Chest: 1. What are the 3 divisions of the chest?

o Respiratory o Bony thorax o Mediastinum

2. What is the pharynx? What are the 3 subdivisons?Pharynx- passageway for food and air

o 3 subdivisions Naso Oro Laryngopharynx

Uvula- separates oro and laryngopharynx3. What is the larynx and where is it located?

Larynx- C3 to C6o Thyroid cartilage

4. What is the Trachea? Where is it located? C6 to T4/T5

o Windpipeo Rigid rings

5. What is different about the Rt./ Lt. bronchi? What is aspiration? o Carina- T5o Right bronchi- short, wider, more vertical o Aspiration- when food or water goes into lungs

More apt to go to right bc it is shorter and more vertical 6. How many portions do the left and right Lungs have?

o 2 portions on lefto 3 portions on right

7. What is the Apex? What are the apices? top of lungs

Apices- both top of lungs 8. What is the Parietal pleura? What is the pleural cavity?

outside lining of lungs o Pleural cavity- releases serous fluid to reduce friction

Pleurisy- inflammation in pleural cavity 9. What is Parenchyma?

general lung tissue 10. What are the steps of Respiration?

o Starts at larynx then trachea then right and left bronchi, secondary bronchi, then bronchial lobes, then alveoli

11. Landmarks for positioning? o Jugular notch T2- T3

Center 3 to 4 inches inferior to notch is central ray Want to put central ray at T6- T7 for AP

o Sternal angle/ Carina T4/T5 Hard to find

o Xiphoid process- T9/T10 o Inferior scapula borders- T6/T7

On back of shoulder blade Brings you to exact level of central ray

12. What are the Clinical indications for a chest x-ray?o Pre op screeningo Chest paino Physical examo Numerous pathologies o Post trauma o F/U follow-up to phenomena

13. What are the Pathologies for a chest x-ray? 14. What is dyspnea?

Dyspnea- difficulty breathing 15. What does COPD stand for?

chronic obstruction pulmonary disease hard to breathe emphazema can come from this

16. What is atelectasis? collapse of lungs with scaring from the collapse

i. Looks blackii. Have to go up in technique

17. What is pnemothorax? accumulation of air in pleural space go down in technique

18. What is bronchiectasis? irreversible inflammation

19. What is the difference between benine and malignant? Benine- non-cancerous

1. More smooth Malignant- cancerous

2. No definite rounded shape, hazy around the edges or spiculated

20. What kind of technique do you use? What kind of contrast is it? What is the kVp range?

a. Long scale contrast b. 100 kVp or higher is required

21. What is hypersthenic vs hypostenic and asthenic?o hypersthenic male patients require 14*17 crosswise o hyposthenic- very small patient o sthenic- average patient o asthenic- tall narrow patient

o Women always safe doing 14*17 lengthwise 22. How do you reduce heart magnification?

PA- reduce heart magnificationo 72’ SID for reduction of magnification o Left lateral- bring heart closest to image receptor

23. What is an Apical axial? o Requires a 25-30 degree cephalic angle to bring clavicles away from

lung apices o CR 2 inches inferior to jugular notcho Radiologist sees an artifact in chest only in superior aspect of chest o Same SID and technique as PA chest but increased collimation

24. What is an Apical lordotic? o Patient leaning backo Angle patient instead of tube

25. What is a Decubitus and why do you do it? How must the CR be?o See air fluid levelso Pneumo- side up/ effusion- side down o Patient should be in the side position for 10 minutes to allow for

delineation of air/fluid levelso Book/boards= 20 mins o Patient will need to be propped up to include all anatomy o CR must be horizontal o If right numothorax you want to do a left decubitis

Whatever side the air is in you want that side up If fluid in right lung you want right side down If you don’t know then side of interest is that side down

26. What is an Oblique and why would you do it?o If potential super imposition o 10-15 degrees for superimposition o 45 degrees RAO/LAO preferred for pathology in lung field, reduces

magnification o 60 degree LAO oblique for heart studies o CR level @ T7o 110=125 kVp, on 2nd inspiration

27. What does AEC do? automatic exposure control keeps technique consistent

o You have to set mA but it controls the time, sets total mAso Has 3 chambers

Right and left= PA, decubitis and oblique Lateral and apical would use center chamber

Abdomen:

28. What are Clinical indications for the abdomen?o Rupture/perforation of abdominal viscera

o Obstruction o Infectiono Pathologies

Pneumoperitoneum (free of intraperitoneal air) Air/fluid levels Cholelithiasis and urolithiasis

(biliary and renal calculi) Ascites (build up of fluid in abdomen)

Usually caused by fluid in liver Volvulus (twist of bowel upon itself) Intuessusception

29. What is pnemoperitoneum?30. What is cholelithiasis?31. What is urolithiasis?32. What is ascites?33. What does volvulus mean?34. What is intuessusception?35. What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?36. What are the Clinical landmarks?

o Xiphiod- T9-T10 for locating MSP, superior abdomen/diaphragmo Inferior costal margin- L2-L3, lower part of ribs o Iliac crest- L4-L5o Greater trochanter at level of symphysis pubis

37. What does Supine mean? Why is it performed?a. Most frequently performed for initial and f/u evaluation of most

pathologiesb. Also performed as the “scout” image for upper and lower G.I. series;

excretory urography; biliary procedures 38. What are the Positioning criteria for supine?

a. Patient placed in supine position with MSP centered to mid tableb. Central ray directed perpendicular to iliac crest (must include

symphasis pubis)c. kVp range 80 for digitald. Gonadal shield for a malee. Apply breast shield for a femalef. Correct respiratory phase on exhalation

i. Pushes the diagram up ii. Decrease peristaltic activity (gets rid of motion)

39. Why do you perform an Erect/upright position?a. Done for air/fluid levelsb. Rule out atopic organs

i. Situs Inversus is when intestines are reversed ii. Dextrocardia- just the heart on the reversed side

c. Must include diaphragms

d. Patient should be positioned PA if kidneys not of primary interest to reduce breast/godnal dose

i. This needs to be done first when this is ordered ii. Unless the renal system is involved then it is always PA

because it reduces significant gonad and breast radiation e. Allow 10 min for air/fluid levels to develop

40. What is the Positioning criteria for an erect PA?a. Patient positioned PA on vertical table or upright unit with MSP

centered to filmb. Central ray directed perpendicular and 2 inches superior to iliac crestc. Respiratory phase on full exhalationd. Increase kVp 6-10e. Shield gonadal region

41. Why do you do a x-ray PA and not AP? When do you do an AP? a. You significantly decrease patient dose b. Do it AP only when looking at kidneys

42. What kind of Lateral decubitis is preferred and why?a. Left lateral preferred

i. Immediately turn on left side if in a stretcherii. Do left lateral so you get rid of gastric bubble only goes as far

as stomach and if there is free air then it goes into diaphram 43. Where do you put the central ray for a decubitis? What marker do you put?

a. Alternate for erect or if required by protocolb. Allow 10 mins for air/fluid separationc. Central ray directed to MSP and 2 inches superior to iliac crestd. Full exhalation e. Same exposure as erectf. Side marker on down sideg. Put marker near pelvic

44. Intestinal obstruction? What can common mechanical causes include? o Can be mechanical or malfunctiono Common mechanical causes include:

Surgical adhesions Diverticulitis - when diverticulum (balloon shaped coming out

from wall of lower intestine) bursts Foreign body Volvulus Tumors

Hand:

45. What are the types of Fracture? a. Longitudinal b. Spiralc. Simpled. Compound

i. Very serious ii. Parts of fracture have gone through the skin

e. Oblique f. Comminuted

i. Multiple fragmentsg. Impacted

i. Common in elderly ii. Pushing the bone back against itself

iii. A lot in humerus and femur h. Compression

i. In thoracic or lumbar spine ii. Kyphosis- hunch back

46. What is the most common fractured site in the hand? a. Distal phalanx most commonly fractured site in hand of adults and

childreni. ½ of all hand related FX

ii. tuft- bony part at the very end of the finger b. Metacarpals are 2nd-1st digit (thumb) 3rd

47. How many phalanges are there? How many IP? How many metacarpals? How many MCP joints?

a. 14 phalanges b. 9 interphalangeal joints (IP joints)c. 5 metacarpalsd. 5 metacarphalangeal (MCP) joints

48. What side is the thumb always on?a. Thumb is always lateral side

49. What are the bones of the hand? What is the acronim for them?a. Phalanges labeled medial to lateral b. Proximal then lateral to medial then go to distal row by lateral to

medial

c. S.C.T.P.T.C.H50. What is a diarthrodial joint?

a. Diarthrodial joint because they are freely moveable 51. How do you position a PA Hand? What kind of receptor plate do you use?

What is the kVp? Where is the CR?a. Affected side closet to table with arm flexed 90 degrees with elbow

bent i. Helps minimize angulation and rotation at the hand and wrist

b. 100 ss (extremity) receptor or CR platec. Usually 60-65 kVpd. Shield ½ shield appropriate for adults

i. Full apron for childrene. Hand fully pronanted with digits extended f. CR perpendicular to 3rd MCP joint g. Collimation from tufts to proximal carpal row

i. Include part of radius and ulna (1 inch)52. What anatomy is demonstrated on a PA hand?

i. Interphalangeal and MCP jointsii. Base of 3-5 metacarpals best seen free of superimposition

iii. All soft tissueiv. Include carpals and 1’ of distal radius/ulnav. 1st digit seen in PA oblique position

53. What is the position for a PA Oblique? Why do you increase kVp and by how much?

a. Hand rotated 45 degree laterallyb. Fingers in extension or slightly flexed per protocols c. CR perpendicular at 3rd MCP joint

i. Near knuckle d. +3 kVp because you need to penetrate because you start to

superimpose e. You want to see carpal and metacarpal of thumb and 1st phalange

54. What do you want to see in a PA oblique hand?a. Base of 1st and 2nd metacarpals seen free of superimposition, as well as

1st carpometacarpal jointb. Base of 3-5 metacarpals seen with slight superimpositionc. Sesamoid frequently seen medial to 1st metacarpal head

55. What is the positioning for a Fan lateral hand? Where is the CR? What do you increase the kVp by? Why would you do a fan lateral?

a. Most commonly performed lateral b. Medial aspect closest to receptor c. Digits separated as much as possibled. CR is perpendicular to 2nd MCP jointe. Get individual laterals of 4 digits f. Increase kVp by 10g. Provides whether the fraction is in the anterior or posterior part of

the anatomy

56. What is a Lateral with flexion “relaxed”? Why would you do this? Where is the CR? What do you do to the kVp?

a. Evaluate anterior vs posterior metacarpals FX’sb. Truest lateral of metacarpalsc. Less painful for painfuld. Always perform for post reduction radiographse. CR is perpendicular to 2nd MCP joint f. Fan and relaxed lateral= +6 kVp

57. Why do you perform a Full extension lateral? Where is the CR?a. Used to demonstrate suspected soft tissue foreign bodiesb. Provides optimal superimposition of phalangesc. CR is perpendicular to MCP joint d. Usually recommend with “soft tissue exposure” (1/2 mAs) for analog

imaging only58. What is an AP oblique also called?

a. “ball-catcher’s/norgaard”59. Why do you do an AP oblique? Where is the CR?

a. Performed bilaterally so you can compare right and leftb. Use 100 ss analong receptor c. R/O early arthritic changes and base of proximal phalangesd. Rheumatoid arthritic- joints are deteriorated and very painful

i. Decrease kVp 6-10 depending on severity e. CR is right between two hands

60. What do you do for a Traumatic hand protocol?a. 2 AP approach b. Do AP of phalanges parallelc. Do AP of metacarpals parallel

61. In an AP thumb where is the thumb placed? What is the kVp?a. Affected hand is hyper pronanted to place the dorsal aspect of thumb

in contact with receptor b. CR is parallel to MCP joint

i. Make sure you get to bottom on hand to make sure you include scaphoid

c. 60 kVpd. Attempt to free the base of the carpometacarpal region of soft tissue

superimposition e. Must include carpometacarpal articulationf. Hyperpronante until thumb is in superimposition g. Have them take their other hand and pull the hand being x-rayed back h. Make sure they don’t over rotate the thumb

62. PA Oblique thumb placement? Where is the CR?a. Place hand in true PA position with 1st digit separated from other

digitsb. Thumb is naturally obliqued 45 degree when hand is pronanted c. CR is perpendicular to MCP Joint

63. What do you do for a Lateral thumb?

a. Rotate digit into lateral position by arching fingersb. CR is perpendicular to MCP Joint

64. What is a Bennett’s FX? Where is it? a. Primary intrarticular type associated with the 1st digitb. A fracture dislocation- base of 1st MC- 1st CM joint c. Make sure it is healed so they don’t get severe arthritis d. Fracture of the proximal end of the 1st metacarpal with dorsal and

lateral dislocation of the distal segment65. When can an Avulsion fracture happen? What is it?

a. Bone fracture, which occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of physical trauma.

b. Occur at the ligament due to the application forces external to the body (such as a fall or pull) or at the tendon due to a muscular contraction that is stronger than the forces holding the bone together

66. What is a Rolando FX?a. A “comminuted” (has multiple fragments) Bennett’s b. Intra-articular type with many fragments c. Much more difficult to treat then regular Bennett’s because of

multiple fragments 67. Why would you do a Robert’s projection? How would you do it?

a. Useful in assessment of “Bennett’s” vs “Rolando” FXb. 1st digit is positioned same as routine AP thumbc. Incorporates a 15 degree angle proximally/to the elbow d. Uses distortion to help differentiate possible fragments

68. What position would you do if you wanted to see digits 2-5?a. PA- PA oblique and lateral positions are performedb. Positioning criteria is same as PA, PA oblique hand and lateral thumb c. For all digits (2-5) CR is perpendicular proximal interphalangeal joint

(PIP)i. Has to be here so there is no beam divergence/ no distortion

ii. As beam emerges from tube and spreads out laterally it starts to come out an angle so when you center at a certain joint then there is less distortion

69. Where is a Boxer’s FX? In what metacarpal is it the most common FX?a. Metacarpals are 2nd most frequently fractured area of the handb. Boxer’s is the most common FX of the 5th metacarpalc. It is a transverse FX through the neck of the metacarpal, with volar

(anterior) displacement 70. What do you do for a plaster cast? What if the cast is still wet?

a. Plaster = 2x > mAsi. If it still has moisture in it then you must 2x the mass plus 10%

more kVp71. What do you do for a waterproof cast?

a. Waterproof = +3 kVp

72. What is the difference between a closed reduction?

a. Post reduction protocols b. Closed reduction-simple realignment w/o SX, apply pressure c. Internal fixation- put screws, etc or need SX

Wrist:

1. What do you do for a PA wrist?a. Patient is positioned with affected side closest to table with arm

flexed 90 degreesb. Mid carpus centered to mid receptor c. Fingers are then flexed or elevated to bring carpals in contact with

receptor or make a fist d. CR is perp to midcarpus

2. Why do you have the patient make a fist?i. This minimizes OID (object image distance) and increases

resolution and minimizes magnification distortion 3. What is the PA critique? What do you want to see?

a. Collimation should include from mid metacarpals to 2” of the distal radius/ulna

b. Proximal scaphoid, capitate and hamate are the only carpals seen free of superimposition

c. Radiolunar joint is well demonstrated 4. How do you do a PA Oblique wrist? What is the kVp?

a. Wrist is rotated 45 degrees to receptor planeb. CR perp to midcarpusc. Best demonstrates the trapezium, trapezoid free of superimposition

and the distal scaphoid and lunate are well seen d. 3 kVp is good

5. How do you do an AP Oblique wrist? What does this projection show free of superimposition?

a. Wrist semisupinated and adjusted at 45 degrees obliquity to receptor place

b. CR directed perp to midcarpus c. Best demonstrates the pisiform and triquetral free of superimposition d. Only routine projection that shows pisiform free of superimposition e. Can either supinate or pronante

6. How do you do a Lateral wrist? What does this best demonstrate? Where do you put the marker?

a. Rotate hand and wrist to a true lateral position with ulnar aspect in contact with receptor

b. CR perp to midcarpusc. Best demonstrates anterior vs posterior displacement of structuresd. Put marker on anterior side

7. What is the difference between a Colle’s vs Smith’s FX? What are they both associated with?

a. Both associated with the distal radius and ulna

b. Colle’s most common in females > 50 because of osteoporosis c. Colle’s- FX distal radius with posterior (dorsal) displacement

i. Happens when they fall forward on the outstretched armii. Posterior displacement with ulna styloid FX

d. Smith’s- FX distal radius with anterior (volar) displacement i. Fall backwards

ii. Anterior displacement 8. How would you see if there is a fracture?

a. To see if there is a fracture RA look for cortex of bone (outer lining of bone)

b. Suppose to be smooth c. And look for bone trabeculae pattern should be smooth endless

fractured i. Pathology more interrupts boney trabeculae

9. What is the most commonly fractured carpal? Why is it important to visualize early?

a. Scaphoid injuriesb. Most commonly fractured carpal (80% of all carpals FX)c. Important to properly visualize early due to vascular supply and

decrease ANV (avascular necrosis) bone begins to die 10. What Projections do you do for a scaphoid injury?

a. PA- ulnar deviationb. Stetcher’sc. Multi-angle series

11. What are the common sites of scaphoid FX?a. 70% happen at waistb. 20% proximalc. 10% distal

12. Why do you do Ulnar vs radial deviation? a. Do them for ligament stability b. Radial- medial carpal bonesc. Ulnar-scaphoid

13. What is the Stetcher’s projection?a. Performed to better demonstrate the scaphoidb. Scaphoid seen w/o anatomical foreshortening or bony

superimpositionc. 2 methods- both required hand in maximum ulnar deviation

i. Both open and elongate the scaphoid 14. What is a True Stetcher’s? Where is the CR? What does this do?

a. Wrist is pronanted in max. ulnar deviationb. Hand is then elevated 20 degreesc. CR is perpendicular “snuffbox”d. 20 degree angle brings scaphoid parallel to IRe. Deviation decreases palmar tilt of distal pole f. Open and elongate scaphoid

15. What is a Modified stetcher’s? what do you angle? What does this show?

a. Hand and wrist are pronanted in maximum ulnar deviationb. CR @ 20 degrees proximal angle c. Fingers in flexed position d. Angle tube not anatomy e. Open and elongate scaphoid

16. What does ulnar deviation do?a. Ulnar deviated pulls the prox pole of the scaphoid out from

underneath the lunante17. What does the angle do to the scaphoid?

a. Angle reduced superimposition of scaphoid up on itself and opens and elongates scaphoid

18. What does the multi-angle series for scaphoid?a. 4 exposure seriesb. Demonstrates occult scaphoid FXc. Same as PA with ulnar deviationd. 0-10-20-30 degrees proximally

19. What is the Carpal canal/tangential/gaynor-hart? Why do you do it?a. Used to visualize the “carpal tunnel”b. R/o carpal tunnel syndrome

i. Usually damage or narrowing of a canal (stenosis)ii. Any type of narrowing puts pressure on the nerve

iii. Repetitive motion over a long period of time 20. What is an EMG?

a. electromylo cardiogram- test for carpal tunnel1. Nerve conduction study

21. What does the carpal canal show?a. Visualize pisiform and hamulus free of superimposition b. Perfect for hamulus and pisiform and AB oblique

22. How do you do a Carpal canal/tangential? a. Affected arm extended and parallel to tableb. Hyperextend hand and wrist (attempt to place fingers 90 degrees to

receptor)c. CR directed 25-30 degrees angled to base of 3rd metacarpald. Less hyperextension=more tube <e. Slight 5 degree rotated toward thumb to help elevate hamulus

23. Why do you perform a AP wrist? What does it demonstrate?a. Used to better demonstrate intercarpal spaces and r/o ligamentous

disruption or carpal instability DO NOT TO PA WRISTb. Fingers clenched to increase stress on ligaments c. Have patient clench wrist d. Do AP to demonstrate spaces in between carpals better because their

more parallel to beam and IR i. PA closes a lot of these carpal spaces

24. What is a Terry Thomas?a. Terry Thomas sign (scapholunar disruption) big space between

scaphoid and lunate

25. What does show Lunate dislocation?a. lateral (if you see moon of lunate sitting over the radius then it’s a

typical sign of lunar dislocation)26. What is Kienbocks disease?

a. avascular necrosis of the lunate b. It can re-vascularize quickly with immobilization

27. Lateral wrist in flexion a. Extension and flexion for carpal instability along with AP wrist

28. What is a carpal boss? Where does it occur?a. Carpal boss- bony lump on the back of the hand. The carpal boss

occurs at the junction of the long hand bones and the small wrist bones

Elbow and forearm

29. What side is the ulna on? What does the trochela notch allow for? Anatomy of the elbow?

a. Ulna side is medial b. Trochela notch allows for extension and flexion

i. Associated with distal head of the humerusc. Radial head, neck, and tuberosityd. Radial head associates with capitulum

30. What is the Arthrology of the elbow?a. Diarthrodial “hinge” articulationb. Humeroradial (capitulum and radial head)c. Humeroulnar (trochlea and trochlea notch)

31. Fractures associated with the forearm (Pediatric)a. Look for growth plates on child forearm b. Torus (“buckle” fracture)

i. Not an impaction fractureii. Prolapse and pops back out but leaves a fracture line

iii. From falling c. Greenstick

i. Occurs with complete fracture on cortex sideii. Bone doesn’t brake completely through

iii. Usually caused by bending of the arm iv. Also an early sign of child abuse

d. Salter- harris i. Lots of classifications

ii. Fracture that involves the apophysis32. Fractures associated with the forearm (adult)

a. Parry (nightstick)- an isolated fracture of the unlai. Mid shaft of the ulna

ii. Goes completely through bone b. Monteggia- FX of the proximal 1/3 of the ulna with dislocation of the

proximal radius

i. On outstretched armc. Galeazzi- mid to distal 1/3 radius with dislocation distal radiolunar

joint i. On outstretched arm

33. How do you do an AP forearm? What do you do to the hand?a. Long bone- must include joints proximal and distal to injuryb. Anode heel effectc. Arm extended and supinated- humeral epicondyles parallel to

receptori. Any pronation will cross over the radias and ulna

d. CR is perpendicular to midshaft 34. How do you do a Lateral Forearm? Where is the CR?

a. Arm flexed 90 degrees with humerus and forearm in same planei. If the table doesn’t move then you can use a sponge or ask

patient to squat down b. Hand and wrist rotated into lateral positionc. Humerus needs to be on the same plane d. CR is perpendicular to midshaft

35. What makes a perfect lateral?i. You want elecronon process free of superimposition

ii. Want to see trochelar notch free of superimpositioniii. See coronoid iv. Distal Radius and ulna is superimposed

Elbow

36. What is the percent of injuries to the adult elbow involve the radial head and neck (fall on outstretched arm with forearm pronated)

a. 50%37. What is the kVp for the elbow?

a. around 6538. What are the different types of fractures that can happen to the radial head?

a. Mason fractures 1-4:i. Type 1: non-displaced fracture simple fracture of the radial

headii. Type 2: fracture with radial displacement

iii. Type 3: comminuted iv. Type 4: fracture with dislocation of the proximal radius

39. What does type 3 and 4 have in common?a. Type 3 and 4 usually with open reduction with internal rotation

40. AP Elbow? Where is the CR? a. Elbow extended with hand supinationb. Epicondyles must be parallel with receptor planec. Wrist has to be fully supinated d. CR is perpendicular to joint

i. Right at the level of epicondyles

41. How can you tell it is an AP?a. You can tell its AP:

i. Medial epicondyle free of superimpositionii. Rest of it is a survey

iii. See elecronon fossa iv. 1/3 to ½ of the proximal radius will still be superimposed by the

ulna 42. Medial (internal) oblique

a. Elbow is positioned similar to AP, then entire arm is rotated medially to place epicondyles in a 45 degree plane

b. CR is perpendicular to jointc. Common area for an avulsion fracture

43. What does the internal oblique best demonstrate?a. Position best demonstrates the coronoid process and trochlea

44. What is the difference between AP vs Lateral oblique? a. Lateral- no superimposition of the proximal radius and ulnab. AP- 1/3 superimposition of the proximal radius

45. Lateral (external) obliquea. Elbow positioned same as APb. Entire is rotated laterally to place epicondyles in a 45 degree planec. Lean patient laterallyd. CR is perpendicular to joint

46. What does the lateral external oblique best demonstrate?a. Best demonstrates the radial head, neck and tubercle and capitulum

47. Lateral elbowa. Elbow is flexed 90 degrees with humerus and forearm in same planeb. Hand and wrist rotated into a lateral positionc. CR is perpendicular to joint

48. What does the lateral elbow best demonstrate?a. Best demonstrates olecranon process and trochlear notch

49. When should you see fat pads? What are the posterior, anterior, and supernator fat pads?

i. You should not see fat pads endless there is an injury ii. You do not see the fat pads on any other position but the

lateral iii. Posterior- elecronon fossa, distal humerus or elecronon iv. Supernator fat pad- lies in soft tissue anterior of the proximal

radius 1. 100% for radial head FX

v. Anterior- coronoid fossa, distal humerus FX 50. What does a supernator fat pad mean in terms of the radial head?

1. 100% for radial head FX

*PA away= that side is elongated *AP towards= side gets elongated