335© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016S.N. Nyeck (ed.), Public Procurement Reform and Governance in Africa, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-52137-8

Henry Amadi teaches at the University of Nairobi in the Department of Political Science and Public Administration. His research focuses on public administration, international relations, and political sociology.

Opawole Akintayo , Department of Quantity Surveying, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Chrysantus Ayangafac is the Governance Advisor at United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Ethiopia.

Sehen Bekele is former team leader of the Democratic Governance and Capacity Development Unit at UNDP, Ethiopia.

Marlese Von Broembsen is a Senior Lecturer in the Centre for Law and Society, Faculty of Law at the University of Cape Town (UCT), where she teaches law and development. She holds a BA from the University of Stellenbosch, an LLB from the UCT, and an MA in Development Studies from the University of the Western Cape. She holds an NRF Innovation Scholarship, is a Potter Fellow, and is currently at Harvard Law School as a Harvard/South Africa Fellow. Previously, Von Broembsen worked as a lead researcher at the Business School, UCT. She has engaged in policy work for government and global aid agencies for many years. Von Broembsen has published on legal empowerment of the poor, global value chains, and labor law and development.

Emmanuel Bothale is a Senior Lecturer in Public Finance in the Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Botswana. His research interests are public budgeting, project management, governance, and children’s issues.

Dassa Bulcha is program analyst at UNDP, Ethiopia. Chibuzo C. Ekwekwuo is an attorney with practice experience in privatization,

public procurement, law reforms, institutional integrity, and system development.

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

336 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

He holds an MSC in public procurement management for sustainable develop-ment from Turin University, a postgraduate diploma in corruption studies, and an IP3 (Institute for Public-Private Partnerships) certifi cation as a PPP (practitioner personal profi le) practitioner. He is the managing partner at A&E Law Partnership ( www.aandelaw.com ), member of the Cooke Robotham Global Practice Group ( http://www.cookerobotham.com/About.htm ), and chairperson of the Board of the Public and Private Development Centre.

Stephen de la Harpe , LLD, is an Associate Professor of Law at North- West University in South Africa.

Frank S.  Jenkins is an Advocate of the High Court of South Africa and a senior legal adviser in South Africa. He obtained a master’s degree in commer-cial law at the University of Stellenbosch, where he worked as a junior lecturer. Before joining Parliament in 2001—where he holds the position of senior legal adviser—and being admitted as an Advocate of the High Court in the same year, he worked as an activist/researcher for the Human Rights Committee. His pub-lications include book reviews on humanitarian law post–World War II and the confl ict in Vietnam, articles on refugee law, and a chapter in a recent publication concerning mobilizing social justice in South Africa through constitutional and statutory avenues.

Edmond Keller is a research professor at the University of California, Los Angeles and a distinguished Africanist scholar.

Justin Laing holds a BA LLB (Cape Town), BA Honors (UNISA), and LLM (Nottingham) degrees. He is a director at Clark Laing Attorneys and has served as an Acting Judge in the Easter Cape Division of the High Court of South Africa.

Keneilwe Sadie Mooketsane is a Public Administration Lecturer at the University of Botswana.

S.N. Nyeck is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Clarkson University in New York.

Jagboro Godwin Onajite is a lecturer in the Department of Quantity Surveying, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Opawole Mary Oluwatoyin is a lecturer in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Molefe Phirinyane is a research fellow at the Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis.

Kingsley Tochi Udeh is the principal partner at T.K Udeh & Associates (Legal Practitioners and Consultants) in Abuja-Nigeria. Kingsley is also a Lecturer at Baze University Abuja-Nigeria, a member of the African Public Procurement Regulation Research Unit (APPRRU) at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, and a member of the editorial committee of the African Public Procurement Law Journal.

Simeon Wanyama is an Associate Professor of Accounting Strategic Management. He is a fellow of the Association of Chartered Certifi ed Accountants

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 337

(FCCA), a member of the Institute of Certifi ed Public Accountants of Uganda (ICPAU), and a Certifi ed International Procurement Professional (CIPP). He serves as the Chairman of the Board of Public Procurement Disposal of Public Assets Authority (PPDA) of Uganda and is a member of the Council of the ICPAU.

339© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016S.N. Nyeck (ed.), Public Procurement Reform and Governance in Africa, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-52137-8

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359© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016S. Nyeck (ed.), Public Procurement Reform and Governance in Africa, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-52137-8

INDEX

A AfDB (African Development Bank) ,

262–3 agency

capital and expertise v , 10, 58, 106, 109, 242, 262

delegation , 11, 289 development and agenda control , 5,

33, 40, 107 international , 223 lack of , 58 procurement offi cer , 150 regulatory and public ,

237, 242 third-party procurement ,

211, 217 AGOA (African Growth Opportunity

Act) , 5 ANCOR (Anticorruption Revolution)

also see corruption , 269 Angola , 5, 57, 66 APP (African Progress Panel) , 56

B BEC (Bid Evaluation Committee) ,

160–2, 173 Botswana

BDF (Botswana Defense Force) , 194 BOCONGO (Botswana Council of

Non-Governmental Organizations) , 193

CMS (Central Medical Stores) , 277, 280–295

IPMS (Integrated Patient Management System) , 291

PPAD (Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Act) , 181

PPADB (Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Board) , 181

procurement , 189 ; contractor registration: contract termination , 295 ; district level , 180 ; health system and healthcare delivery sector , 277–9, 284 ; HIV/AIDS , 23, 280 ;

360 INDEX

Botswana (cont.) process and policy goals , 182, 185, 278, 280 ; specifi cations , 290 ; technical assistance and skills , 186, 280, 285, 294

Burundi , 5, 106, 114, 212, 224

C Cameroon , 63–6 Chad , 63 CID (Criminal Investigation

Department) , 194 COMESA (Common Market for

Eastern and Southern Africa) , 100 Competition , 3–4, 19, 24, 39–41, 98,

101, 103, 111–112, 122, 137, 141–2, 187, 191, 212–220, 225–29, 237, 240, 248

among providers , 225 Competition Act , 77 contracting as competition , 184 elite competition , 52 foreign/global/international , 3, 4,

98–99 noncompetition contracts , 44 open , 19 with Chinese companies , 19, 193

Congo , 14, 55–6, 63 corruption , 5, 7, 13, 14, 17, 19, 22,

24–5, 34–5, 37, 41, 43–8, 52, 53, 57, 62–3, 66, 121, 134, 142–4, 161, 172, 189, 193, 197, 208, 219, 222, 228, 245, 261, 270, 275, 286, 288, 294

bribes , 228 CPI (Corruption Perception Index) ,

287 ICPC (Independent Corrupt

Practice and Other Related Offenses) , 311

CPAR (Country Procurement Assessment Report) , 237

Crown Agents , 12, 36–7, 39–43, 203–4, 254–5, 257, 285–6, 295

CSOs (Civil Society Organizations) , 236–53

CTB (Central Tender Boards) , 181, 256, 259, 261–4, 269–70

D DATC (District Administration Tender

Committee) , 181 DCEC (Directorate on Corruption

and Economic Crime) , 288 debt , 1–2, 35, 38–42, 317, 319, 320,

324 democracy , 44–5, 103, 132, 170, 236,

239 devolution

of authority and responsibility , 165, 169–70, 189–90

Crown’s agency , 36 of power , 170, 237

donors , 18, 128, 222, 237, 250, 279, 295, 314, 316, 318, 320

DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) , 55, 57, 63–4, 326, 330

E EAC (East African Community) , 317

COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) , 100

evaluation matrix , 293 EAPF (East African Public

Procurement Forum) , 5 effi ciency

centralization , 165 operational , 190 private sector , 45 procurement process , 3

EITI (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative) , 52

INDEX 361

e-procurement , 228, 248 Equatorial Guinea , 66 Ethiopia , 4 expenditure , 52, 63

F Fairness also see competition and

transparency , 98–9, 105, 111, 116, 122

fi ndings on fairness , 162 natural resources contracts , 59 procedural fairness , 158 substantive fairness , 14, 123 unfairness , 13, 17, 54, 103

foreign investors , 54, 59, 62, 129, 300

G Gabon , 55, 57, 63, 66, 73 Gambia , 100 GATT (General Agreement on Trade

Tariffs) , 79, 80, 93 Ghana , 5 Governance , 39, 41, 44, 47, 55, 57,

59, 66, 72, 100, 154, 191, 260, 350

analytical approaches , 52 citizen’s participation in , 264 cognitive capture , 85 by contract , 44 cost-benefi t analysis , 10–11, 13, 24,

43–5 defi nition , 7 failure to take account of , 85 gap of , 273 good governance measures , vii–viii,

121, 164, 237, 263, 277, 279–80, 282, 290, 295

hard governance , 86 market governance , 248 micro-institutions , 1, 3–4, 7, 8, 10,

24, 32, 39, 70, 77–8, 357

public governance , 261 public infrastructures , 273, 299 public procurement , 248 public resources , 7, 261, 273 regime security , 60 resource governance index , 52 the rise of , 96, 348 soft governance , 86

Governance mechanism bribery and bidders , 228 delegation of authority , 289 formal , 7, 170, 250 incentives , 3, 61, 287, 348 informal rules , 9 institutional matrix , 7–8, 328 monitoring , vii, 20–22, 91, 118,

141–2, 153, 159, 197, 210, 240–242, 245–58, 261–5, 268, 285, 289, 291, 351

points allocation , 15 procurement implementation ,

115 social accountability , 12, 24, 97,

201, 242, 270, 282 unit of analysis , 6, 8, 20, 52–3, 234,

236–8, 252, 254, 256, 339, 357

GPA (Government Procurement Agreement) , 4, 80, 93, 98–102, 117, 120–121, 147–8, 154–5

as benchmark in public procurement , 13, 90–92, 98–9, 191, 197, 244, 263, 269

Guinea , 6, 55–6, 66

H HACCP (hazard analysis and critical

control points) , 83, 86 hidden costs , 44 history , 12–13, 261, 316

colonial african v , 13, 19–20, 27, 31, 36, 43, 47, 56, 98

362 INDEX

discrimination , 78, 99, 102, 106, 113, 166

procurement systems , 98 public procurement reform , 20,

229, 316 hospital procurement , 279, 282, 287

I ICPC (Independent Corrupt Practice

and Other Related Offenses) , 311 ICRC (Independent Complaints

Review Committee) , 189, 192 IDA ( International Development

Association, UK) , 320 IDF (International Development

Fund) , 269, 272, 275 IDM (Institute of Development

Management) , 196 IMF (International Monetary Fund) ,

314 innovation challenge , 272 innovative fi nancing and procurement ,

13, 21, 45 institutional change , 289 institutions , 6–7

administrative capability and authority , 7

audit and law , 84, 129, 168, 193, 204, 213

code of conduct , 80, 191, 217, 241 constraints , 19, 58, 78, 185, 195,

225, 269, 315 IPMS (Integrated Patient

Management System) , 291

J judicial review , 18, 61, 67, 163

enforcement , 21, 89, 153 public contracts , 2, 12, 16, 36,

42–4, 148, 162, 225, 257, 299, 301, 345, 349, 357

K Kenya

concession contract , 319–22, 329 ; agreement , 313–14, 316, 322, 328 ; long-term , 310 ; risk and uncertainties , 319 ; strategy for economic growth , 313

EAC (East African Community) , 317 KRC (Kenya Railways Corporation) ,

313, 324, 329 outsourcing , 314–16 partnership ; between Kenya and

RVR , 313 ; PPP (public-private- partnership) , 315 ; privatization , 329

PPOA (Public Procurement Oversight Authority) , 316

public procurement ; corruption , 313 ; the governance of , 314 ; infrastructure , 315 ; patronage , 319

RRI (Rapid Results Initiative) , 321 RVC (Rift Valley Consortium) , 318,

323–4, 329 RVR (Rift Valley Railways) , 24, 314,

317–31 subsidiary ; Safari Rail Company Ltd ,

326–7

L law

hard law incentivized the private sector , 89

law-politics-business matrix , 6, 9–10, 14–15, 17, 20, 36, 44, 53, 87, 150, 176, 204, 206, 236, 248, 273, 278, 290, 295, 299, 314

international donors , 237, 318 lead fi rm , 89 legal considerations , 2 transnational corporations , 32, 318

LGTB (Local Government Tender Board) , 208

history (cont.)

INDEX 363

Liberia , 14, 55–6 limited capacity , 195

access and information , 265, 268 LPP (local procurement program) , 185

M Madagascar , 100, 330 Mali , 55 Mauritania , 55 MFMA (Municipal Finance

Management Act) , 6, 111 MFN (Most Favored Nation) , 102 Monopoly , 3, 36, 39–42, 87,

109, 328 Morocco , 55 MSEEC (Medical Surgical Equipment

Valuation Committee) , 41, 290 MTC (Ministerial Tender Committee) ,

181, 190–2, 196

N Namibia

Tender Board of Namibia Act , 100 natural resources , 51

EITI (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiatives) , 52

Negotiation , 52–3, 58, 60 renegotiation , 55–6, 329

NGOs audit suppliers , 89

NIE (New Institutional Economics) , 3, 53

Niger , 55 Nigeria

BPP (Bureau of Public Procurement) , 237, 264, 268 ; accreditation , 240 ; cooperation of , 275 ; information , 259, 268, 270 ; procurement breaches , 258 ; procurement implementation , 253, 270 ; procurement monitoring , 248 ;

rating , 272 ; regulatory body , 240–1, 244–6, 253, 264 ; standard bidding documents , 247 ; structure , 237, 250–1, 264

budget , 299 ; allocation , 299–302 ; budget cycle , 253, 270, 275, 309 ; budgeting process , 302 ; delay , 270, 273, 302 ; on infrastructure , 301

corruption (anti-) , 240, 245, 246, 264, 266–7, 269, 273–5 ; contract-related scandals , 269 ; controlling corruption , 237 ; corruption risk , 263 ; deterring corruption , 261 ; EFCC (Economic and Financial Crimes Commission) , 269 ; procurement misappropriation , 270 ; procurement related , 262

CSOs (Civil Society Organizations) ; access to procurement recors , 246 ; accountability , 235 ; accreditation , 240, 253 ; advocacy purpose , 265 ; code of conduct , 241 ; collaborate with government , 247 ; evidence- based , 258, 265 ; monitoring contracts , 262 ; monitoring procurement , 247–9, 251–53, 261, 264–5 ; monitoring reports , 264 ; monitors , 241, 269 ; observer , 240–5, 251 ; procurement observers , 239–41, 244–5, 251 ; review mechanism , 244 ; technology: modern , 250 : poor , 248 : the portal , 265–8, 272–3, 275 : social activism , 261

infrastructure , 299 ; publicly- fi nanced , 311

law-politics-business matrix , 236, 248, 273, 299

364 INDEX

Nigeria (cont.) MDAs (Ministries, Departments,

and Agencies) , 268 ; procurement plans , 247

Osun state , 299, 303, 309–10 ; budget allocation for infrastructure projects , 306–7

PPA (Public Procurement Act) , 235

PPDC (Public Private Development Center) , 245, 265–6 ; assessment of the procurement process , 269 ; compelling public bodies , 263 ; Nigerian Procurement Monitoring Project , 265 ; Nigerian Procurement Observatory , 265 ; procurement reform , 264, 271 ; West African Contract Monitoring Program , 272

norms , 88, 90 NPM (New Public Management) , 2,

313, 328

O OECD (Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development) , 277–8

enhancing professionalism , 282 OSIWA (open society initiative for

West Africa) , 269 outsourcing , viii, 1–2, 6, 12–13, 36,

43–5, 49, 183, 314–16, 330, 345

P PPP (public-private partnership) , viii,

2, 11–12, 20–21, 32, 45, 315, 332, 336, 342

preferential procurement , 103, 118 an alternative approach to , 89

collateral objectives , 102 disadvantaged group , 103–4 discriminations , 97 substantive and objective criteria , 97 system and policies , 113 UN Model Law , 99 women , 20, 78, 81, 93, 103, 113,

214–15 PRGs (Partial Risk Guarantees) , 320 procurement

e-procurement , 228, 249 green procurement , 98, 196

professional organizations and membership , 88, 106, 116, 143, 238–40, 250–2, 263–4

public servants , 7, 18, 268, 302–5 professionalism and workforce , 9,

24, 144, 183, 195–6, 212, 229, 281–2, 291, 293–4, 311

Q quality of governance , 52, 62

level of benefaction , 60 quality of service , 111 quantity surveyors , 303 quotas , 82

R Reform

assessment of value , 103 challenges in the process , 191 CPAR (Country Procurement

Assessment Report) , 237 enforcement , 87, 250, 278 implementation stage , 195 mistrust of managerialism , 44 public sector , 11, 22–3, 186 public procurement , vii, 1–25,

32–3, 99–100, 120, 132, 136, 181, 191, 195, 203, 228–9, 235–40, 274, 295, 330

INDEX 365

request for proposals , 160, 214 Rwanda , 100, 330

S SADC (Southern African Development

Community) , 78, 100 Sierra Leone , 13, 39–40,

54, 66 SMMEs (Small, Medium, and

Micro- sized Enterprises) , 76, 78 South Africa

Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment , 76, 79–80, 97, 113, 166, 172

competition , 99, 103, 112 ; attached to the process , 141 ; Competition Act , 75 ; cost effectiveness , 98–9, 103, 118 ; foreign competition , 98 ; greater competition , 122 ; insuffi cient competition , 141 ; international , 101 ; jeopardize , 111 ; lateral objectives , 98 ; limited competition , 137 ; maximize competition , 145, 147 ; principle of , 146 ; unfettered , 137 ; value for money , 103, 141

Financial Management Act , 173–4 governance ; democratic , 164 ;

deviations , 131 ; discretions , 133, 173 ; negotiated-self governance , 89 ; new governance techniques , 91–2 ; principal-agent problem , 143 ; symbol of good governance , 164

HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) , 86

HDIs (Historically Disadvantaged Individuals) , 79

law-politics-business matrix , 85, 117, 150, 175 ; Allpay

Consolidate Investments Holdings , 140, 158, 162, 165, 168–9, 172–3, 175, 177 ; constitution , 10–104, 158 ; Constitutional Court , 97, 159, 163, 165, 169, 171

NEDLAC (National Economic Development and Labor Council) , 85

NEF (National Empowerment Fund) , 85

participation ; by black suppliers , 14, 78 ; commitment to substantive , 89 ; economic , 75 ; in international law , 171–2 ; public , 158, 170–2, 175 ; of stakeholders in civil society , 90

PPPFA (Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act ) , 97, 101–3, 107–18

procurement ; decentralization , 157–69 ; framework and regulations , 133–46 : parliamentary oversight , 159, 163, 167–70 ; method , 134, 136, 139, 143–50, 170 ; preference: categories of , 104 : dual-scale , 79 : points allocation , 115 : price preference , 101 : purpose of , 112 ; procurement policy , 76, 78, 90, 104, 124, 169 ; Procurement Policy Framework Act , 97, 107, 125, 127, 166 ; retailer , 75, 81–3 : advertising costs , 82 : annual audit , 86 : retailer-supplier contractual relations , 86, 91 : retailer-supplier relations , 76 : supply chain , 91, 134–7, 141, 151 ; subsidiarity , 169 ; subversion , 75

South Sudan , 66

366 INDEX

SPADC (Special Procurement and Asset Disposal Committee) , 189

sustainable development , 5, 13, 54, 60, 273, 280

T Tanzania , 55, 66, 191, 205, 317 tendering , 16, 116, 129, 133, 137,

141, 144, 172, 185, 212, 284, 290

Transaction costs , 92 comparative advantage , 329

Transparency diminution of , 143 principle of , 142, 150 between transparency and

discretion , 144 transparency of government

operations , 164 Transparency also see competition , 5,

13, 25, 51, 52, 66, 68, 98–9, 109, 116, 122, 131, 133, 141, 197, 210–12, 218–20, 228, 236, 248, 253, 263, 268, 273, 278–80, 321

U Uganda

corruption in the procurement process , 219

CTB (Central Tender Board) , 204 local bidders and suppliers , 225–10 Local Government Act , 208 PPDA (Public Procurement and

Disposal of Assets) , 220, 228, 278 ; bidding documents , 226

PPDPAC (Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Act) , 205, 215

procurement ; colonial history , 203 ; review mechanisms , 223 ; security-related , 208 ; women , 214

public assets reforms , 226 UNCITRAL (United Nations

Commission on International Trade Law) , 97, 141, 172, 197, 263

UNDEF (United Nations Development Fund) , 269

UNDP (United Nations Development Program) , 193

UNIDOC (United Nations Offi ce on Drugs and Crime) , 5

USA , 13, 44, 57, 88, 143, 170, 184, 281

USAID (US Agency for International Development) , 5, 249, 250, 269, 275, 284–6, 297, 356

W WAEMU (West African Economic and

Monetary Union) , 263 WHO (World Health Organization) ,

274, 293 World Bank’s Civil Society Fund , 269 WTO (World Trade Organization) ,

4–5, 77, 87, 90, 98, 101, 147–8, 154, 258, 348, 353, 357–8

Z Zambia , 54–66, 100 Zimbabwe , 100