DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

-: PRESENTATION ON :-DESIGN & APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT TURBINES

SUBMITTED BY : ADITYA BHATTACHARJEEROLL NO :006B.TECH , 3RD YEAR

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INDEX

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF TURBINES

THEORIES OF OPERATIONS OF TURBINES

CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES

HYDRAULIC TURBINES

GAS TURBINES

WIND TURBINES

STEAM TURBINES

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INTRODUCTION:

A turbine, from the Greek τύρβη, tyrbē, ("turbulance"), is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work(like electricity). A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Turbine examples are Windmills and Waterwheels.

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SOME HISTORICAL FACTS :

The first „turbine” was made by Hero of Alexandria in the second century.

In the end of XVIII century the Industrial Revolution began (in 1770 first reciprocating piston steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen and invented by James Watt started its work).

The first steam turbines were constructed in 1883 by Dr Gustaf de Laval and in 1884 by sir Charles Parsons.

In1896 Charles Curtis received a patent on impulse turbine

In 1910 was created radial turbine .

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THEORIES OF OPERATIONS OF TURBINES:

A flowing or working fluid contains kinetic as

well as potential energy and the fluid may be

compressible as well as incompressible. The

energy of these fluids is trapped by turbines in

several ways.

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Turbines can be further classified into two basic categories based on how they operate – Impulse Turbines and Reaction Turbines. Most hydro stations use either of these two turbines to produce electricity.

In an Impulse turbine, the whole of the available energy of the fluid is converted to Kinetic Energy before the water acts on the moving parts of the turbine.

Pelton Wheel is an example of such turbine.

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In Reaction Turbines, the rotation is mainly achieved by the reaction forces created by the acceleration of the fluid in the runner (rotating blade).

Reaction turbines consist of fixed guide vanes called stay vanes, adjustable guide vanes called wicket gates and rotating blades called runner blades.

It also generally consists of a spiral casing or volute, as in hydraulic turbines. It surrounds the runner completely. The casing should be strong to withstand high pressure.

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CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES :

HYDRAULIC TURBINES

STEAM TURBINES

GAS TURBINES

WIND TURBINES

TRANSONIC TURBINBES

CONTRA ROTATING TURBINES

CERAMIC TURBINES

SHROUNDED TURBINES

BLADELESS TURBINES

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Classification of turbines based on working fluid:

When the working fluid is water turbines are called hydraulic turbines orhydroturbines.

When working fluid is air, and energy is extracted from the wind, the machine is called wind turbine.

When the working fluid is steam, turbines are called steam turbines.

A more generic name for turbines that employ a compressible gas as the working fluid is gas turbines.

Turbines have been used for centuries to convert freely available mechanical energy from rivers and wind into useful work, through a rotating shaft.

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HYDRAULIC TURBINE:

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Various types of water turbine runners. From left to right: Pelton Wheel, two types of Francis Turbine and Kaplan Turbine.

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GAS TURBINE:

The working fluid in a gas turbine is a permanent gas, in contrast with a condensable vapor in the steam turbine, produced in a gas generator at high pressure by continuous combustion in a combustion chamber.

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WIND TURBINE

For Power Generation For Wind Velocity Measurement

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Working Principle of Wind Turbine :

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Many Different Rotors

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STEAM TURBINE:

Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity in thermal power plants, such as plants using coal, fuel oil or nuclear power.

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A Francis turbine runner, rated at nearly one million hp (750 MW), being installed at the Grand Coulee Dam, United States.

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APPLICATION OF TURBINES:

TO GENERATE THE ELECTICITY

IN HYDRO-ELECTICITY

WATER MILLS

WIND MILLS

HYDRAL POWER PLANT

IN MANY WATER DAMS TO PRODUCE IN LARGE SCALE ELECTRICITY

STEAM TURBINES ARE USED FOR GENERATE THE ELECTRICITY FROM THE THERMAL POWER PLANT.

GAS TURBINE ARE USED IN AEROPLANES, JETS ENGINES ETC.

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THANK YOU

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