BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Terms to define:

Classification 443 grouping by similaritiesPhylogeny 452 evolutionary history based structural relationshipsCladogram 452 branching classification systembinomial nomenclature 444 2 word naming system - linneausTaxonomy 443 classification by shared characteristicsNatural Selection 395 favorable change in a populationvestigial structures 401 left over biological remnants from ancestorshomologous structures 400 common evolutionary structuresanalogous structures 401 similar function but not linkedGenetic Drift 406 alteration of allelic frequency by chanceAllele Frequency 405 % chance of an allele in a populationHomozygous 258 identical alleles for a traitHeterozygous 259 2 different alleles for a traitDominant 256 masks the recessive traitRecessive 256 trait masked by dominant traitBinary Fission 489 asexual reproductionConjugation 490 sexual reproductionReplication - copying of genetic informationBacteriophage 475 viruses that attack bacteriaAntibodies 977 blood proteins that kill blood invadersRetroviruses 481 viral replication using reverse trascriptaseSpore 508 haploid reproductive w/ no gamete fusionGametophyte 516 haploid form of gamete in organismsSporophyte 516 diploid formDiploid 263 cell contains 2 of each chromosomeHaploid 263 cell contains 1 of each chromosomeGametes 263 male and female sex cells

Saprophytic - of or like a sporophyteHyphae 530 basic structure units of fungiCell wall 179 rigid out part of plants plasma membraneChitin 531 complex carbohydrate, fungus cell wallsPeptidoglycan – polymer layer coating bacteriaGlucose – simple sugar important to humansCellulose – makes up plant cell wallsHaustoria – 532 parasitic hyphae inside host cellStolons 535 fungal hyphaeGermination 654 beginning of developmentTranslocation 617 movmt. Of sugars in phloemTranspiration 619 loss of water in plantsPeristalsis 918 rythmic smooth muscle movememtVilli 922 projection inside small intestineBiodiversity 111 variety of life in a biomeFood web 50 food model of animalsSaprophotism – living in a dead matterBiomass 52 total mass of all living matter in an areaProducers – produce energyConsumer – consume energyBiotic – living things in an environmentAbiotic – non living things in an environmentEctoderm – outside layer of gastrulaMesoderm – middle layer of gastrulaEndoderm – inner layer of gastrulaSessile – fixed in placeAcoelomate 682 no body cavityPseudocoelom 683 cavity partly lined w/ mesodermCoelomate – body cavityHermaphroditic 696 produces both egg and spermCephalization 743 fusing of head and thorax

1. List the levels of Biological Organization (from cell to biosphere), then define each level.Cell – smallest life form, tissue – groups of cells, organs – groups of same tissues, organ systems – systems working together, organism – individual living thing, population – groups of same living organisms, community – groups of organisms, Ecosystem – abiotic and biotic components, Biosphere – containing ecosystems

2. List the levels of Taxonomy in order from largest to smallest (domain to species)Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

3. What 2 kingdoms of life are considered prokaryotic?1. Bacteria2. Archae

4. What 4 kingdoms of life are considered eukaryotic?1. Protists2. Fungi3. Plants4. Animals

5. Make a Venn Diagram showing the similarities/differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

6. The endosymbiotic theory is an explanation as to the origin of the _______________cell.Eukaryotic cells

7. Summarize the series of events of the endosymbiotic theory.The endosymbiont theory proposes that chloroplasts and mitochondria were originally free prokaryotes that were engulfed into a prokaryotic cell and integrated as useful organelles.  

8. Give a brief description of organisms found in the Kingdom Archae.Unicellular, found in extreme environments, no oxygen or highly acidic

9. Give a brief description of organisms found in the Kingdom Bacteria.Complex, found everywhere, contains organelles, can be good for us (make food) bad for us (cause infections/disease)

10. Give a brief description of organisms found in the Kingdom ProtistaSingle celled eukaryotes, reproduce sexually and asexually, ultimately spawned multi cellular organisms, three modes of nutrition: photosynthesis, absorption, ingestion

11. What would makes a scientist label a protist as a Protozoan? Heterotrophic forms of protists

12. What would makes a scientist label a protist as an Algae? Autotrophic forms of protists

13. What would makes a scientist label a protist as being a Fungi-Like Protist? They absorb nutrients from dead or decaying matter

14. Give a brief description of organisms found in the Kingdom Fungi. Get nutrients by digesting things on the surface on which they live, have spores, examples: yeast, bread mold, mushrooms.

15. Give a brief description of organisms found in the Kingdom Plantae: membrane around the nucleus, cell wall, contain chlorophyll

16. Give a brief description of organisms found in the Kingdom Animalia: multicellular, complex organisms, adapt to their environment, heterotrophy, reproduce sexually, specialized cells for specialized functions

17. What is a dichotomous key and how is it used? Observe specimen you want to identify, focus in on key characteristics of the specimen, use the key which gives you two alternatives, work through the key until you come to a conclusion.

Eukaryote: nucleus, organelles, unicellular, multicellular, everything other than bacteria

Prokaryote: no nucleus, no organelles, unicellular, cell walls, all bacteria

Both have:Ribosomes, genetic material, cytoplasm, flagella

18. Describe the 3 forms of natural selection a. directional selection – a gene is favored due to a change in the environmentb. stabilizing selection – genes selected for stabilize over time c. disruptive selection – extreme traits are selected for over intermediate traits.

19. Give examples of each of the following: a. vestigial structures – leftover structures left behind that are of no longer use (appendix, presence

of hip and femur bones in a whale)b. analogous structures – same function, but on a non related animal, wing of a bat and wing of a

birdc. homologous structures – similar in both structure and function, perhaps from related organisms,

arm of a monkey and arm of a human

20. What do the variables mean as seen within the Hardy-Weinberg equation? p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1…p is the frequency of the dominant allele, q is the frequency of the recessive, 2pq is heterozygous

21. What are the 5 requirements for a population to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?1. Large population2. Random mating3. No mutations4. No natural selection5. No emigration/immigration

22. What is the difference between a Virus and a Cell (eukaryotic or prokaryotic)- Virus is neither because it is considered non-living, Virus has no nucleus and requires a host to reproduce,

has genetic material. - Cells can reproduce on their own, sexually or asexually. Has genetic material.

23. Draw out and label the events of the lytic cycle.

24. Draw out and label the events of the lysogenic cycle.

25. Draw out a diagram showing Alternation of Generation.

26. What groups of organisims go through Alternation of Generations?plants

27. What define and give examples of the 3 forms of symbiosis:a. Mutualism – beneficial to both organismsb. Commensalism – beneficial to one where the other is unharmedc. Parasitism – beneficial to one at the expense or harm of the other organism

28. What is the difference between mycorrhizae and lichen?Mycorrhizae – symbiotic relationship between fungus and vascular plantLichen - fungus and photosynthetic partner, algae, growing in a symbiotic relationship

29. What is the difference between a Vascular and Nonvascular in regard to:a. Size – vascular – larger, trees, tall plants; non – vascular – short to the groundb. Reproduction – vascular – reproduce using flowers and fruits, some vascular plants such as ferns

use spores, non vascular – reproduce through sporesc. Obtaining water – vascular draws it up from water source through vascular tissue, non-vascular –

absorbs water from source(s)

30. Which groups of plants (that we studied) are considered to be:a. Vascular – Pterophyta, Ginkophyta, Coniferophyta, Anthophyta. b. Nonvascular – Bryophyta

31. Give an example of each group:a. Bryophyte – mosses, liverworts, hornwortsb. Pterophyte - fernsc. Coniferophyte – evergreen, pine treesd. Anthophyte – flower bearing plants which yield fruit (peach/apple tree)

32. What are the male and female reproductive structures of a nonvascular plant?a. Male b. Female

33. What are the male and female reproductive structures of a vascular plant?a. Maleb. Female

34. Fill in the table below in regard to the difference between a monocot and a dicot:Seed Root Stem Leaf Flower

Monocot

1 cotyledon

fibrous root

vascular bundles scattered

veins parallel

parts in multiples

of 3

Dicot2

cotyledons

taproot system

vascular bundles arranged in ring

veins branched

parts in multiples of 4 or 5

35. What is the difference between primary and secondary growth?a. Primary growth – length growthb. Secondary growth – width growth

36. What is the difference between Xylem and Phloem?a. Xylem – water and nutrient transportb. Phloem – food and nutrient transport

37. What is a plant tropism?a. Gravitropism – growth in response to gravityb. Thigmotropism – growth in response to touchc. Phototropism - growth in response to light

38. Draw and label the parts of a flower.

39. What are the male and female parts of a flower?a. Male – stamen, anther, filamentb. Female – pistil, stigma, style, ovary, ovule

40. What is the role of a guard cell? Regulation the rate of water transpiration by controlling the stomata

41. Describe the process of Double Fertilization.

42. List the primary function of the following systems:a. Digestive system – converts food energy into usable chemical energy e. Skeletal system – support, protection, movement b. Circulatory system – transports nutrients throughout the body ab. Muscular system – support, movement c. Nervous system – responds to environment, homeostasis ac. Excretory system – processes liquid wastes d. Respiratory system – exchange of O2 and CO2 gases in the body ad. Endocrine system – hormone regulation

43. Compare mechanical and Chemical digestion.Mechanical – physical digestion, chewing, churning, movement of food energy in bodyChemical – breakdown of food nutrients into chemical components for body's use

44. Describe the process of digestion.a. Where does mechanical digestion take place? Mouthb. Where does chemical digestion start? Mouth (saliva)c. Where does absorption take place? (small intestine, large intestine)

45. Draw and label a neuron:

46. How does a neuron receive and transmit a signal? Synapses allow chemical and electrical signals to move from one cell to the next

47. Define homeostasis: organisms response to external and internal environment to maintain stability of its systems functions

48. Give examples of:a. Positive Feedback - blood platelet accumulation, which, in turn, causes blood clotting in

response to a break or tear in the lining of blood vessels. Another example is the release of oxytocin to intensify the contractions that take place during childbirth.

b. Negative Feedback - Control of body temperature by shivering or sweating and control of blood glucose by creating insulin or glucagon

49. What is meant by zones of tolerance and intolerance in regards to organisms in their habitat?

What its willing to go through to stay in that habitat.

50. What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?

Habitat – is where an organism livesNiche – Organisms role it plays in the environment

51. Draw a simple food chain consisting of the following organisms: Snake, Grasses, Rabbit, Hawk

52. Draw a trophic pyramid showing the same information. Label the following:a. Autotrophb. Heterotrophc. Show the energy loss between each step

53. Compare and contrast primary succession and secondary succession.

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

Primary – gradual growth over a long period of time on rock or cooled lava flow devoid of vegetation or lacking soilSecondary – growth occurring on a surface that previously supported vegetation and has soil

54. Compare and contrast organisms that have a rapid vs a slow life history pattern.Rapid- Reproduces quickly because offspring can die in large amounts due to unstable environments, predators. Slow- Reproduces slowly.

55. What is the #1 threat to biodiversity?Habitat loss

56. What is meant by habitat degradation?Losing habitats with roads, houses, ect.

57. What is an exotic species? Species that are introduced into a population and have no predators and disrupt predator/prey relationships/food chains, ect.

58. Why are exotic species a problem?Species that are introduced into a population and have no predators and disrupt predator/prey relationships/food chains, ect.

59. Compare and contrast Endothermic vs Ectothermic organisms.

Endothermic organisms can control their body temperatures internally. Ex) Mammals Ectothermic organisms require heat from the environment to maintain body temperatures. Ex) Reptiles

60. Define the 3 types of animal symmetry (then draw a picture of each)a. radial – down center have all somewhat equal parts. b. bilateral- 2 halvesc. asymmetry- no symmetry. Ex- Sponge

61. List the characteristics common to all developing chordates- notochord -Pharyngeal gills-post anal tail

Animal Kingdom – Major PhylaPorifera Cnidaria Platyhelmenthes Nematoda Annelid Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropod Chordata

a aExamples

Body symmetry

Embryonic tissue (germ) layers

Unique features

if applicable

Animal Kingdom – Vertebrates (subphylum within Chordata)Mammalia Aves Reptilia Amphibia Osteichthyes Chrondichthye

sAgnatha

Examples Humans Birds Snake, Lizzard

Frog Bony fish Shark, Sting Rays

Lamprey

Endothermic orEctothermic

Endothermic Endothermic Ectothermic Ectothermic Ectothermic Ectothermic Ectothermic

Unique featuresif applicable