH. etPd Ez;Zaphpay; Njhd;w toptFj;jJ. 03. ,ul;il vz; nry;tif vd;why; vd;d? (M-06,10. OC-11) bg;sha;L nry; tiffs; fU %yj;jpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l jpRf;fshd EiuaPuy; rpWePufk; Mfpatw;wpd; nry; tsHg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLfpd;wd. kdpj jLg;G+rp kUe;Jfspd; cw;gj;jpf;F bg;sha;L nry;tiffs; jhd; rpwe;jnjhU tpUe;Njhk;gpr; nry;fshf NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

04. kNyhpahtpd; tiffis $wTk;? t.vz; Neha; cz;lhf;Fk; caphp Neha;

01. gpsh];Nkhbak; itthf;]; nlHrpad; (m) gpizd;nlHrpad; ((m)

itthf;]; kNyhpah 02. gpsh];Nkhbak; kNyhpah FthHl;ld; kNyhpah

03. gpsh];Nkhbak; XtNy Iky;L nlHrpad; (m) Xty;

kNyhpah

04. gpsh];Nkhbak; ghy;rp/Nguk; khypf;dd;l; nlHrpad; (m)

ngHdprpa]; kNyhpah 05. mkPgpahrp]; vd;why; vd;d? (OC-06) vz;lkPgh `p];Nlhiybf;fh vDk; GNuhl;NlhNrhth xl;Lz;zpapdhy; Vw;gLk; tapw;W Nghf;F mkPgpah]p]; vdg;gLk;. ,t;tkPghtpd; LNuhNghNrhitl;Lfs; NehAz;lhf;Fk; NgNjh[Pdpf; epiyahFk;. LNuhNghNrhitl;Lfs; ngUq;Flypd; fPo; kpA+f;Nfhrhtpd; frpfpd;w ,uj;j JspfSk; Flw;Gz; nghUl;fSk; Flypd; ghij topahf ,uj;jq;fye;j Ngjp (kykhf) ntspNaWfpd;wJ. ,JNt mkPgpahrp]; (m) mkPgpf; tapw;Wg;Nghf;fpd; gz;ghFk;. 06. #.Me;j;ug;NghNdhr]; vd;w gjk; vjid Fwpf;fpwJ? tpyq;fplkpUe;J kdpjDf;F njhw;Wfpd;w Neha;fisf; (njhw;Wfis) Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jpy; kdpjd; ,ilNa Vw;gLk; epfo;T tpUe;Njhk;gpahf kl;Lky;yhky;> xl;Lz;zpapd; tho;f;if Row;rpapy; xU Kf;fpa ,izg;ghFk;. v.fh:- khL kw;Wk; gdpwp ehlhg;GOf;fs; 07. Kf;fpakhd vjpH Ez;Zaphp nghUs;fis vOjTk;? 01. Mk;g;gprpypd;

02. ];bnug;Nlhikrpd; 03. nll;uhirfspd; 04. vhpj;Nuhikrpd; 08. va;l;]; Nehia fz;lwpAk; Kiwfs; ahit? (M-07 J-11) 01. vyprh ghpNrhjid ,r;Nrhjid %yk; Md;bghbfis fz;lwpayhk; 02. nt];lHd;gpshl; ghpNrhjid ,J vr;.I.tp njhw;wpid cWjp nra;a cjTk; NrhjidahFk;. ,r;Nrhjid vr;.I.tpf;F vjpuhd Mz;bghbfis ,uj;jj;jpy; fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.


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09. Fwpg;gpl;l ,dtif vjpHg;G jd;ikapd; jd;ikfis vOjTk;? Neha;fpUkp ,aw;if #oy;fspy; xU vjpHgpay;G nfhz;l ,dj;jpy; Nehia Vw;gLj;j ,ayhky; Nghfpd;wJ. ,dq;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; ntg;gepiy khWghLfs; Ez;ZapHj; njhw;wiy epHzapf;fpd;wd (m) jLf;fpd;wd.

,dq;fSf;fpilNa epyTk; tsHrpij khw;w> clw;nraypy; kw;Wk; cs;sikg;gpay; khWghLfSk;> Neha;f;fpUkpfspd; njhw;wy; jpwidg; ghjpf;ff;$Lk;.

10. kUj;Jt Ez;Zaphpay; tiuaW? Neha; njhw;W gw;wpAk;> njhw;Wf;fhz capH fhuzpfisAk;> njhw;Wjypdhy; tpisAk; Neha;fs; gw;wp mwpAk; mwptpay; gphpT kUj;Jt Ez;Zaphpay; vdg;gLk;. 11. J}a tsHg;G (g;A+Hfy;rH) vd;why; vd;d? xU jput Clfj;ij gy ePHkq;fspy; Nrhjidf; Fohapy; (m) Nrhjidf;$l cgfuzj;jpypl;L xNu ,dj;ij rhHe;j Ez;Zaphpfspd; nry;fis tsHj;jNy J}a tsHg;G vdg;gLk;. yp];lH mtHfspd; ,r;Nrhjidfs; etPd Ez;Zaphpay; Njhd;w top tFj;jd. 12. itu];fs; fl;Lg;ghLila nry; cs; xl;Lz;zpfs; vd Vd; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd? (J-07) nraw;if Clfq;fspy; jukhftsHfpd;w jpwd; mw;witahFk;. mit jhtu (my;yJ) tpyq;F nry;fspy; kl;LNk tsuf;$bait. MfNt jhd; itu];fs; fl;Lg;ghLila nry; cs; xl;Lz;zpfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. 13. ghf;BhpNah Ng[;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mtw;wpd; nray;ghL ahJ? ghf;BhpahtpDs; tsUk; itu];fs; ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;fs; vdg;gLk;. nray;ghLfs;: ghf;Bhpahtpidj; njhw;wp> mjDs; ngUf;fk; mile;J mtw;iw rpijj;jy; (iybf; Row;rp) ghf;Bhpa [PNdhKld; xUq;fpize;J fhzg;gLjy; (iyNrhn[dpf; Row;rp). 14. Nfg;rpl; vd;why; vd;d? itu];fspd; epA+f;spf; mkpyj;ij #o;e;J fhzg;gLk; Guj ciw Nfg;rpl; vdg;gLk;. ,J Nfg;NrhkpaH vdg;gLk; gy Jiz myFfshy; MdJ.

15. Y}ap gh];lhpd; Kf;fpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; ahit? (M-11) njhw;Waphpd; tPhpaj;ij Fiwg;gjw;fhd nra;Kiw El;gk;. Ez;Zaphp Neha; vjpHghw;wy; jpwd; Cf;Ftpj;jiy tpsf;fpdH. 16. Nfhr;rpd; Kf;fpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; ahit? Nll;lhd];> bg;jPhpah> vYk;GUf;fp Nghd;w Neha;f;Fhpa ghf;Bhpahf;fisAk; ,e;j Neha;f;fhd Md;bghbfs; ,tw;iw rkepiyg;gLj;j tpUe;Njhk;gpapd; cly;fspy; cz;lhtij fz;Lgpbj;jhH. 17. Y}apgh];bA+H fz;Lgpbj;j jLg;G+rpfs; ahit? (M-11) 01. Nfhopfspy; -fhyuh jLg;G+rp 02. MLfspy; -Me;juhf;R jLg;G+rp 03. kdpjdpy; -ntwpeha;f;fbf;fhd Nugp]; jLg;G+rp 18. 1905 Mk; Mz;L ,uhgHl; Nfhr;Rf;F vjw;fhf Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gl;lJ? 1905Mk; Mz;L mtUila bA+gHFNyhrp]; gw;wpa fz;Lgpbg;gpw;F Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gl;lJ. 19. Nky; ciw nfhz;l itu];fs; vd;why; vd;d? rpy tpyq;F itu];fspy; epA+f;spNah Nfg;rpl; mikg;Gld; Nkw;rt;T Nghd;w ypg;Ngh Gujq;fshd xUNky; ciw fhzg;gLk;. ,j;jifa itu];fs; Nky; ciw nfhz;l it];fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. HIV itu]; kw;Wk; n`g;gl;ill;b[; itu]; 20. `hg;sha;L itu];fs; (Haploied virus) vd;why; vd;d? rpy itu];fspy; epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fs; xw;iwahf fhzg;gLk;. ,it `hg;sha;L itu];fs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. Gifapiy nkhirf; itu];. 21. Nfhop fUTs; tsHg;G vd;why; vd;d? (M-08) itu];fis tsHf;fg; gad;gLk; rpwe;j tsHg;G Kiw Nfhp fUTs; tsHg;G vdg;gLk;. fUTw;ww Nfhop Kl;ilfs; mtw;wpd; milfhf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; 5 Kjy; 12 ehl;fs; nra;Kiwf;Fj; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gpd;G> itu];fs; Kl;ilapd; Xl;bd; Jthuk; topNa fpUkpfsw;w epiyapy; Crp %yk; cl;gjpj;jy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. Gpd;G nkOF %yk; Jthuk; milf;fg;gLfpwJ. 36oC milfhf;fg;gl;l Kl;ilfs; ,t;tsHg;Gf;F Vw;witahFk;.


Page | 29

22. itu]; tsHg;G Kiw vj;jid tifg;gLk;? Mit ahit? itu]; tsHg;G Kiw %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit: 01. Kjd;ikr; nry; tsHg;G Kiw 02. bg;shapL nry; tsHg;G Kiw 03. nry;top njhlH tsHg;G Kiw 23. Kjd;ik tsHg;G vd;why; vd;d? Kjd;ik tsHg;Gf;F Ntz;ba nry;fs; vyp> Mk;];lH Nfhop> Fuq;F my;yJ kdpjdpd; ,ay;G jpRf;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jpRf;fspd; nry;fs; nray;Kiwf;F Vw;g gf;Ftk; nra;ag;gl;L tsHf;fg;gLk; NghJ cuthFk; mtw;wpd; Kjy; jdp mLf;F Kjd;ik tsHg;G vdg;gLk;. xU jdp mLf;F vd;gJ tsHg;Gr; rhjdj;jpd; Nky; xl;b fhzg;gLk; nry; mLf;F MFk;. 24. njhlHtopr; nry;fs; tsHg;G tiuaW? (OC-09,10) njhlHtopr; nry;fs; vzzpylq;fh Kiwapy; ,ul;bg;gilaf; $ba jpwd; ngw;wit. mj;jF njhlH topr;nry;fs;> xUnry;ypd; tifapd; jpBH khw;wj;jhNyh my;yJ Gw;W Neha;r; nry;fspd; tshg;Gfspy; ,Ue;Njh ngUk;ghYk; ngwg;gLk; nry; tiffshFk;. tsHf;fr; rpukkhd my;yJ tsHf;fNt ,ayhj rpy itu];fs; Nkw;gb njhlHtop nry; tiffspy; tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 25. Md;Nfhn[dpf; itu];: (M-09) Gw;WNehia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; itu];fs; Md;Nfhn[dpf; itu];fs; vdg;gLk;. mit: 01. DNA itu]; mbNdh itu];fs;> ghypNahkh itu];fs;> rpkpad; itu];fs; (SV40)> vg;];bd; ghH itu]; (EBV).

02. RNA itu]; RNA rhHNfhkh itu];fs;> v.fh. Nuht]; rhHNfhkh itu];. 26. Nugp]; guTk; Kiwfis $wTk;? Nugp]; itu]; tPl;L tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; td ghY}l;bfspd; xl;Lz;zpahFk;. Nugp]; iu]; njhw;wpa tpyq;F kdpjidf; fbg;gjd; %yk; kdpjDf;F itu]; njhw;W cz;lhfpwJ. eha;> G+id> ntsthy; Nghd;w ghY}l;bfs; Nugp]; itu];Fhpa tpyq;F %yq;fshFk;. 27. Nugp];]pd; (ntwpeha;fb) mwpFwpfs; vd;d?

01. fLk; jiytyp 02. mjpf fha;r;ry;

03. khWk; gjw;wepiy kw;Wk; kdk; Fiye;j epiy 04. njhz;ilk w;Wk; khHG gFjp jir eLf;fk; 05. ePH ntWg;G (i`bNuh/Nghtpah)

28. NthpNahyh itu]; gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf? ,J nghpak;ik itu]; ePHj;Jsp %yk; guTfpwJ. ,jw;F jLg;G+rp thf;fpdpahitu]; %yk; jahH nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 29. n`g;gl;ill;b]; B (fy;yPuy; mow;rp) gw;wp Fwpg;G ituf? N`g;gl;ill;b]; B itu]; (HBV) xU NkYiwAld; $ba ,ul;il rq;fpyp DNA nfhz;l itu]; MFk;. ,J kQ;rl;fhkhiy kw;Wk; fy;yPuy; fhHrpNdhkh Gw;WNehiaAk; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. HBV jLg;G+rp xU Rj;jpfhpj;j Md;b[d; MFk;. 30. ghf;Bhpahf;fspd; gy;NtW cUj;Njhw;wq;fs; ahit? cUz;il tbt my;yJ cUis tbt my;yJ tisT tbt mikg;GfSk;> mtw;wpd; khWghLfSk; ghf;Bhpah nry;fspd; N[hb mikT> njhFjp mikT> rq;fpypfs; mikT> biuNfhk; tbtikT kw;Wk; E}ypio tbtikT. ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; ,iz mikg;Gfs;> ,it rpwg;ghd rhakpLjy; Kiwapd; %yk; my;yJ vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp %yk; mwpag;gLk;. 31. Ntjpg;nghUs; Clfk; vd;why; vd;d? xU Ez;Zaphp Clfk; rpy Ntjpf; $l;Lg;nghUs;fspdhy; Mf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ xU Ntjpg;nghUs; Clfk; my;yJ nraw;if Clfk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. ,jpy; fhHNghi`l;Nul;Lfs;> Gujq;fs;> epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fs;> nfhOg;Gfs;> itl;lkpd;fs; kw;Wk; ngg;Nlhd;fs; Nghd;wit mlq;fpapUf;Fk;. 32. ghf;Bhpah cUkhw;wk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf? ghf;Bhpah cUkhw;wk; vd;gJ Gwj;jfty;fs; nfhz;l nry; mikg;G ,oe;j my;yJ nry; mikg;G ePf;fg;gl;l ghf;Bhpahtpd; DNAf;fs; xU nry;tifapypUe;J kw;nwhU nry;tifapDs; khw;wg;gLk; epfo;r;rpahFk;. ,e;epfo;r;rpapid fphpg;j; (1928) vd;gtH fz;lwpe;jhH. khw;wg;gl;l my;yJ gz;ig khw;Wk; nghUs; DNA vd;gij Mthp nkf;ypahk; kw;Wk; nkf;fhHj;jp (1944) vd;gtHfs; fz;lwpe;jdH.


Page | 30

33. buhd;];lf;rd; vd;why; vd;d? (M-12) xU toq;fp ghf;Bhpaj;jpy; cs;s DNA tpd; gFjp ghf;BhpNah/Ng[; itu];fs; %yk; kw;nwhU Vw;W ghf;Bhpaj;Js; khw;wg;gLk; epfo;r;rp buhd;];lf;rd; vdg;gLk;. ,J ,Utifg;gLk; mit: 01. nghJtif buhd;];lf;rd; xU ghf;Bhpah nry;ypd; midj;J gFjpfSk; Vw;W CHjp/Ng[; itu];fspDs; Eiof;fg;gl;lhy; mJ> nghJtif buhd;];lf;rd; vdg;gLk;. 02. rpwg;G buhd;];lf;rd; (Special Transduction) xU thq;fp FNuhNkhNrhkpd; rpy [Pd;fs; kl;Lk;/Ng[; %yk; buhd;];lf;rd; mile;jhy; mJ rpwg;G buhd;];lf;\d; vdg;gLk;. 34. fhyuh kw;Wk; gpNsf; Nehapid cUthf;Fk; Neha; fhuzpfis Fwpg;gpLf? 01. fhyuh - tpg;hpNahfhyNu 02. gpNsf; - vHrpdpah ng];b]; vdg;gLk;

rpuhk; nefl;bt; Ngrp];iy ghf;Bhpak;. 35. rpgpyp]; Neha; vt;thW cz;lhfpwJ? Mjd; tiffs; Fwpg;gpLf? rpgpyp]; vd;gJ bhpNghdpkh ghyplk; vDk; ghf;Bhpaj;jpdhy; cz;lhFk; nfh^ukhd ghy;tpid NehahFk;. Kdpjdpy; Nehpilahf ghYwT nfhs;tjd; %yk; njhw;Wk; ,e;Neha;f;F ntdPhpay; rpgpyp]; vd;W ngaH. ,f;fpUkp njhw;wpa jhaplkpUe;J Foe;ijf;F jha;Nra; ,izg;G jpRthd gpshnrd;lH %yk; njhw;Wk; rpgpyp]; vdg;gLk;. 36. nfhNdhpah gw;wp rpWFwpg;G jUf? nfhNdhpah vd;gJ ep];n]hpah nfhNdhpah vd;w kw;nwhU ghy;tpid NehahFk;. Mz;fspy; ,e;Neha; jhf;Fk; ,lk; rpWePH Gwtop cWg;ghFk;. Mz;fspy; rpWePH Nghf;fpd; NghJ typAk; kQ;rs; epwj;jpy; rpWePH Gwtopapy; jputk; ntspg;gLjYk; Njhd;Wk;> ngz;fspy; nrHtpf;]; gFjpia jhf;Fk ngz;fspy; typAld; $ba rpWePHg;Nghf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,dg;Gioapy; jput ntspg;gLjYk; Njhd;Wk;. ,ju mwpFwpfs;: [Puk;> mbtapw;W typ> %l;Ltyp> nkdpd;i[l;b]; Mfpait. 37. Neha; cw;gj;jpj; jd;ik vd;why; vd;d? tpyq;FfspYk; kdpjdpYk; Nehia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Ez;Zaphpfspd; jpwd; mtw;wpd; Neha; cw;gj;jpj; jd;ik vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. njhw;W neha;fs; ngUk;ghYk; fpUkp Ez;ZaphpfSf;Fk; tpUe;Njhk;gp caphpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa epfOk; xUq;fpiz nray;fspd; tpisthfNt Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.

38. fUePhf; fha;r;ry; (Black Water Fever) vd;why; vd;d? ghy;rPNguk; tif kNyhpahthy; Vw;lgLk; ghjpg;ghFk;. ,jpy; Nehahspapd; clypy; xl;L nkhj;jr; rptg;gZf;fs; rpijtile;J `PNkhFNshgpd;fs; rpWePH topNa ntspNaw;wg;gLk;. 39. GNuhl;NlhNrhth caphpfshy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fis $Wf. GNuhl;NlhNrhth caphpfshy; ntFthf kdpjNeha; njhlHghdJ Fly; mkPgpahrp];> Mg;gphpf;f J}f;f tpahjp kwwk; kNyhpah Nghd;wit. gy ePs; ,io GNuhl;NlhNrhthd;fs; Foe;ijfSf;Fk;> tajhdtHfSf;Fk; Neha;fis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. Foe;ijfSf;F fpahhbah ,d;l];bdhyp]; vd;w ePspio Gnuhl;NlhNrhthd; caphpilNahpah vdg;gLk; Ngjpf;F fhuzk;. mNjNghy; biuf;NfhNkhdhLfs;> thapDs; [pd;[pitl;b]; vd;Dk; <WNehia Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. 41. itu]; ,d;ngUf;fj;ij tpthp itu];fs; capus;s jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;F nry;fspy; ,ul;bgile;J ,dg;ngUf;fk; milfpd;wd. ,t;tpdg;ngUf;fj;jpy; itu]; gFjpfspd; gpujpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L mit xUq;fpizjy; %yk; Nra; itu];fs; cUthfpd;wd. itu];fs; jq;fSf;fhd rf;jpia my;yJ Gujj;ij cz;lhf;fj; Njitahd rf;jpia ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. tpUe;Njhk;gp nry;fisNa KOikahf rhHe;Js;sd. 42. vjpH Ez;Zaphp kUe;Jfspd; nray;ghLfs; ahit? mtw;wpd; nry;RtH cw;gj;jpapid jLf;fpwJ (m) mtw;wpd; nry;Rtiu rpijf;fpwJ (m) mtw;wpd; Guj cw;gj;jpiaAk;> epA+f;spf; mkpy cw;gj;jpiaAk; (gpA+hpd; kw;Wk; ghpkpild;) jLf;fpwJ (m) mtw;wpd; nehjpj; njhfjpfspd; nray;ghl;bid jLj;jy;. 43. Gw;WNeha; vjpHg;G vjpH Ez;Zaphp kUe;Jfs; ahit? Me;j;uikrpd; - irNdhikrpd; Nlhkhikrpd; - epNahjpuikrpd; 44. ghf;Bhpah Neha;fs; ahit? ilgha;L

rpgpyp]; tpg;hpNah fhyuh

nfhNdhhpah gpNsf;


Page | 31

45. itu]; Neha;fs; ahit? Gw;WNeha; Nugp];

mk;ik n`g;l;ill;b]; (fy;yPuy; mow;rp)

46. vjpH G+Q;ir vjpH Ez;ZapH kUe;Jfs; ahit? fiurpNah/gy;tpd;>

,kplNrhy;>

47. Md;l;b itu]; vjpH Ez;Zaphp kUe;Jfs; ahit? Mkd;l;bbd; (Amantidin) irf;NshFthNdhrpd; (Cycloguanasine) ,d;lH/nguhd;(Interferan) 48. Ez;Zapnujphp - tiuaW Ez;Zapnujphp vd;gjd; nghUs; xU Ez;Zaphpapd; tsHrpij khw;wj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; xU nghUs; kpfr;rpwpa msTfspy; ,ju Ez;Zaphpfisf; nfhs;sg;$ba my;yJ mtw;wpd; tsHr;rpiaj; jLf;f $ba Mw;wiyf; nfhz;lJ vd;gjhFk;. cyfpy; Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lwpag;gl;l vjpH Ez;Zaphp kUe;J 1929y; mnyf;rhz;lH /gpsk;kpq; vd;gtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ngd;rpypd; MFk;. Mg;NghjpypUe;J E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd vjph Ez;Zaphp nghUl;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. 49. Ntjpg;nghUs; (m) kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir (m) `PNkhnjugp

(Chemotheraphy) gw;wp vOJf. njhw;W Neha;fis Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; %yk; Fzg;gLj;jYk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; Ntjpg;nghUs; my;yJ kUe;J rpfpr;ir (m) `PNkhnjugp vdg;gLk;. Ntjpg;nghUl;fsk; kw;Wk; kUe;JfSk; Ntjprpfpr;ir fhuzpfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. 50. fhyuh Fwpg;G tiuf (M-08)

01. tpg;hpNah fhyNu ghf;Bhpaj;jhy; njhw;Wk; 02. mRj;jg;gLj;jg;gl;l ePH kw;Wk; czTfspd; %yk; guTfpwJ 03. rpWFly; gFjpapy; vd;l;bNuh lhf;rpd; er;Rg; nghUis cw;gj;jp

nra;fpwJ. mwpFwpfs;: the;jp> fQ;rpj; jz;zPH Nghd;W fLikahd tapw;Wg;

Nghf;F kw;Wk; fLikahd ePhpog;Gk;> jhJcg;Gf;fspog;Gk;> ,ujj;jpd; mkpyj;jd;ik mjpfhpg;Gk; kw;Wk; ,uj;jj;jpd; mlHj;jp mjpfhpg;Gk; Vw;gLk;.

51. fUePHf; fha;r;ry; (Black Water Fever) vd;why; vd;d? 01. /ghy;rPNguk; tif kNyhpahtpdhy; fUePHf; fha;r;ry; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. 02. Nehahspapd; clypy; xl;Lnkhj;jr; rptg;gZf;fs; rpijtile;J `PNkhFNshgpd;fs; rpWePH topNa ntspNaw;wg;gLk; NghJ rpWePH fUik epwkhf Njhd;Wk;. 52. #Ndhrp]; vd;why; vd;d? (OC-07)

01. tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J kdpjDf;Fj; njhw;Wk; xl;Lz;zp Neha;fs; #Ndhl;bf; njhw;W my;yJ #Ndhrp]; (Zoonoses) vdg;gLk;.

02. kdpjdpy; njhw;Wk; xl;Lz;zp vt;tpj ed;ikAk; milahJ. njhw;Wr; rq;fpyp kdpjNdhL KbtilfpwJ. Mdhy; kdpjd; ghjpg;gilfpd;whd;.

53. eype;j nraypoe;j tiffs; vd;why; vd;d?

01. rpytif Ez;Zaphpr; nry;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; tpUe;Njhk;gp clypy; nrYj;jg;gl;lhYk; mit Nehapid cz;lhf;Ftjpy;iy. eype;j nraypoe;j tiffs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

02. ,it clypDs; Neha; vjpHg;Gj; jpwidf; $l;Ltjw;fhf my;yJ cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Crp kUe;Jfshfr; nray;gLfpwJ.

54. gpNsf; Nehapd; tiffs; ahit?

01. G+Nghdpf; gpNsf; - epzePHr; Rug;gpfspd; tPf;fk; 02. epNkhdpf; gpNsf; - epNkhdpahf; fha;r;ry;

55. G+Nghdpf; gpNsf; Fwpg;G jUf

01. epzePHr; Rug;gpfs; uzkhfp tPf;fk; milfpd;wd. 02. rpfpr;iraspf;fhj tifapy; 58% ,wg;G tPjj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;

$Lk;. mwpFwpfs;: cly; FspHjy;> the;jpAzHT> the;jpnaLj;jy; kw;Wk; nghJthd cly; gytPdk;. 56. kNyhpah fha;r;rypd; mwpFwpfs; ahit? mwpFwpfs;

01. kNyhpah fha;r;rypd; NghJ> fLk; FspUk; cly; eLf;fKk;> tpaHj;jYk; Vw;gLk;.

02. ,uj;jNrhif> kz;zPuy; tPf;fk;> Nkf;NuhNg[;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpg;G

03. cly; ntg;gepiy RkhH 106oF msTf;F caHfpd;wJ.


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57. xU rpy GNuhl;NlhNrhtd;fisAk; mit cz;lhf;Fk; Neha;fisAk; vOJf (J-06,10)

01. bhpg;gNdhNrhkh Nfk;gpad;]; - Mg;hpf;f J}f;f tpahjp 02. yP];Nkdpah Nlhdhthdp - fhyh mrH 03. yP];Nkdpah buhgpf;fh - Njhy; yP];Nkdpahrp];

58. Vd;l;b itu]; vjpH Ez;Zaphp kUe;Jfspd; ngaH jUf

Mkd;l;bbd;> irf;NshFthNdhrpd; kw;Wk; ,d;lH/nguhd;

59. ghf;Bhpah Ng[; Fwpg;G tiuf 01. ghf;BhpahtpDs; tsUk; itu];fs; ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;fs;

vdg;gLk;. 02. itu];fs; ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; njhw;wp ngUf;fk; mile;J

mtw;iw rpijf;fpd;wd. 03. iybf; Row;rp my;yJ ghf;Bhpah [PNdhKld; xUq;fpize;J

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (iyNrhn[dpf; Row;rp)

5. Rw;Wr;#oy; mwptpay; 01. #o;epiyapay; vd;why; vd;d?

Rw;Wr;#oy; vd;gjw;F xU nghUspd; Rw;Wg;Gwk; vd;W nghUs; nfhs;syhk;. #o;epiyapay; vd;gij> caphpdq;fSf;Fk; #o;epiyf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s cwT gw;wp mwpjy; vd;W tiuaWf;fyhk;.

02. kf;fs; njhif fy;tp vd;why; vd;d?

kf;fs; njhiff; fy;tp vd;gJ kf;fs; njhif gw;wpa jfty;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy;> njhFj;jy; kw;Wk; mspj;jy; Mfpait kf;fs; njhiff; fy;tp vdg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gzpapy; <LgLgtHfs; kf;fs; njhif fy;tp ty;YeHfs; vdg;gLtH. kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;jpd; ,ay;it jhk]; khy;j]; vd;gtH Muha;e;Js;shH.

03. gpwg;G tPjk; kw;Wk; ,wg;G tPjk; vd;why; vd;d?

gpwg;G tPjk; vd;gJ xU tUlj;jpy; xt;nthU Mapuk; kf;fl; njhifapYk; epfo;e;j Foe;ijfspd; gpwg;G tPjk;.

,wg;G tPjk; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Mz;by; Mapuk; kdpjHfSf;F vt;tsT kdpjHfs; ,wf;fpwhHfs; vd;w tPjk;.

04. G+[;a kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;f tPjk; vd;why; vd;d?

G+[;a kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;f tPjk; vd;gJ ,we;J NghFk; kdpjHfSf;F rkkhfg; kdpjHfspd; vz;zpf;if.

05. kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit/

01. gy;NtW njhw;W Neha;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;ig mspj;j jLg;G+rpfs; 02. kUj;Jtr; rhpj;jpuj;jpy; Neha;fpUkpf; nfhy;yp kUe;Jfspd;

fz;Lgpbg;G 03. Ntshz; njhopy;El;g Kiw kw;Wk; czT tiffspy;

Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; 04. Nkz;ikahd Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; jdpkdpjHfspd; Rfhjhuk;

Mfpait ,wg;G tPjj;ij ngUkstpy; Fiwj;jd. 06. kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;jhy; Rw;Wr;#oy; jhf;fs; ahit?

01. mjpf tptrhak;> kz; mhpg;G> ,dg;ngUf;fk; Fiwjy; 02. td tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLjy;> Nghij kUe;J gad;gLj;Jjy;

kw;Wk; rl;l tpNuhj gad;ghLfs;. 03. efHg;Gwq;fSf;Fr; nry;yy;> Vo;ik Neha;fshd vYk;GWf;fp

Neha;> kNyhpah> epNkhdpah> ghy;tpid Neha;fs; Njhd;Wjy;.


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07. cyfyhtpa ntg;g caHT vd;why; vd;d? (OC- 07) cyfyhtpa ntg;g cahT vd;gJ G+kpapd; ruhrhp ntg;g mstpy;

Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;igf; Fwpf;Fk;. cyfpd; jw;Nghija ruhrhp ntg;gepiy 59oF ,jd; tpisTfshy; mjpub khw;wq;fshd fly;kl;l msT caHT>

kio nghopTfspy; khw;wk;> jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; kdpjHfspy; ntt;NtW tifahd jhf;f khw;wq;fs; Mfpait Vw;glyhk;.

08. kf;fs; ngUf;f tPjk;> czTngUf;f tPjk; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs; ahJ?

01. czT cw;gj;jpia tpl kf;fs; njhif Ntfkhf ngUFfpwJ.

02. kf;fs; njhifahdJ $l;ly; tpfpjj;jpy; ngUfhky; (1>2>3>4) ,ul;bg;G tpfpjj;jpy; (2>4>8) ngUFtjhf khy;j]; fUjpdhH. ,jdhy; cyfk; gl;bdp fplf;f NehpLk; vd $wpdhH.

09. kf;fs; njhifapd; ,ay;ig jPHkhdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?

gpwg;G kw;Wk; ,wg;G tPjq;fs;> taJ> ghypzg;guty;> elj;ij Kiwfs;> czT tsk;> #o;epiyg;gz;Gfs; tyirNghjy;.

10. fz;zhb tPL tpisT vd;why; vd;d? (OC- 06)

ePuhtp> fhHgd;-il-Mf;i]:> iel;u]; Mf;i]L> kPNjd; Nghd;w thAf;fs; #hpadpd; ntg;gj;ij cwpQ;rp mg;gbNa itj;Jf; nfhs;Stjhy;> G+kpapd; ntg;gepiy caHfpwJ.

,t;thAf;fs; G+kp jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; mfr;rptg;G fjpHfis cwpQ;rpg; gpd; gpujpgypf;Fk;. ,t;thW nra;tjd; %yk;> ,t;thAf;fs; xU fz;zhb tPl;by; fz;zhbfs; vt;thW ntg;gj;ijf; $l;LfpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fz;zhb tPL tpisT vd;W ngaH 11. fz;zhb tPL thAf;fs; ahit? mtw;wpd; tiffs; ahit?

ePuhtp> fhHgd;-il-Mf;i]:> iel;u]; Mf;i]L> kPNjd; 01. ,aw;ifahdit 02. kdpjnray;ghLfshy; Njhd;Wgit

12. cyfshtpa ntg;g caHtpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit? 01. ntg;gkhd cyfk; nghJthf mjpf <ug;gjj;ij cz;lhf;Fk;.

mjpf <ug;gjk; kio nghopit Vw;gLj;Jk;. 02. ntg;gr; Row;rpahy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; kdpjHfs;

Neha;tha;g;gLthHfs; my;yJ ,we;J NghthHfs;.

03. kNyhpah> nlq;F fha;r;ry;> kQ;rs; fha;r;ry;> %isf;fha;r;ry; Nghd;w ntg;g ehLfspy; fhzg;gLk; Neha;fs; cyfpd; kw;w gFjpfSf;Fk; guTk;.

04. fly;fs; ntg;gkiltjhy;> fly;ePH kl;lk; caUk;. ciwgdpfs; cUfpf; fly;ePH kl;lj;ij NkYk; caHj;Jk;.

13. fhHgd; jdpikg;gLj;Jjy; 01. kuq;fs; fhHgd; - il – Mf;i]L vLj;Jf; nfhz;L

xspr;NrHf;ifapd; %yk; mij cilj;J> fhHgidg; GJkug; gFjpfspy; Nrkpf;fpd;wd.

02. fhHgd; - il – Mf;i]il Mo;flypNyh my;yJ vz;nza;f; fpzWfspNyh my;yJ ePHepiyfspNyh Nehpilahfr; nrYj;jp> mjpypUe;J jg;gpf;ftplhky; jdpikg;gLj;jyhk;.

14. XNrhd; glyk; ghjpg;G (XNrhd; nghj;jy;) vd;why; vd;d? (J-10)

XNrhd; vd;gJ Mf;]p[dpd; xU tbtk; (O3) thA kz;lyj;jpy; ];l;Nul;Nlh];gpahpy; fhzg;gLk;. XNrhd; Gw Cjhf;fjpHfisj; jLj;J> G+kpapYs;s caphpfisf; fhf;fpwJ.

FNshNuh GSNuh fhHgd;fs; Nghd;w rpy Ntjpg; nghUl;fshy; thA kz;lyj;jpy; XNrhd; glyk; kpfTk; mlHT Fiwe;J> nkypjha;f; fhzg;gLk; gFjp XNrhd; nghj;jy; vdg;gLfpwJ.

XNrhd; ,og;G Kjd; Kjypy; mz;lhHbf; gFjpf;F Nky; ];l;Nul;Nlh];gpaH gfjpapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

15. XNrhd; ,og;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit? (OC-11. J-09, 11)

XNrhd; gly ,og;ghy; mjpfg; GwCjhf; fjpHfs; (UV-b)G+kpapd; gug;ig te;jilfpd;wd. jhtuq;fspy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;

tpisr;riyg; ghjpj;Jf; fhLfs; cw;gj;jpiaAk; Fiwf;Fk;. tpyq;Ffspy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;

kPd; FQ;RfisAk; rpW tpyq;FfisAk; ghjpf;Fk;. kdpjDf;F Vw;gLk; Rfhjhuf; NfLfs;

Njhy; epwkpg; Gw;WNeha;fs;> #hpa ntg;gj;jhy; Vw;gLk; vhpjpkh> fz;ghHitf; NfhshWfs;> fz; GiuNeha;> Neha; jilfhg;Gg; ghjpg;G Nghd;w gy jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;.

16. XNrhd; Fiwg;Gg; nghUl;fs; (ODS) ahit? (OC-09)

FNshNuh GSNuh fhHgd;fs; my;yJ /gpuhd; thAf;fs;> GNuhkpd; $l;Lg;nghUs;fs; my;yJ `hNyhd;fs;> iel;u[d; Mf;i]Lfs; kw;Wk; kpijy; GNuhkpl; Mfpait XNrhd; Fiwg;Gg; nghUl;fs;.


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,g;nghUl;fs; FspH rhjdg; ngl;bfs;> /gphP]Hfs;> Eiu nghUl;fs;> njhopw;rhiyf; fiug;ghd;fs;> jPaizg;Gf; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; jPq;Faphpf; nfhy;ypfs; Nghd;witfspypUe;J Vuhskha; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wd. 18. fopTfspd; tiffs; ahit?

01. caphpar; rpijtpw;F cs;shFk; fopTfs; 02. caphpar; rpijtpw;F cs;shfhj fopTfs; 03. caphpr; rpijtpw;F cs;shFk; kw;Wk; cs;shfhj fopTfs;

19. caphpar; rpijtpw;F cs;shFk; fopTfs; ,aw;ifapy; rpy fopTfs; Ez;Zaphpfspd; nray;ghLfshy;

rpijg;gpw;F cs;shfpd;wd. Ntshz; fopTfs;> tpyq;Ff; fopTfs; kw;Wk; czT gjg;gLj;Jjy;> Njhy; gjdpLjy;> ,iofs;> jhs;> kuk; Nghd;wit cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fshff; ifahsg;gLk; NghJ cz;lhFk; fopTfs; Mfpait ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. 20. caphpar; rpijtpw;F cs;shfhj fopTfs; (J-06)

Ez;Zaphpfshy; rpijTwhj nghUl;fs; ,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. jhJf; fopTfs;> Ruq;ff; fopTfs;. njhopw;rhiy fopTfs;> gpsh];bf; nghUl;fs;> cNyhfq;fs; Nghd;wit ,g;gphptpy; mlq;Fk;.

21. ,lHghL jUk; fopTfis Nkyhz;ik nra;Ak; Kiwfs; ahit?

01. epyj;jpy; gug;Gjy; 02. Mo;f;fpzW gha;r;ry; 03. Nkw;gug;gpy; %bitj;jy; 04. vhpj;Jr; rhk;gyhf;Fjy; 05. caphpaj; Jpht

22. caphpaj;jPHT vd;why; vd;d? (M-11) Ez;Zaphpfs;> jhtuq;fs;> Nghd;w caphpag; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L

Rw;Wr; #oiyr; Rj;jk; nra;tJ jhd; caphpaj; jPHT MFk;. ,aw;ifapNyNa fhzg;gLk; ghf;Bhpah kw;Wk; Ez;Zaphpfs;> fd

cNyhfq;fs; Nghd;w fopTfisr; rpijf;fNth my;yJ cwpQ;rpf; nfhs;sNth my;yJ mjd; er;Rj;jd;ikiaf; Fiwf;fNth nra;fpd;wd.

23. jhtuj;jPHT vd;why; vd;d?

gy jhtuq;fs; khRf;fis xw;wp vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F jhtuj;jPHT vd;W ngaH.

[pg;uy;yh gpA+Nrhpak; vd;w jhtuj;jpd; %yk; raidLfs; rpijf;fg;gl;L jPq;fw;wjha; khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

24. caphpag; gy;tifik vd;why; vd;d? caphpag; gy;tifik vd;gJ> epyk;> fly;> ed;dPH vd midj;Jr;

#o;epiy kz;lyq;fspy; thOk; caphpdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ntw;Wik kw;Wk; mit mq;fj;jpdHfshf cs;s #o;epiy kz;lyq;fspd; NtWgl;l jd;ik vdg;nghUs; nfhs;syhk;. 25. cahpag; gy;tifikapd; tiffs; ahit? (OC-10. J-06)

kugpag; gy;tifik> rpw;wpdg; gy;tifik> #o;epiy kz;ly gy;tifik

26. caphpag; gy;tifik Fiwtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit? ,aw;if fhuzq;fs;

rpw;wpdq;fs; jpBHkhw;wq;fshYk;> ,aw;ifj; NjHthYk; Fiwfpd;wd. kdpjdhy; Vw;gLk; fhuzq;fs;

01. ,aw;iff; fhLfs; gz;izfshfTk;> tPLfshfTk;> filfshfTk; nghOJNghf;F ,lq;fshfTk;> njhopw;rhiyfshfTk; khw;wg;gLtjhy;>

02. kuq;fs; mopf;fg;gLtjhy; fhl;Lr; #o;epiy kz;lyk; ghjpj;jy;.

27. caphpag; gy;tifik Vd; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;? 01. tptrhak;> ePHtho; caphp tsHg;G> tpyq;Fg; guhkhpg;G> fhl;Ltsk;

Nghd;w gy;NtW caphpay; gphpTfl;F caphpag; gy;tifik KJnfYk;G Nghd;wjhFk;.

02. Gjpa njhopy; tsHr;rpfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpy; GJikahf;fk; Nghd;witfl;F mbg;gilahf cahpag; gy;tifik jhd; tpiutpy; mikag; NghfpwJ.

28. caphpag; gy;tifik ,og;ghy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit? ntg;gf; fhLfspy; MHf;fpl; Njdpf;fs; vd;git kfue;jr; NrHf;iff;F

kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdit. Mit mope;jhy; me;j #o;epiy kz;lyk; KOtJk; mope;J tpLk;. ,e;j ,og;ghy; mf;fhLfspy; thOk; kw;w ,dq;fs; FiwaNth> mopaNth NehpLk;. nghOJNghf;F> fiyAzHT kw;Wk; tHj;jfhPjpahd ,og;GfSk; jtpHf;f Kbahjitahfp tpLk;.

29. caphpag; gy;tifik ghJfhg;Gf;F Njrpa jpl;lq;fs; ahit?

01. cyfyhtpa caphpag; gy;tifik xg;ge;jk; 02. Njrpa caphpag; gy;tifik nray; jpl;lk;


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30. caphpa kpFts ikaj;jpd; gz;Gfs; ahit? (M-12) ,J> kf;fs; Kf;fpakhf mq;fk; tfpf;fFk; xU epyk;> fly;> kw;Wk;

flw;gug;ghFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fk;> KO ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; jPtpu njhlHe;j caphpg; gy;tifik cw;gj;jpahFk;.

,aw;ifahd kw;Wk; epHtfpf;fg;gLk; #o;epiy kz;lyq;fisf; fz;fhzpf;fTk;> mjpy; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;>NkYk; gapw;rp ngwTk; cUthf;fg;gl;l rpW mikg;Gfs; MFk;.

,Wjpahf xt;nthU caphpa kpFtsKk;> jd;dpr;irahd xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; cyfnkq;Fk; fhzg;gLk; kf;fspd; ey;jpw;fhf tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;wpd; rpd;dkhFk;. 31. ,e;jpahtpd; (jkpo;ehL) caphpa kpFtsq;fs; ahit?

(M-06, 08. OC-10. J-09) 01. fly;ePH kpFtskhd kd;dhHtisFlh caphpa kpFtsikak; 02. kiy caphpa kpFtskhd ePyfphp caphpa kpftsikak; ehf;uhf; (Nkfhyah) ek;jgh (mUzhr;rygpuNjrk;) ee;jhNjtp (cj;jpugpuNjrk;) epf;NfhghH (me;jkhd;epNfhghH jPTfs;) Re;jutdfhLfs; (Nkw;Ftq;fhsk;)

32. ePyfphp caphpa kpFtsk; ,jd; nkhj;jgug;G 5>520 rJu fpNyhkPl;lH. ,J jhtu caphpag;

gy;tifikia Vuhskhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J rpw;wpdq;fspd; cs;kugpa gy;tifikia ghJfhf;fTk;> rpije;J Nghd #o;epiy kz;lyj;ijg; gioa ,aw;if epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tuTk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

33. kd;dhH tisFlh caphpa kpFtsk;

mope;J tUk; ,dq;fspd; epiy kw;Wk; caphpar; nry;tq;fspd; nrwpT Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l MW ,lq;fspy; xd;whFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fis vjpHfhy re;jjpaUf;fhf fhg;ghw;wp itf;fj; jPl;lg;gl;ls;s xU nray;jpl;lj;jpy; NrHf;fg;gLtjw;fhf kd;dhHtisFlh caphpa kpFtsk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jpy; 21 rpWjPTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 3600 jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; caphpay; nrhHf;fkhf ,J fUjg;gLfpwJ. 34. Gypj;jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?

1973k; Mz;by; Jtq;fpaJ. gy;NtW thoplq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; xd;gJ Gypg;Gfyplq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,d;W> Gyp

,df;$l;lj;ijAk;> mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwj;ijAk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s> 23 Gypg;Gfyplq;fs; ehL KOtJk; guhkhpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

35. caphpag; gy;tifik ghJfhg;gpy; <Lgl;Ls;s epWtdq;fs; ahit?

01. cyfyhtpa tdtpyq;F epjpak; 02. ,aw;ifg; ghJfhg;G 03. Mg;hpf;f tdtpyq;F ikak; 04. vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd tsq;fs; 05. caphpag; gy;tifik Mjhuj;jpl;lk; 06. gd;dhl;L mwptpay; fofk;

36. caphpag; gy;tifikia ghJfhf;f ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s epWtdq;fs; ahit? (M-09)

01. jhtu kugpay; tsq;fSf;fhd Njrpaf; fofk; - GJnly;yp 02. tpyq;F kugpay; tsq;fSf;fhd Njrpaf; fofk; - fky; 03. kPd; kugpay; tsq;fSf;fhd Njrpaf; fofk; - myfhghj; 04. ,aw;iff;fhd cyfshtpa epjpak; - ,e;jpah 05. caphpaj; njhopy; El;gj;Jiw - ,e;jpa muR

37. Mw;wy; neUf;fb vd;why; vd;d?

mjpf kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fk;> Ntfkhd efukakhf;fk; kw;Wk; njhopy;kakhf;fk; Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; Mw;wy; neUf;fb Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. 2020k; Mz;Lf;Fs; jw;NghJ cyfpy; cs;s ngl;NuhypaKk; ,aw;if vhpthATk; jPHe;J tpLk; mghaKs;sJ. ,ijr; rkhspf;ff; fPo;fz;l Jhpj eltbf;iffis vLf;f Ntz;ba epHge;jj;jpy; kdpjd; cs;shd;. ,jid Mw;wy; neUf;fb vd tiuaiw nra;ayhk;.

38. GJg;gpf;ff;$ba Mw;wy; tsk; vd;why; vd;d? mit ahit?

jq;Fj;jilapd;wp njhlHr;rpahf ,aw;ifapy; cw;gj;jpahFk; Mw;wy; tsq;fisg; GJg;gpf;ff;$ba tsq;fs; vd;fpNwhk;.

cjhuzk;: Gtpntg;g Mw;wy;> fhw;W Mw;wy;> fly; Xj Mw;wy;> mZf;fjpH ,izjy;> #hpa Mw;wy;> ngUq;fly; mw;wy;> rhz vhpthA kw;Wk; caphpag; nghUz;ik Mw;wy; kw;Wk; fha;fwpf; fopT Mw;wy; Nghd;wit.

39. GJgpf;f ,ayhj Mw;wy; tsq;fs; ahit? mit ahit?

xU Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gpd; kPz;Lk; GJg;gpf;f Kbahj Mw;wy; tsq;fs;> GJgpf;f ,ayhj tsq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

cjhuzk;: epyf;fhp> jhJf;fs;> ngl;Nuhypak;> tpwF> ,aw;if vhpthA> kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk; Nghd;wit.


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40. fhw;W Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d? fhw;whiyapd; ,wf;iffs; kPJ Ntfkhf tPRk; fhw;W Nkhjp mtw;iwr;

Royr; nra;fpwJ. RoYk; ,ae;jpu Mw;wy; lHigd;fSld; ,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ kpd;rhuj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;J n[dNul;lHfis ,af;Fk;. MfNt cldbahff; fhw;W Mw;wypy; ,Ue;J rpWfr;rpWf kpd; Mw;wiyg; ngwyhk;. ePz;l flNyhugFjp ghiytdg;gFjpfspy; fhw;whiyfis epWtyhk;.

,e;jpa Jizf; fz;lj;jpy; cs;s mjpff; fhw;W tPRk; gFjpfspypUe;J 20>000 MW kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;f KbAk; vd fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

41. fhw;W Mw;wypd; epiwfs; ahit? (M-07)

01. fhw;whiyfs; %yk; cw;gj;jpahFk; kpd;rhuj;jpw;F MFk; cw;gj;jpr; nryT kpfTk; FiwT. xU A+dpl;bw;F 40 fhRfs; vd;w mstpy; kpd;rhuj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;.

02. Rw;Wr;#oYf;F vt;tpj ghjpg;Gk; ,y;iy. 03. Bry; Mw;wy; Nghyy;yhky; njhlHe;J kpd;rhuk;

cw;gj;jpahtjhy;> nra;ag;gLk; kjyPL tPzhtjpy;iy.

42. ngUq;fly; Mw;wypy; ,Ue;J Mw;wiy ngUk; Kiwfs; ahit? ngUq;fly; fhw;W> ngUq;fly; miyfs;> ngUq;fly; Xjq;fs;>

ngUq;fly; ePNuhl;lk;> ngUq;fly; Gtpntg;gk;> ngUq;fly; ntg;g Mw;wy; khw;wk;> cg;Gj;jd;ik NtWghLfs;> flw;ghrpfis caphpa Kiwapy; khw;wy;.

43. fly; Xj Mw;wypd; epiwfs;

01. GJgpf;fty;y Mw;wy; 02. Rw;W#oYf;F NfL tpistpg;gJ ,y;iy 03. ePHkpd; Mw;wiy xg;gpLk; NghJ epiyahdJ 04. ,e;jpahtpd; fl;r; kw;Wk; fdlhtpYk; fhzg;gLk;.

44. #hpa Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?

#hpa Mw;wy; kw;nwhU Mw;wy; tsk;. Xt;nthU tUlKk; #hpadplkpUe;J G+kpf;F 5x1020 fpNyh fNyhhp Mw;wy; fpilf;fpwJ. cyfpy; cs;s midj;J Mw;wy;fSf;Fk; %ykhd #hpa Mw;wy; xU GJg;gpf;fty;y Mw;wyhFk;.

45. #hpa Mw;wypd; epiwfs; ahit?

01. cynfq;Fk; fpilf;ff;$ba Rw;Wr;#oiy khRgLj;jhj Mw;wy; ,J.

02. xspr;NrHf;if kw;Wk; fz;zhb tPL tpisT Mfpa epfo;Tfspd; ntspg;ghl;bd; #o;epiy rkd;ghl;ilg; guhkhpf;f ,J cjTfpwJ.

03. gbk vhpnghUl;fshd epyf;fhp> vz;nza; kw;Wk; thAf;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; Rw;Wr;#oy; NfL ,jpy; Vw;gLtjpy;iy.

46. mZf;fjpH gpsj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

xU fzkhd mZ> epA+l;uhd; Nkhjy;fshy; rpWrpW Jfs;fshfg; gphptjhy;> Vuhskhd msT Mw;wy; ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,J epiwthf ,Ue;jhYk;> mZf;fjpHf; fopTfisf; fjpHtPr;R mghakpd;wp vt;thW ifahs;tJ vd;w gpur;rid xU nghpa FiwahFk;. 47. capHthA my;yJ rhz vhpthA Mw;wy; my;yJ NfhghH thA

caphpf; fopTfisf; fhw;ww;w Kiwapy; kl;fr; nra;tjd; %yk; ,t;thw;wy; ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,k;Kiwahy; khl;L rhzj;jpd; vhpjpwd; 20% mjpfhpf;fpwJ. ,k;Kiwapy; fpilf;Fk; fhpk cuk; khl;L rhzj;ij tpl 43% rpwe;jjhFk;.

NkYk; ,e;j cuk; ehg;jh rhHe;j cuq;fspd; Njitiaf; Fiwj;J tpLfpwJ. 10m3 capHthA Mw;wy;> 3.0m3 ,aw;if thAtpw;Fk;>

3.6ypl;lH gpA+l;NlDf;Fk;> 7.0ypl;lH ngl;Nuhypak; my;yJ 6.1ypl;lH BrYf;Fk; rkk; vdf; fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 448. njhlHgpayhd tWik vd;why; vd;d?

kw;w cyf ehLfSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ Fiwe;j tsk; my;yJ tUkhdj;ijf; nfhz;l xU rKjhak; my;yJ ehl;bd; epiyf;Fj; njhlHgpayhd tWik vd;W ngaH. 49. Gijgbt vhpnghUl;fshy; vhpf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit?

01. fhHgd; - il – Mf;i]L mjpfhpg;Gk;> fz;zhb tPL tpisTk; cyfyhtpa ntg;g caHit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

02. Ez;rhk;giyf; ifahs> Ez; rhk;gy; Fopfs; Vw;gLtjhy; mJ epyj;ij khRgLj;JfpwJ.

03. kuk;> Ntshz; nghUl;fs; my;yJ rhzj;ij vhpg;gjd; %yk; ntspNaWk; GifahdJ Rthr kw;Wk; rPuz kz;lyr; rpf;fy;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;. Fz; kw;Wk; EiuaPuy; Neha;fisAk; cz;lhf;FfpwJ.

04. iel;u]; Mf;i]L fhHgd;ilMf;i]L kw;Wk; ry;gH il Mf;i]L

50. tWikia rhpnra;Ak; topfs; ahit?

01. FLk;gf;fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfisf; fLikahfr; nray;gLj;Jjy; 02. Ntiy tha;g;ig mjpfhpf;f Gjpa njhopw;rhiyfisAk; njhopy;

El;gq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;


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03. mjpf mstpy; Muk;gr; Rfhjhu epiyaq;fSk;> kUj;;JtkidfSk; iftplg;gl;l kw;Wk; NehAw;wtHfSf;F mdhij tpLjpfSk; mikj;jy;.

04. tptrhaj;ijj; jPtpug;gLj;Jjy;> gRikg;Gul;rpia mjpfhpj;jy;> etPd kugpa kw;Wk; caphpa njhopy;El;g Kiwfs; %yk; gapH cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;Fjy; Nghd;w Kiwfs; %yk; jd;dpiwT miljy;.

51. ed;dPH gw;whf;Fiwf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

,aw;if fhuzq;fs;> kdpjf; fhuzq;fs;> epyj;jb ePHf; Fiwjy;> fly;ePH cl;GFjy;> XLk; MWfs; kiwjy;> Mtpahjy;> xOFjy; kw;Wk; tz;ly;gbjy;.

52. ed;dPH Nkd;ikf;fhd fhuzpfs;

Nkfj;jpy; J}Tjy;> cg;GePiuf; FbePuhf;Fjy;> mizfs;> ePHj;Njf;fq;fs;> fhy;tha;fs;> ePHf;Foha;fs;> ePHg;gphpKfL Nkyhz;ik> kioePHr; Nrfhpg;G> Nkk;gl;l Ntshz; Kiwfs;> tPLfspy; Nrkpj;jy;> njhopw;rhiyfspy; Nrkpj;jy;. 53. cg;GePiu FbePuhf;Fjy;

cg;GePH mfw;Wk; ngUk;ghyhd Kiwfspy; mjpfkhf gad;gLj;JtJ tbfl;ly; Kiw – Mtpahf;fp kPz;Lk; FspHtpj;jy; jiyfPo; rt;T+L guty; - ghjp flj;Jk; xU glyj;jpd; topNa fly;ePiu

Ntfkhfr; nrYj;Jk;NghJ mg;glyj;jpd; Ez;Jisfs; ePiu kl;Lk; ntspNaw;Wk;> ngUk;ghyhd cg;Gf;fisAk; jhJf;fisAk; jLj;J epWj;jptpLk;. ,J kpfTk; nryT tha;e;j Kiw. Jgha; gf;iud;> Xkd;> Nghd;w ehLfspy; ,k;Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. 54. Nkfj;jpy; J}Tjy; (OC- 06)

cyHgdp my;yJ nghl;lhrpak; mNahilL Jfs;fis ePHNfhj;j Nkfq;fs; kPJ J}tpdhy; rpy rkak; kiog;nghopT Vw;gLk;.

55. ePHg;gphpKfL Nkyhz;ik

thpirahf mike;Js;s rpWrpW mizfs; my;yJ Vuhskhd ejpePHf; fpisfs; Mfpait jz;zPH nts;skhfg; ngUfp tPzhfhky; Njf;fp itf;Fk;. ,k;khjphpahd mizfshy; cz;lhFk; Fsq;fs; ePiuj; Njf;fp itg;gJld; tdtpyq;F Gfyplq;fshfTk; mikAk;. rpW mizfs; cs;SH Ml;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; Fiwe;j nrytpy; fl;btplyhk;. ,jdhy; khngUk; mizfspd; Njitiaj; jtpHf;fTk; KbAk;.

56. ePiur;Nrkpg;gjpy; jdpkdpjdpd; gq;F vd;d?

01. Fspf;f cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; ePhpd; msitf; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;. 02. fhHfisAk;> ,Urf;fu thfdq;fisAk; mbf;fb fOtf;$lhJ 03. xOfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Foha;fisr; rhp nra;ayhk;. 04. iffisf; fOTk;NghNjh> ghj;jpuq;fis fOTk;NghNjh>

gy;Jyf;Fk;NghNjh Njitapy;yhky; jz;zPHf; Foha;fisj; jpwe;J itf;ff;$lhJ.

05. tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpy; mjpf ePH Njitg;glhky; cs;SHr; nrbfisAk;> ghiytdr; nrbfisAk; el;L moFg;gLj;jyhk;.

57. KOikahd tWik vd;why; vd;d?

tWik vd;gJ Fiwe;jgl;r tsk; my;yJ tUkhdk; ,y;yhjpUj;jy; MFk;. kdpjj; Njitfl;F mtrpakhd rj;JzT> cilfs;> tPL Rj;jkhd ePH kw;Wk; Rfhhuj; Njitfs; ,y;yhjpUj;jy; tWikahFk;.

mnkhpf;fh> fdlh> [g;ghd; Nghd;w ehLfspYk; Nkw;F [Nuhg;gpa ehLfspYk; cs;s Vio kf;fs; rj;JzT FiwghL kdNeha; mOj;jk; NghijkUe;Jfs; Fw;wq;fs; Mfpatw;why; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ,t;thW kdpj tho;f;iff;F Nflhf mikAk; tWik KOikahd tWik vdg;gLk;.

fLikahd tWikapdhy; ngUk; ,d;dy;fs; Vw;gl;L ,wf;f NehpLk;


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6. gad;ghl;L caphpay;

01. fhy;eil guhkhpg;G Kiwfs; ahit? 1.gRf;fspd; ghy;jUk; jpwid mjpfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Cl;lr;rj;J epiwe;j nraw;ifj; jPtdq;fs; jahhpj;jy; 2.njhw;W Neha;fs; tuhky; ghJfhj;jy; 3.mjpf mstpy; ghy; fwf;Fk; Gjpa fhy;eilfis cw;gj;jp nra;jy; 02. fhy;eilfs; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd? ,e;jpah KOtJk; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf;$bajhf 26 khl;bdq;fSk;> 6 tif vUikapdq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gad;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; fhy;eilfs; %d;W ghphpTfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Mitfshtd 01.fwit khl;bdk;

02.,UcgNahf ,dk; 03.Ntiy(m) ,Of;Fk; khl;bdk;

fwit khLfs; ,UcgNahf khLfs; ,Oit khLfs; ePz;l ehs; mjpf ghy; jUgit

Ghy; kw;Wk; ,Oitf;fhd khL

fhisfs; ed;whf ,Of;Fk; Fiwe;j fwitapYs;s gRf;fs;.

rh`pthy; `hpahdh Mk;hpj;k`hy; rpe;jp Xq;Nfhy; fhq;Nfak; fpH jhHghHf;fH khy;tp ck;gsr;Nrhp fhq;nu[; rphp fud; Rtp]; `ypf;fhH

03. rpe;jpg;gR kw;Wk; fhq;Nfak; gRtpd; kbia xg;gpLf?

rpe;jpg;gR fhq;Nfak;

Fiwe;j fhk;Gld; $bait rpwpa msT fhk;Gld; cilait

nghpa ghy; kbia cilait kpjkhd ghy;kbia cilait

NkYk; gRf;fs; xU fwit fhyj;jpy; 5>443 fp.fp ghy; cw;gj;jp nra;af;$bait.

NkYk; gRf;fs; xU fwitfhyj;jpy; 666fp.fp.ghy; cw;gj;jp nra;af;$bait.

04. ,Utop gad;ghL nfhz;l fwit ,dq;fs; kdpj ,dj;jpw;F vt;tifapy; cjTfpd;wd? ,U cgNahf ,d khl;bdq;fs; ghy; fwitf;Fk;> ,Oitf;Fk; gad;glf;$bait. ,t;tif gRf;fs; mjpf ghy; jUgit

fhis jplfhj;jpukhd epyk; cOjy;> tz;b ,Oj;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F gad;gLgit. v.fh:- Xq;Nfhy;> `hpahdh> fhq;nu[;> jhHghHf;fH 05. fhq;Nfaj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ijAk;> gutiyAk; vOJf?

fhq;Nfak; (fq;f ehL kw;Wk; nfhq;F) 01. fhq;Nfa ,dk; jkpo;ehl;by; Nfhit khtl;lj;jpy; jhuhGuk; tl;lj;jpy; cs;s fhq;Nfag; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 02. NkYk; ,t;tpdk; cLkiyg;Ngl;il> gy;ylk;> nghs;shr;rp kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; NtW rpy ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 06. xU Nehaw;w eykhd fhy;eilia vt;thW fz;lwptJ? (M-08) 01. MNuhf;fpakhd fhy;eilfs;> nghypTlDk;> RWRWg;ghfTk;> gsgsg;ghd NjhiyAk; nfhz;L fhzg;gLk;. 02. mitfsplj;jpy; rhjhuzg; grpAk;> ey;y cwf;fKk; fhzg;gLk;. 03. ke;jkhd MNuhf;fpaj;ijf; nfhz;l Xa;tw;wepiy> xU epiyapy; cliy itj;jpUf;fhj epiyik Mfpatw;Wld; Fiwe;j ghy; fwf;Fk; jpwd;Nghd;w mwpFwpfs; fhy;eilfspd; MNuhf;fpakw;w epiyf;fhd mwpFwpfs; MFk;. 07. fhy;eilfspd; ghf;Bhpah Neha;fisAk; mtw;wpd; mwpFwpfisAk; tpsf;Ff? fhy;eilfSf;F Vw;gLk; ghf;Bhpah Neha;fs;:

01. Md;j;uhf;]; 02. `PkNu[Pf; nrg;BrPkpah 03. fhrNeha; 04. kh];;B];

Md;j;uhf;rpd; mwpFwpfs;: 01. mjpf cly; ntg;gepiy (41-41.5oC) 02. fOj;J> khHG> gf;f kw;Wk; ,Lg;G gFjpfspy; typaw;w tPf;fk; 03. ,aw;if Jthuq;fspd; topNa ,uj;jg;Nghf;Fld; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

tpyq;fhdJ 10-36 kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; ,we;J tpLfpwJ.

08. gR mk;ikf;fhd Neha; jLg;G Kiwia vOJf (M-06. OC-06) 01. ghjpf;fg;gl;l tpyq;fpidj; jdpikg;gLj;Jjy; 02. tpOq;Ftjw;Fk;> nrhpkhdj;jpw;Fk; Vw;w tifapyhd Fioe;j czT

mspj;jy;


Page | 39

03. fpUkpfis ePf;Ffpd;w kUe;J fiurYld; $ba xj;jlq;nfhLj;jy; 04. cg;Gila Ngjp kUe;jspj;jy; kw;Wk; rpWePH Nghf;fpid mjpfhpj;jy; 05. fhaq;fis Fzg;gLj;Jk; fpUkp ehrpdp fspk;Gfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;. 06. khl;L nfhl;liffisr; Rj;jkhf itj;jpUj;jy; 09. fhy;eilfSf;Nfw;gLk; kyr;rpf;fYf;fhd KjYjtp rpfpr;ir ahJ? 01. ghjpf;fg;gl;l fhy;eilfSf;F NfhJik jtpL czT> mhprp>

neha;fQ;rp> ePHg;gw;Ws;s fhy;eilj; jPtdk; Nghd;wtw;iw mspj;jy;. 02. nty;yk;> cg;Gld; $ba mjpf ePH mspj;jy; 03. ntJntJg;ghd Nrhg;G ePiuf;nfhz;L kyf;Fliyr; Rj;jk; nra;jy;

(vdPkh mspj;jy;) 04. tapw;Wg;Gwj;jpid ed;W Nja;j;J jltptpLjy; Kjypait MFk; 10. fhy;eilfspd; gy;NtW Neha;fis vOJf? (OC-07) njhw;W Neha;fs;: fhy;eilfSf;F gy topfspy; vspjpy; gutf;$ba njhw;W Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,e;Neha;fs; ghf;Bhpah kw;Wk; itu]; %yk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. m) ghf;Bhpa Neha;fs;: Md;j;uhf;];> `pkNu[pf;> nrg;brPkpah> kh];bl;B];> fhrNeha; M) itu]; Neha;fs; khl;lk;ik> fhy;tha; Neha;> hpd;lHng];l; 11. ,O ,dq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? tz;b ,Og;gJ epyk; cOtJ Nghd;w NtiyfSf;F cjTk; khLfs; ,Oit khLfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. mitfs; fl;lhd clyikg;Gld; njha;tw;w Njhyikg;Gk; nfhz;lit. fhisfs; tz;b ,Of;fTk; gad;gLfpd;wd ,t;tpdq;fs; mjpf ghy; nfhLf;Fk; jpwDilajy;y. v.fh: mk;hpjk`hy;> fhq;Nfak;> khy;tp> `hypf;fhH 12. nraw;if tpe;J}l;lj;jpd; ed;ikfs; ahit? 1. ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;fhf fhy;eilfis ke;ijahf NrHf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy 2. NkYk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l tpe;Jj;jputj;ij ,dg;ngUf;fj; njhlHGila Neha; fpUkpfs; jhf;f tz;zk; vLj;Jr; nry;tJld; fUj;jhpg;G tPjj;ijAk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. 3. fhakile;J kw;Wk; KjpHr;rpaile;j khl;bd; tpe;Jjputk; nraw;if rpidg;gLj;jYf;F cjTtJld;> Nehapd; fhuzj;ij fz;lwpaNth> kutpay; rhHe;j mrhjhuzg; gz;GfisNah fz;lwpag; gad;gLfpwJ

3. nraw;if tpe;J}l;lk; vd;why; vd;d? (M-12. J-08) 1. nraw;if tpe;J}l;lk; vd;gJ Mz; ,dr;nry;fis ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;gpDs; ,aw;iff;F khwhf nraw;if Kiwapy; ,ae;jpuq;fspd; cjtpahy; nrYj;jp fUTwr; nra;jyhFk;. 2. ,k;Kiwapy; tpe;Jr;nry; epuk;gpa tpe;J jputk; nraw;if Kiwapy; Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 3. gpd;dH mjd; xU gFjpapid mNj mlHTlNdh (m) rpwpJ ePHj;jy; nra;Njh ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;gpd; fOj;J (m) Edpg;gFjpapDs; Rfhjhu Kiwapy; rhjdq;fs; %yk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. 14. may; fyg;G vd;why; vd;d? 1. rpwpJ neUq;fpa (m) Kw;wpYk; neUq;fpa my;yJ njhlHgw;w ,d caphpfis xd;Wld; xd;W fyg;G nra;tNj may;fyg;G vdg;gLk;. 2 ,t;tif ,df;fyg;gpy; <LgLk; ,d caphpfs; 4 Kjy; 6 jiyKiwapyhd Kd;NdhHfspd; nghJ njhlHgw;w gz;gw;witfshFk;. 15. FWf;F fyg;G (gpwfyg;G) vd;why; vd;d? (OC-11) Kw;wpYk; njhlHgw;w ,d caphpfis xd;Wld xd;W fyg;Gwr; nra;tNj FWf;F fyg;G vdg;gLk;;. ,t;tif fyg;gpy; ,jw;F Kd;G mt;Taphpfs; ngw;wpuhj tpUk;gj;jFe;j gz;Gfis nfhz;l Gjpa caphpfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fyhk; ,t;tiffyg;gpy; ,dg;ngUf;f caphpfspd; Xq;fpa gz;Gila kuGf;fhuzpfs; ,ize;J mjpf tsHr;rpAk;> tPhpaKk; nfhz;l Kjy; jtiz Kiwapyhd ,d caphpfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fyhk;. 16. rpe;jp> Xq;Nfhy;> fhq;Nfak; fhis khLfis xg;gpLf.

rpe;jp Xq;Nfhy; fhq;Nfak; ,it rhiy Ntiyf;Fk; tay; Ntiyf;Fk Vw;w Kiwapy; rPuhf ciog;git

,it cly; cWjpNahL tz;b ,Of;fTk;> rhiy Ntiyf;Fk; Vw;wit MapDk; ,itfs; Ntfk; kpff;Fiwe;j khLfNs

,it fbd ciog;gpw;F kpfTk; cfe;jit

17. fwit ,dk; vd;why; vd;d? 01. ,t;tif gRf;fs; ePz;l ehl;fSf;F ghy; juf;$bait 02. NkYk; fhisfs; Fiwe;j ,Of;Fk; jd;ikAilait 03. NkYk; ,t;tif ,d khLfs; jplkhd clyikg;Gk;> typikahd fhy;fSk; nfhz;lit. 18. may; ,dkhLfis thpirg;gLj;Jf (M- 12) 01. Fl;ilf;nfhk;Gila mah\aH khLfs; 02. n[Hrp ,d khLfs;


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03. gpnusd; Rtp]; ,d khLfs; 04. N`hy;];Bd; - gphP]pad; 19. Njrpapdf; Nfhopfs; vd;why; vd;d? cjhuzk; nfhL ,e;jpahtpy; rhjhuzkhff; fhzg;gLk; ehl;Lg; ngl;ilf;Nfhopfs; Njrpa ,df;Nfhopfs; vdg;gLk;. ,f;Nfhopfs; nyf;`hid xj;jpUj;jhYk; mitfs; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd kl;ilfisNa ,Lk; jd;ik nfhz;lit. v.fh. mrpy;> rpl;lhq;> fhuf;ehj;> g];uh 20. gwit tsHg;gpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfs; ahit? gwitfs; tsHg;gpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F fPo;f;fz;l fhuzpfs; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;glfpwJ rpwpa Muk;g %yjdk;. ey;y juk; nfhz;l Nfhopfs; fpilj;jy; FWfpa jiyKiw ,ilntsp cs;s ,dq;fs; Kw;w fhy;eilfis xg;gpLifapy; gwitfspd; tsHg;G vjpHghj;j gyid tpiutpy; mspj;jy;. gapw;rp ngw;w Ntiyahl;fs; fpilg;gJ. Kd;Ndw;wkile;j tpQ;Qhd Kiwapyhd czT Clfj;jpid mwpe;jpUj;jy; guhkhpj;jy; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu fl;Lg;ghL 21. gwitfs; tsHg;G Kiwapd; epiyfs; ahit? 01. Kl;ilfis NjHe;njLj;jy; 02. Kl;ilfis milfhj;J nghwpf;f nra;jy; 03. nghwpj;j FQ;Rfis guhkhpj;jy; 04. gz;iz mikj;jy; 05. tsHg;Gf; NfhopfSf;F czT mspj;jy; Nghd;witfs; Nfhop tsHg;gpd; rpy epiyfs; MFk;. 22. Kl;ilfis NjHe;njLf;Fk; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;ba Fwpg;Gfs; ahit? (M-09. OC-07.) 01. Kl;ilfs; nropg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 02. kpfg;nghpa (m) kpfr;rpwpa Kl;ilfisj; jtpHj;J jFe;j mstpDila Kl;ilfisNa NjHe;njLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 03. ntspHgOg;G epw XLila Kl;ilfis tpl mlH gOg;G epw Kl;ilfNs Kd;djhf nghwpf;fpd;wd. 04. Gjpajhf ,lg;gl;l Kl;ilfisNa nghpJk; tpUk;gg;gLtJz;L.

23. milfhj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? Kw;wpYk; cUthf;fkile;J Nfhop FQ;rhdJ 21-22 ehl;fs; milfhj;jYf;Fg; gpwF Kl;ilapypUe;J nghhpe;J ntsptUfpd;wJ. ,f;fhyj;jpd; NghJ Kl;ilfs; mjd; tsHr;rpf;F cfe;j ntg;gk;> <uk;> kw;Wk; ey;y fhw;Nwhl;lk; Mfpatw;iwg;ngw Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;$wpa cfe;j #o;epiyf; fhuzpfSld; Gjpjhf ,lg;gl;l Kl;ilfisf; FQ;Rfs; nghhpf;Fk; tiu itj;Jg; guhkhpj;jNy milfhj;jy; MFk;. 24. milfhj;jy; tif vj;jid tifg;gLk; mit ahit? milfhj;jy; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;

01. ,aw;if milfhj;jy; 02. nraw;if milfhj;jy; 01. ,aw;if milfhj;jy;

,aw;if milfhg;gpy; Kl;ilfs; ahTk; jha;f; Nfhopapd; guhkhpg;gpw;F cl;gl;L fhzg;gLk;. NkYk; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd Kl;ilfisNa ngl;ilf; Nfhop milfhf;Fk;.

02. nraw;if milfhj;jy; nraw;if milfhg;gpy; Kl;ilfs; milfhg;G ngl;bapy; itj;J> FQ;R nghhpg;gjw;F rhpahf #o;epiyfis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j Kiwapy; mjpf Kl;ilfis milf;fhf;fyhk; 25. Ngzpf;fhj;jy; kw;Wk; mjd; tiffs; ahit? nghhpe;j ,sk; Nfhopf;FQ;Rfis ehd;F Kjy; MWthuk; tiu guhkhpj;J epHtfpj;jNy Ngzpf;fhj;jy; vdg;gLk;. milfhj;jiyg; NghyNt FQ;Rfis Ngzpf;fhj;jYk; ,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;if Kiwfs; cz;L. ,aw;if Kiw Ngzpf;fhj;jypy; XhpU ehl;fs; taJila FQ;Rfs; jha;Nfhopapd; guhkhpg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk;. nraw;if Kiw Ngzpf;fhj;jypy; ntg;gepiy fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l FQ;R tsHg;G ngl;bapDs; itj;J ghJfhf;fg;gLk;. 26. Nfhop FQ;Rfs; jd; ,d Cz; cz;zpfsh khwf; fhuzk; vd;d? Nfhop FQ;Rfisr; rhpahf tsHg;gjw;F NghJkhd jiu ,il ntspapid mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. XU Nfhop FQ;Rf;F Fiwe;j msT msT 500r.nr.kP gug;gpyhd jiu ,ilntsp mspj;jy; ey;yJ.


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,y;iynadpy; $l;l newpry; fhuzkhf FQ;RfspilNa Fd;wp tsHr;rpapidAk; kw;Wk; mitfs; jd; ,d Cz; cz;zpfshf khWk; epiyapidAk; mila $Lk;. 27. gwit tsHg;gpd; cgnghUl;fs; ahit? gwitfSk; mjd; cgnghUl;fSk; vspjpy; mOff;$baitahFk; gwitfspd; ,iwr;rpfis gf;Ftg;gLj;Jk; gphpthy; %yg;nghUl;fshd ,uj;jk; epf;fg;gl;l rpwFfs;> jiy kw;Wk; fhy; gFjpfs; fopTfshf ntspNaWtJz;L> Nfhop tsHg;gfj;jpy; gwitfspd; <ukhd vr;rq;fSk; fopTfshf mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa cgnghUl;fis gad;gLj;jp ,wF czT> gwit tsHg;gpd; cgnghUl;fs; Nghd;witfshf cUthf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. 28. kPd; tsHj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahit? kPd; tsHj;jy; vd;gJ nrhe;j tUkhdj;jpw;fhf my;yJ yhgj;jpw;fhf gz;izfspy; kPd; tsHg;gjhFk;. Mit tsHf;fg;gLk; ,lj;ij nghUj;J %d;W tifg;gLk; mitahtd

01. ed;dPH kPd;tsHg;G 02. fopKfePH kPd;tsHg;G 03. cg;GePH (m) fly; ePH kPd;tsHg;G

29. ,e;jpahtpy; tsHf;fg;gLk; kPd; ,dq;fs; ahit? 01. fhHg;Gfs;

02. G+id kPd;fs; 03. tpuhy;fs; 04. jpNyg;gpah

30. kPd; gd;izapy; fhzg;gLk; gy;tif kpd;Fsq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; ,l msitAk; Fwpg;gpLf (OC-10) kPd; gz;izf; Fsq;fspd; gy;NtW mikg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;. ehw;whq;fhy; Fsk;> tsHg;G Fsk;> cw;gj;jp Fsk;> gphpj;jy; Fsk; kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;f Fsk; Nghd;wit mit. xU kPd; gz;izapy; fPo;fz;l rjtpj ,lq;fis mit Mf;fpukpj;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

01. ehw;whq;fhy; Fsk; - 3 02. tsHg;G Fwk; - 11 03. cw;gj;jpf;Fsk; - 60 04. gphpg;Gf;Fsk; - 1 05. ,dg;ngUf;fFsk; - 25

31. ];nlj];Nfhg;gpd; gad;fs; ahit? (J-08) ,jaj;jpd; rhjhuz xypfisAk; fz;lgpbf;fTk; (yg;-lg;)> ,ja thy;Tfspd; gzpfs; rPHNfL mile;jhy; mij fz;lwpaTk; ];nlj];Nfhg; cjTk;. epNkhdpah> EiuaPuy;> vBkh Nghd;w ghjpg;Gfs; cz;lhFk; NghJ EiuaPuy;fspy; cs;s jputq;fis fz;lwpa cjTk;. Rhjhuzf; Fly; ghijfspd; ,af;fj;jpy; mjpfkha;r; nray;gLk; Flw;ghijfspd; ,af;fj;JlNdh> Fiwthf nray;gLk; Flw;ghijfspd; ,af;fj;JlNdh xg;gpl;L fz;lwpa ,it cjTk;. 32. ];gpf;NkhkhNdh kPl;lH gad;fis vOJf (M- 09) ,uj;j Xl;lj;jd;ikiaAk; ,jak; nray;gLtijAk; fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ. i`g;gH nld;\d; vdg;gLk; mjpf ,uj;j mOj;j epiyiaAk;> i`g;Ngh nld;rd; vDk; Fiwe;j ,uj;j mOj;j epiyiaAk; fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ. 33. `PNkhirl;NlhkPl;lhpd; kUj;Jt Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf? ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; FiwtJ mdPkpahit (,uj;j Nrhif) Fwpf;Fk; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; mjpfhpg;gJ ghypir jpkPahit Fwpf;Fk; epiyaw;w WBC nry;fspd; mjpfhpg;G ghf;Bhpah njhw;iw Fwpf;Fk; njhlHe;J> mrhjhuz WBC nry;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; mjpfhpg;G Y}f;fpkpahit (,uj;j Gw;WNeha;) Fwpf;Fk;. 34. `PNkhirl;NlhkPl;lH gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf? (OC-10, J-10) jFe;j ePHj;jYf;Fgpd; ,uj;jr;nry;fis vz;ZtJ `PNkhirl;Nlhnkl;hp vd;Wk;> ,uj;j nry;fis vz;z cjTk; cgfuzk; `PNkhirl;NlhkPl;lH vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. `PNkhirl;Nlhnkl;hpia gad;gLj;jp rptg;gZf;fs;> gpNsl;Lfs;> <rpNdhgpy;fs;> ghf;Bhpa> <];l;> ghrpfs; Nghd;wit vz;zg;gLfpd;wd. 35. fpisf;Nfh]Phpah vd;why; vd;d? (OC- 08) rhjhuzr; rpWePhpy; rpwpjsT FSf;Nfh]; fhzg;gLk; rpWePufj;jpy; cs;s FNshkUy]; gFjp FSf;Nfhi] tbfl;bf; nfhs;fpwJ. NkYk; ,ij Ez;Foha;fs; cWQ;rpf;nfhs;Sk;. NkYk; rpWePhpy; mjpfsT FSf;Nfh]; fhzg;gbd; mij Ez;Foha;fshy; cWQ;r ,ayhJ. vdNt> ,t;tif mjpf msT FSf;Nfh]; rpWePhpy; fhzg;gLk; epiyf;F fpisf;Nfh]Phpah vd;W ngaH.


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36. FSf;Nfhi] fz;lwpAk; Kiwfis vOJf ,uj;j rHf;fiuia fz;lwpa gad;gLk; Kiw

01. b[pl;ly; FSf;NfhkPl;lH> rpWePufr; rHf;fiuia fz;lwpAk; Kiwfs;.

02. ngdpbf;l; Kiw 03. FSf;Nfh]; Mf;]pNl]; Kiwfs; 04. O-nlhYbd; Kiw 05. nky;ypa mLf;F FNuhNkhl;Nlhfpuhg

37. rpWePuha;T (A+hpdiyrp];) vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad; ahJ? rpWePhpd; ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay; kw;Wk; Ez;Nzhf;fp Ma;Tfis nra;jy; rpWePuha;T vdg;gLk;. rpWePufk; kw;Wk; rpWePuf ghijapd; jd;ikfis fz;lwpa cjTfpwJ tsHrpij khw;wf; NfhshWfs; kw;Wk; clyikg;G cWg;Gf; NfhshWfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;. 38. rpWePhpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fs; ahit? 01. rpWePhpy; 95% ePH

02. A+hpah 03. A+hpf; mkpyk;>

04. fphpahl;bdpd; 05. Nrhbak; 06. nghl;lhrpak;

07. FNshiul; 08. fhy;rpak; 09. gh];Ngl;Lfs;

39. rHf;fiu Fiwf;Fk; nghUl;fs; vd miof;fg;gLtJ Vd;? jhkpuk; Nghd;w fd cNyhfq;fis rHf;fiu caHe;j Mf;]pfuz epiyapypUe;J Fiwe;j epiyf;Ff; Fiwf;Fk; jpwd; ngw;Ws;sjhy; mit nghJthf Fiwf;Fk; nghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf rHf;fiuahdJ ePytz;z Fg;hpf; ry;Nghl;il rptg;G Fl;u];ry;Ngl;lhf Fiwf;Fk;. 40. i`g;gH fpisrPkpah> i`g;NghfpisrPkpah tiuaW? i`g;gH fpisrPkpah: ,J ,uj;jj;jpy; ,ay;ghd rhf;fiu msittpl mjpfkhd rHf;fiu msT ,Uf;Fk;.

i`g;Ngh fpisrPkpah:

,J ,uj;jj;jpy; ,ay;ghd rHf;fiu msittpl Fiwthd rHf;fiu msT ,Uf;Fk; 41. vyf;l;Nuh fHbNahfpuhk; (<.rp.[p) vd;why; vd;d? 01. <.rp.[p vd;gJ ,ja Row;rpapd; NghJ ,jaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; kpd;jpwd; khw;wq;fspd; Mtzk; MFk;. 02. ,J clypd; Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ 03. <.rp.[p Ig; gjpT nra;a cjTk; cgfuz vyf;l;Nuh fhHbNahfpuhk; vdg;gLk; 04. kpd;dhw;wy; jpirkhw;w miy vdg;gLtJ ,jaj;jir RUq;f Jtq;Fk; Kd;dNu Vw;gLfpwJ. 42. fk;g;A+l;ll;NlhNkhfpuhgp NjHe;juha;jy; vd;why; vd;d? (J-06) CT (or) CAT NjHe;jhuha;jy; vd;gJ xU b[pl;ly; vd;gJ xU b[pl;ly; fzpdpapd; gad;ghl;ilAk; xU RoYk; X-Nu mikg;igAk; cz;lhf;FtJ MFk;. clypd;> %is> ,Lg;ngYk;G> vYk;G> kw;Wk; ,uj;jf;Foha;fs; Nghd;w cWg;Gfspd; FWf;Fthl;L Jz;Lfis cUthf;FtJ MFk;. 43. nraw;if Ng];Nkf;fH vd;why; vd;d? (M-10, OC- 09) ,jak; rPuhf rhpahd mstpy; ,aq;f NjhYf;fbapy; Eioj;J itf;fg;gl;l rpwa ghl;lhpahy; ,aq;ff;$ba kpd;dZ rhjdNk nraw;if Ng]; Nkf;fH vdg;gLk;. ,aw;ifahd Ng]; Nkf;fH Jhpjkha;r; nray;gl;L ,jaj;ij J}z;b tplhkYk; ,jaj;jpd; kpd;flj;jy; mikg;gpy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L ,aw;if Ng]; Nkf;fhpypUe;J ntz;l;hpfSf;F Mw;wy; flj;jg;gltpy;iynadpy;> nraw;if Ng];HNkf;fH ,jaj;ioj J}z;Lk;. 44. Ml;Nlh mdiyrhpd; Nkd;ikfs; ahit? (M-07,11) 01. iffshy; nra;ag;gLk; khjphpfis xg;gpLk; NghJ Jy;ypak; mjpfk; 02. Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy; Vuhskhd khjphpfisr; nra;KiwgLj;jyhk; 03. xNu rkak; gy tif Nrhjidfisr; nra;KiwgLj;jyhk;. 04. fzf;fPLfs; Njitg;gltpy;iy. 45. Ml;Nlh mdiyrhpd; FiwghLfs; ahit? (J-09) 01. Fiwe;j msT nra;ag;gLk; khjphpfl;F ,it cfe;jit my;y 02. ,it vg;NghjhtJ gOjilaf;$Lk; 03.,tw;iw guhkhpf;f> gOJ ePf;fy; nra;a ,af;f itf;f

gzpahsHfSf;F gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. 04.mit tpiy caHe;jit.


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46. Ml;Nlh mdiyruhy; gFg;ghag;gLgit ahit? FSf;Nfh];> Gujk;> nfhy];l;uhy;> ,uj;j A+hpah. A+hpf; mkpyk;> my;Gkpd;> gpyp&gpd;> fdpkgh];Ngl;> igfhHgNdl;> yhf;bf; b i`l;Nuh[pNd];> fhy;rpak;> gh];gNl];fs;> Nrhbak;> nghl;lhrpak;> FNshhpd;> fphpNahbdpd;> buhd;]; mkpNd]; 47. xU rhjhuz ECG apy; vj;jid miyfs; cs;sd? mit ahit? xU rhjhuz ECG apy; Ie;J miyfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ mit P,Q,R,S,T vOj;Jfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; ,jpy; P,R kw;Wk; T miyfs; Nky; Nehf;fpAk; (NeHkiw miyfs;)

vdg;gLk;. Q kw;Wk; S miyfs; fPo;Nehf;fpAk; (vjpHkiw miyfs;) vdg;gLk;. 48. gR mik;ik jLf;Fk; Kiwia vOJf (M-06)

01. ghjpf;fg;gl;l tpyq;fpdq;fpid jdpikg;gLj;Jjy;> Fioe;j tpOq;Ftjw;Fk;> nrhpkhdj;jpw;Fk; Vw;w tifapyhd czT mspj;jy;.

02. fpUkpfis ePf;Ffpd;w kUe;J fiurYld; $ba xj;jlq;nfhLj;jy;> cg;Gila Ngjp kUe;jspj;jy;.

03. rpWePHg; Nghf;fpid mjpfhpj;jy;> fhaq;fisf; Fzg;gLj;Jk; fpUkpehrpdp fspk;Gfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> khl;L nfhl;liffisr; Rj;jkhf itj;jpUj;jYk; Ntz;Lk;.

49. ghy; fha;r;ry; vd;why; vd;d? (OC-09)

01. fhy;eilfs; cz;Zk; cztpy; cs;s fhy;rpak; czT nrhpj;jypd; NghJ jd;kakhf;fg;glhikapdhy; Vw;gLtJld;> vYk;Gfspy; jdpkkw;w jd;ikia Vw;gLj;JtJ ghy; fha;r;ry; MFk;.

02. ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s rPuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fhy;rpak;> gh];gu]; Nghd;w fdpkq;fs; Fiwe;J rHf;fiu mstpid mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ.

50. ghy; fha;r;rYf;fhd mwpFwpfs; ahit? (OC-09. J-06,10)

01. eilapy; jLkhw;wk;> grpapd;ik> rhjhuz cly; ntg;gepiyia tplf; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLjy;.

02. ehbj;Jbg;G mjpfhpj;jy; Xa;tw;w epiy kw;Wk; mjd; tpisthfr; nrayw;Wf; fhzg;gLjy;

51. ghy; fha;r;rYf;F mspf;fg;gLk; Kjy; cjtpAk; vr;rhpf;ifAk; ahJ?

01. Rz;zhk;G ePUld; $ba nty;yj;jpid> fd;W <Dtjw;F rpy ehl;fs; Kd;ghfTk;> kpUJthd rj;jhd vspjpy; nrhpkhdkilaf;$ba cztpidf; fd;wpid <d;w gpwFk; mspg;gJ.

02. ghy;kbapid ntJntjg;ghd Jzpapidf;nfhz;L Jilj;Jr; Rj;jk; nra;jy;.

52. ,e;jpahtpd; ehl;Lf;Nfhopfs; (Njrp) ngaHfisf; Fwpg;gpLf (J-07)

01. rpl;lfhq; 02. mrPy; 03. fhuf;ehj; 04. g];uh

53. ,dj;Njhw;wk; mbg;gilapy; Nfhopfis tifg;gLj;Jf 01. mnkhpf;fd; ,dk; - Nuhl; Iyz;L nul;> gpisNkhj;uhf; 02. Mrpa tif - gpuhkh 03. Mq;fpy ,dk; - #nrf;]; 04. kj;jpajiuf;fly; - nyf;`hHd; 05. ehl;Lf;Nfhop ,dk; - mrPy;

54. ,iwr;rp Kl;il kw;Wk; <hpd tiff;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf 01. ,iwr;rpf;Nfhop - nts;is gpisNkhj;uhf; 02. Kl;il - rpl;lfhq; 03. <hpdk; Mrpa tif

(,iwr;rp> Kl;il) - gpuhkh

By

BHARATHIRAJA A

PGT ZOOLOGY

CELL : 9944277623

Namma Kalvi 12th Bio-Zoology Study Material TM · 2019-03-03 · a.bharathiraja. pgt in zoology...

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Transcript of Namma Kalvi 12th Bio-Zoology Study Material TM · 2019-03-03 · a.bharathiraja. pgt in zoology...