Name 3 things Nationalists use to define nations

language, ethnicity, history, culture

What kind of people did liberals tend to be?

Wealthy, educated & excluded

Who did liberals want to deny representation to? Why?

lower classes, unfit for rep (nothing special about them)

What two things did the Belgians get their inspiration for revolt

from?

French Rev. of 1830 & the nationalist Opera

What kind of people were usually conservatives?

aristocratic monarchists (people who had power in the old pre-

french rev system)

Name 3 ideals the Liberals took from the Enlightenment.

Free press, religious tolerance, equality before the law, unrestricted economy

What king was removed in the French Revolution of 1830? What did he do to provoke

revolution?

Charles X, ousted liberal ministry – issued 4 (July) ordinances

Name 2 factors that contributed to the rise of the proletariat.

wage labor market, end of guilds, no longer controlled

means of production

What was the purpose of the Six Acts?

Make it easier to repress the reform demanders in GB

Who were the Burchenshaften? What happened to them?

Student Nationalist groups in Germany banned by Metternich

& Carlsbad Decrees

Identify the three major ways that workers sought to improve

their conditions in the early 1800’s.

socialism, chartism, labor unions

Who was the pioneer of socialism? Who did he believe

should control the means of production?

Saint Simon, industrial and intellectual elites

Who thought he could successfully build utopias based on textile manufacturing? Where

did he succeed? Fail?

Owen, Scotland & Indiana

What kind of equality were the Chartists pushing for? Name 3

parts of the Charter.

political equality; universal suffrage, salaries for

Commons, no prop. req., annual elections, equal districts

What was Marx’s major work?

Communist Manifesto

What did Marx feel was necessary to reorganize society? Would this entity be permanent?

Dictatorship of the proletariat, no

What did Marx believe would be the culminating event of history?

clash between Proletariat & Bourgeoisie, leading to a

society without oppression

What did the anarchists want? Why?

end to ind. & Gov’t, because ind. & gov’t limit freedom in people’s

lives

What were 3 general causes of the Revs. of 1848?

Hunger (bad harvests), unemployment, poor living & working conditions, political

oppression

How many separate revolts took place in 1848? Which was the

first major uprising?

Over 50, the February Revolution in France

Where were the four major revolutions of 1848?

France (Nap III), Italy (Roman Republic), Austria (Magyars & Czechs), Germany (workers

and liberals)

What impact did the Crimean war have on the Great Powers (Au. Pr.,

Ru. & GB)?

Ended it (broke up the order of Congress of Vienna)

What impact did this break up have on Germany & Italy?

Allowed for their unification (since powers couldn’t unite to stop it like they had in the past)

Who did Cavour secure help from in Piedmont’s fight against Austria?

Napoleon III (France)

What priorities did Garibaldi demonstrate when he turned over Southern Italy to Cavour

(the monarchist)?

nationalism over republicanism

Bismarck wanted unification by ____ & ____, which symbolized

what?

blood & iron, war & industrial strength

How did Bismarck use the Danish war to deal with

Austria?

Conflict over spoils of war leads to Austro-Prussian

War in 1866

How did the realists want to portray life?

as it actually was in order to shock the bourgeoisie

Name three kinds of horrid conditions that the new urban

cities faced.

disease, overcrowding, crime, sanitation, prostitution

Name two developments that helped solve these problems in

the late 1800’s.

sewers, electric light, public housing

What school of painters wanted to capture the entire essence of

the moment?

the impressionists

How did the middle class try to set themselves apart from the

WC?

buying consumer goods, living in better neighborhoods, etc.

What did romantic painters like Goya and Turner attempt to

portray?

their emotional view of the world

Name two kinds of white collar jobs that were created by the 2nd

Ind Rev.

sales clerks, typists, phone operators, traveling salesmen