Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment - … European History HANDOUT Must-Know Leaders Networking...

AP European History HANDOUT

Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Winston Churchill Date (s) of Reign : 1940 - 1945, 1951 - 1955 Succeeded: Neville Chamberlin Followed by: Clement Attlee, Anthony Eden Nation of Representation: United Kingdom Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Held many political and cabinet positions starting as Home Secretary in 1910 Worked his way up the political structure Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Helped lead the UK to victory in WWII His speeches helped rally the British population Defining Historical Events During Rule: World War II D - Day Rise of Nazism Hitler and the holocaust


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Oliver Cromwell Date (s) of Reign : 1653 - 1658 Succeeded: Council of State Followed by: Richard Cromwell Nation of Representation: England, Scotland, and Ireland Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Came to power during the English civil war, working his way up the ranks He was then charged with the occupation of Ireland during the Irish Confederate Wars He was then invited to become Lord Protector of England, He soon dismissed the “Roundhead” Parliament with force Declared England a Commonwealth (republic) Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Protestant Considered to have taken near genocidal action against the Catholics in Ireland and Scotland Considered a dictator by historians Created a New Model Army, revolutionized military Defining Historical Events During Rule: Second English Civil War Expansion of English Empire AP European History HANDOUT

Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Elizabeth I of England Date (s) of Reign: 1558 - 1603 Succeeded: Mary 1 and Philip Followed by: James I Nation of Representation: England and Ireland Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: She succeeded her half-sister Bloody Mary Her foreign policy was defensive She defeated the Spanish armada She was a very public leader Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Believed in secularism Her religion was unknown Believed that politics should come before religion She reinstate the Church of England Defining Historical Events During Rule: Reversed her sisters implementation of Catholicism and passed the Act of Supremacy She also passed the Act of Uniformity She imprisoned her cousin Mary Queen of Scots


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain Date (s) of Reign : 1475 – 1516 (Ferdinand), 1474 - 1504 (Isabella) Succeeded: Henry VI Followed by: Joanna Nation of Representation: Castile and Aragon (Spain) Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Isabella ascended to the throne after the death of her brother Henry VI who had named her his successor Ferdinand ascended to the throne upon the death of his father John I in 475 Both Ferdinand and Isabella were devoutly catholic and ruled their nation as such Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Promoted Expolration Established a professional Royal Army Religious Uniformity New Roads and bridges Discovery of the New World, by Christopher Columbus Spanish Empire Defining Historical Events During Rule: The Inquisition Conquest of Granada Expulsion of Jews and Muslims Unification of Castile and Aragon (Spain) Treaty of Tordesillas (divide new world between Spain and Portugal


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Francisco Franco Date (s) of Reign: 1938 - 1975 Succeeded: Manuel Azana Followed by: Juan Carlos I Nation of Representation: Spain Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Using his high ranking in the military he organized a coup d’état against the Popular Front This led to the Spanish Civil War which lasted from July 1936 to April of 1939 Franco ruled Spain as authoritarian He declared Spain a monarchy in 1947 but did not declare a monarch Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Monarchist Franco was considered to be very oppressive Declared Castilian to be the only official language Defining Historical Events During Rule: Completion of Spanish Civil War World War II (Neutral)


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Henry VIII of England Date (s) of Reign : 1509 – 1547 Succeeded: Henry VII Followed by: Edward VI Nation of Representation: England and Ireland Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: He succeeded his father upon his death He ruled England as an absolute monarch Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Believed in core catholic values even after his excommunication and creation of the church of England He considered himself an author and a composer and tried to bring the renaissance to England Defining Historical Events During Rule: Marriage and divorce of 6 women Separation from Catholicism and the creation of the Church of England Union o England and Wales


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Lorenzo de Medici Date (s) of Reign: 1469 - 1492 Succeeded: Piero di Cosimo de Medici Followed by: Piero de Medici Nation of Representation: Florentine Republic Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: The passing of his father made him the patriarch of the Medici’s His use of his wealth as well as diplomacy made him the de facto ruler of Florence Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Philanthropy was a major part of his life A major supporter of the arts, and champion of the renaissance Defining Historical Events During Rule: Commission of the Duomo in Florence He was the banker of Kings as well as popes


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Benito Mussolini Date (s) of Reign: 1922 - 1943 Succeeded: Luigi Facta Followed by: Pietro Bagdolio Nation of Representation: Italy Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Following the March on Rome a coup d’état, he became the Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 In 1926 he seized total power as a dictator and ruled Italy as Il Duce Ran Italy as a totalitarian state, using secret police, as well as legislation Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: He was an atheist Creation of the Vatican Fascism Defining Historical Events During Rule: In 1929 he signed a concordat with the Vatican, where the Catholic Church finally recognized Italy as independent and Italy recognized the Vatican City as a separate entity. World War II

AP European History HANDOUT Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment

Name of Leader: Philip II of Spain Date (s) of Reign : 1554 - 1598 Succeeded: Charles V Followed by: Philip III Nation of Representation: Spain, Portugal, Naples, England and Ireland Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Ascended to the Throne of Spain and Naples In his Marriage to Queen Mary I of England he became king of England and Ireland In 1578 Sebastian of Portugal died with no heirs and when his uncle Cardinal Henry succeeded him, he then died with no heirs so as another grandson of Sebastian’s Grandfather he marched into Portugal and claimed himself king. Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: He believed himself to be an absolute monarch with direct control over all of his territory, but the reality was far from that Defining Historical Events During Rule: The Dutch Revolt along with many other revolts


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: William and Mary Date (s) of Reign: 1650 – 1702 (William), 1689 – 1694 (Mary) Succeeded: William II, James II & IV Followed by: William IV, Anne Nation of Representation: England, Scotland, Ireland, Orange, Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overijssel Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: They were offered the Crown of England, Scotland, and Ireland following the Glorious Revolution William and Mary were very tolerant of all minorities, and ruled originally from the Netherlands, but then moved to England Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Many wars with France Joined the League of Augsburg Defining Historical Events During Rule: They endowed the College of William and Mary Passed the Act of Toleration with the intention of guaranteeing religious toleration


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader:______Margaret Thatcher___________________________ Date (s) of Reign :_____May 1979-Novemeber 1990______________________ Succeeded: __James Callaghan____ Followed by:____John Major___ Nation of Representation:_________________Great Britain_________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: National Election Strong Leadership- but shared power with parliament and courts She was nicknamed the “Iron Lady” Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: She was a Conservative Politician She was very close with Ronald Reagan because of this and the two worked to defeat the Soviets She convinced him that Gorbachev would be a good Soviet Leader to work with She worked to eliminate high unemployment by cutting taxes and privatizing industries Britain was running many socialist policies where the people were always interacting with government and she made them MUCH more free market She was criticized as Reagan was for making a larger gap between Rich and Poor and being tough of Ireland but She is being remembered Fondly. Opposed labor unions, drawing criticism from the working class Defining Historical Events During Rule: She ordered troops into battle in the Falklands war to keep them under British control since they voted to stay a territory. Argentina tried to take them over. She was in Power for the fall of the Berlin wall


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader:_____ Henry IV of Henry of Navarre __________________ Date (s) of Reign :____________August 1589- May1610_____________ Succeeded: ___Henry III__ Followed by:_____Louis XIII_________ Nation of Representation:__________________________France___________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: War of the Three Henrys After Henry III had Henry of Guise Killed, Henry III was killed and Henry of Navarre was the only one left He was born Catholic and converted to Protestantism, then back to Catholicism to become King- he famously said “Paris is well worth a Mass” He was a good leader and guided France through the turbulent time He was an Absolute Monarch He was the First King from the house of Bourbon Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: He believed in Christianity and absolute Monarchy He did not want to share power He cared for his subjects and is very popular because of that He was Catholic by conversion again and fought the Catholic League who were skeptical of his Rule He enacted the Edict of Nantes which granted more religious freedoms in France Defining Historical Events During Rule: The Edict of Nantes that granted religious freedoms was a breakthrough in the way people thought It was Very controversial


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader:________Catherine De Medici_____________________ Date (s) of Reign :_____________March 1547- July 1559________ Succeeded: _______Henry II____ Followed by:________Henry III_______ Nation of Representation:___________France______________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Regent for her young Sons- Francis II and Charles IX They both died and she ruled Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: She was Conservative She was Catholic and originally she tried to make concessions to the Protestants. She was almost constantly in a Civil War with them Defining Historical Events During Rule: St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – Thousands of Protestants were murdered in Paris and Across France


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader:____________________Louis XIV_______________________ Date (s) of Reign :_____________May 1643- September 1715__________ Succeeded: ______Louis XIII____ Followed by:________Louis XV_______ Nation of Representation:__________________France_______________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Born into the Bourbon Dynasty and became King When he was young- he was caught in the Middle of the Fronde The Fronde was when there was a great struggle and the Nobility tried to take the Throne from him- he had to run for his life He hated the nobility for it and cemented his belief in Divine Right and Absolute Rule Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Divine Right- Kings are on Earth because G-D placed them there to rule for him He was Divine he couldn’t share power He built the Lavish Palace at Versailles and made all the Aristocrats live there and then when they saw how great it was they wanted to live there and not get banished This gave Louis the Upper Hand so while they were distracted with his silly rules and trying to impress him, he could Govern without them. He was a strong leader and spent all the Money that Cardinal Richelieu worked so hard to make France have At the end of his life he is quoted as saying “After me the Flood”- He was right His reign put France in big financial trouble He was also at war all the time so his army wasn’t bored and wouldn’t want to rise up against him. Defining Historical Events During Rule: The English Civil war The War of Spanish Succession Franco Dutch War and the War at the League of Augsburg


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader:_______________Louis XVI_____________________ Date (s) of Reign :______ ______May 1774- September 1792 _____ Succeeded: _______Louis XV_____ Followed by:______National Assembly__ Nation of Representation:_________________France_____________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: His Grandfather died and he took the throne He was a laid back leader who wasn’t very good Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: He believed in an Absolute Monarch He was conservative He helped America but plunged France into further financial trouble He and his Wife’s spending hurt France too His reign was the last straw and France was plunged into Revolution Defining Historical Events During Rule: American Revolution French Revolution AP European History HANDOUT

Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment

Name of Leader:__________________Robespierre________________ Date (s) of Reign :___________July 1793-July1794 ___________________ Succeeded: ___Office Created______ Followed by:____Office Dissolved_________ Nation of Representation:__________________France_________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Was elected By the National Assembly Was a harsh ruler Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Reign of Terror Executed Anyone who was believed to be against the Revolution Tens of Thousands were executed during his Reign His rule freaked the people of France out and cleared the way for the Directory and Napoleon He ended up dying in his own Reign of Terror Defining Historical Events During Rule: French Revolution


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader:______________Napoleon I__________________ Date (s) of Reign :___________May1804- April 1814_________________ Succeeded: __Directory_______ Followed by:______Louis XVIII_______ Nation of Representation:______________France_______________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Military Commander Crowned himself Emperor He was a Dictator Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: He lead France back from the Turbulent Revolution Took over most of Europe Tried to take over Russia but he couldn’t His reign paved the way for France to be weakened But when he was in power France was strong and the People loved him When he took over Italy he ransacked the Vatican and many of the Treasures are still lost He wanted to take over the Entire world Defining Historical Events During Rule: War of 1812 AP European History HANDOUT


Name of Leader:________Louis XVIII___________________ Date (s) of Reign :____________April 1814- September 1824______________ Succeeded: __Napoleon I______ Followed by:____Charles X______ Nation of Representation:________France__________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Appointed after the fall of Napoleon by the Congress of Vienna (Metternich) He was not a good leader Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: He was a Constitutional Monarch but was very resistant to share power He was a laid back leader Really didn’t do anything besides restore the Bourbons to the Throne Defining Historical Events During Rule: Bourbon Restoration AP European History HANDOUT


Name of Leader:___________Louis Phillipe____________________ Date (s) of Reign :_______August 1830- February 148 ______________ Succeeded: ____Napoleon III____ Followed by:__________________________ Nation of Representation:_________________________________________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Known as the July Monarchy He ousted the Unpopular and Extremely conservative Charles X Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: He started off promising reforms Then he got gradually more conservative and got more restrictive People were very unhappy He supported the Bourgeoisie Didn’t help the poor and didn’t industrialize He was depicted as a Pear He was ousted in 1848 The Government was dissolved and Napoleon III came to power Defining Historical Events During Rule: Revolutions of 1848 Industrial Revolution Name of Leader: Napoleon III___________________________________________________

Date (s) of Reign: _1852-1870______________________________________________________ Succeeded: _Napoleon II______________________ Followed by: __Paris Commune ________________________ Nation of Representation: _France________________________________________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Astute at understanding popular forces of his day. Asked French people to restructure the government by electing him president for ten years Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Authoritarian governments could use liberal and nationalistic forces to bolster their own power. Economic prosperity in France. Government subsidized used to foster construction of railroads, harbors, roads and canal. Increase in Iron production. Provided hospitals and free medicine for workers and advocated for better housing for the working class. Legalized trade unions and granted them the right to strike. Allowed the Legislative Crops to have more said in the affairs of the State including debate over the budget. Defining Historical Events During Rule: Modernized Paris with the help of Baron Haussmann. He built broad boulevards, spacious buildings public squares, and underground sewage system and gaslights. Failure during the Franco-Prussian War.

Name of Leader: ___Charles de Gaulle_____________________________________________________ Date (s) of Reign: ___1958-1969____________________________________________________ Succeeded: __M. René Coty_____________________ Followed by: __Alain Poher ________________________ Nation of Representation: __France_______________________________________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Involved in Anti-Nazi groups and played an important role in establishing French provincial government. Formed French Popular Movement that called for a strong president. Offered to take over the government and revise the constitution. Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Wanted to return France to a position of great power. Believed that playing a pivotal role in Cold War who enhances France’s global power. Invested heavily in nuclear arms. Increased the economy. Nationalization of industries. Defining Historical Events During Rule: Pulled France out of NATO alliance. Allowed for Algerian independence. Increase in nationalization and spending led to government deficits. Student protests against his rule.

Name of Leader: Frederick William I of Prussia _______________________________________________________ Date (s) of Reign: __1713-1740_____________________________________________________ Succeeded: ___Frederick I aka The Soldier King____________________ Followed by: Frederick II aka Frederick the Great________________________ Nation of Representation: Prussia ________________________________________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Son of Frederick I- came to power by inheriting the throne Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Established General Directory- served as the chief administrative agent of the central government, supervising the military, police, economic and financial affairs, Maintained highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers- had its own code in which the supreme values were obedience, honor and service to the king as the highest duty. Rigid class stratification persisted- nobility of Junkers owned large estates with many serfs, Used nobles (Junkers) as officers, he ensured a close bond between the nobility and the army and in turn the loyalty of the nobility to absolute monarchy. Prussian militarism- extreme exaltation of military virtues Prussian civil service- allowed men of non- noble birth to serve the state in important administrative posts Defining Historical Events During Rule: Expanded military and bureaucracy

Prussian civil service- allowed men of non- noble birth to serve the state in important administrative posts Name of Leader: Frederick II aka Frederick The Great_______________________________________________________ Date (s) of Reign: _______1740-1786________________________________________________ Succeeded: _________Frederick William I______________ Followed by: _________________Frederick William II_________ Nation of Representation:___Prssia______________________________________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Inherited the throne from his father Frederick William I Enlightened Despot Social Conservative- he was too dependent on the Prussian nobility to interfere with the hierarchical structure of Prussian society Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Established a single code of laws Eliminated use of torture except in treason or murder cases Granted limited freedom of speech and press Granted complete religious toleration Enlarged the army Increased Prussia’s status as a world power Defining Historical Events During Rule: Seized Silesia during the war of Austrian succession

Involved with the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War Gained part of Poland Name of Leader: Adolf Hitler _______________________________________________________ Date (s) of Reign: _________1933-1945______________________________________________ Succeeded: ___Kurt Von Schleicher____________________ Followed by: ___Joseph Goebbels _______________________ Nation of Representation: __Germany_______________________________________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Member of the German Workers Party- took over and renamed it National Socialist German Workers Party Enabling Act- empowered the government to dispense with constitutional forms for four years while it issued laws that would deal with the country’s problems. Gleichaltung- the coordination of all institutions under NAZI Control Dictator Sturmabteilung or Storm Troops- used to defend the NAZI party officials and uphold NAZI policies Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Lebensraum- theory of struggle that stresses the right of superior nations through expansion and the right of superior individuals to secure authoritarian leadership over the masses. Anti-Semitism Social Darwinism and the superiority of the Aryan race Fuhrerprinzip- the leadership principle- which entailed nothing less than a single-minded part under one leader

Defining Historical Events During Rule: The Holocaust World War II Name of Leader: Otto Von Bismarck _______________________________________________________ Date (s) of Reign: __1862-1890_____________________________________________________ Succeeded: ____No One___________________ Followed by: ___Count Leo von Caprivi ______________________ Nation of Representation: Prussia/ Germany_______________________________________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Appointed by king William I Very Conservative Served as Prime Minister Realpolitik- realist Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Unification of German states Reorganized the army Trouble with working with liberals in government Ruled by ignoring parliament Defining Historical Events During Rule:

The Danish War- victory for Prussia Austro-Prussian War- Prussian victory Franco-Prussian War- Prussia was victorious Name of Leader: ___Charles V_____________________________________________________ Date (s) of Reign: ________1519-1556_______________________________________________ Succeeded: ___Maximilian I____________________ Followed by: __________Ferdinand I________________ Nation of Representation: _____The Holy Roman Empire____________________________________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Inherited from his grandparents Tried to be authoritative- but hard to control such a vast empire with so many different peoples and nationalities Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Ruled over an immense empire consisting of Spain and overseas possessions, Austrian-Hapsburg lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries and the kingdom of Naples Wanted to preserve Catholicism over his empire Conflicts with the papacy- joined side of France Conflict with the Ottoman Turks- defeated them Issue with Germany because it was a land of several hundred territories all wanting different things

Defining Historical Events During Rule: Hapsburg Valois war against Francis I Diet of Augsburg- demanded that the Lutherans return to the Catholic church Peace of Augsburg- Christianity acknowledged with Lutheranism granted equal standing with Catholicism Name of Leader: __Maria Theresa ______________________________________________________ Date (s) of Reign: _1740-1780______________________________________________________ Succeeded: Francis I_______________________ Followed by: ___Joseph II_______________________ Nation of Representation: ________________Austria _________________________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Conservative Ruler Took over the when her husband Francis I died Staunchly Catholic and very Conservative- not open to liberal reforms Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Curtailed the role of diets or provincial assemblies in taxation and local administration Austrian and Bohemian lands were divided in ten provinces and subdivided into districts all administered by local royal officials – this made empire more centralized Enlarged and modernized the armed forces

Defining Historical Events During Rule: Loss of Silesia to Prussia in the War of Austrian Succession Name of Leader: ___Joseph II_____________________________________________________ Date (s) of Reign: _______1780-1790________________________________________________ Succeeded: ________Maria Theresa_______________ Followed by: _______Leopold II___________________ Nation of Representation: ____Austria_____________________________________________ Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Inherited the throne from his mother Enlightened despot Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Abolished serfdom and tried to give the peasants hereditary rights to their holdings Established a new penal code that abolished the death penalty Principle of equality before the law Religious toleration and restrictions on the catholic church Alienated the nobility for freeing the serfs Attempted to impose German as official bureaucratic language alienated non-German nationalities

Defining Historical Events During Rule: Freed the serfs in the Hapsburg empire Changed Austrian social structure AP European History HANDOUT

Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Klemens von Metternich Date (s) of Reign : 1821-1848 Succeeded: Rietberg Followed by: liberal reforms of 1848 forced his abdication Nation of Representation: Austria Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Conceited, arrogant, and self-assured Born into old nobillity Was a reactionary leader, spied on the public. Was the “policeman of europe” Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Conservatism! Perseerved old regime Censorship-Had a lot of spies became very reactionary Legitimacy Aligned with Russia and somewhat Prussia through diplomacy During “age of Metternich” his international diplomacy helped prevent any major wars in Europe Liberalism= threat to his way of life Defining Historical Events During Rule: Lead the congress of Vienna after the defeat of napoleon and had the 4 main powers (GB, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) meet to ensure continued peace. Guided by

legitimacy and wanted to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones. Crushed nationalist/liberalist revolts in Italy AP European History HANDOUT

Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Ivan IV (the Terrible) of Russia Date (s) of Reign : 1533-1584 Succeeded: his father Vasilli III Followed by: his mentaly ill son Feodor briefly, the ten year “time of troubles”, then Sobor elected Romanov starting that dynasty Nation of Representation: Russia Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Inherited the throne (muscovite dynasty) Was first to call himself Tsar Cruel, sadistic, probably mentally ill. Killed his own son. Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Absolutism Expansionary Defining Historical Events During Rule: Established ABSOLUTISM by crushing the power of the boyars (Russian nobility). Then created the Zemsky Sobor. It was compromised of landed Russian eccelesiastics, reps of towns, and merchants to check the power of the boyars in duma (legislature). This worked because the sobor owed ivan their power so they were very loyal. Looked east to expand made Moscow the “Third Rome”


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Peter the Great (Romanov dynasty) Date (s) of Reign: 1682-1725 (co-reigned with Ivan V until 1696) Succeeded: Feodor III Followed by: his wife Catherine the Great Nation of Representation: Russia Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Was the heir to the throne. Overthrew sister Sophia. Bipolar, crude, irrevent towards Russian traditions. Deeply admired the west. Forced nobles too westernize no long beards western clothing “beard burning” Executed son alexis Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Built up army- in part defensive in part expansionary. Tamed streltsky (Moscow militia) and boyars (Russian nobility) Created table of ranks- rank by talent or work not birth Eliminate duma and national assembly replaced by senate, 9 member senate to direct government while he was at war Ended rule of hereditary succession Took control of church and economy Raised taxes mainly on serfs Mercantilist policies Defining Historical Events During Rule: Created west looking capital- St. Petersburg ( “window to the west”, “venice of the north”) like Louis and versaille

Elite fighting machine-210,000 men Russians and non Russians Built navy from scratch>great northern war (vs. Sweden)>gain warm water ports Russo-Turkish war AP European History HANDOUT

Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Catherine the Great (Sofia changed to more Russian Catherine) (married into Romanov dynasty) Date (s) of Reign :1762-1796 Succeeded: Peter III (her spouse) Followed by: Paul I Nation of Representation: Russia Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Killed her husband to ascend to the throne. ENLIGHTENED DESPOT 1st powerful ruler of Russia since peter the great Developed support in high places, recourceful and court savvy Very influenced and well versed in enlightenment ideas. Frindly/lover with Voltaire Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Codify laws. Fair trial for all. Increased religious tolerance- the great instruction Decreased torture Consolidated machinery-industrialization Expansionist policies Changed balance of power in Europe more east Defining Historical Events During Rule: Pugachevs rebellion- a rebellion of peasants (cosaacks) that was eventually quelled

but caused Catherine to increase the power of landlords and suppress peasants Gained more warm water ports AP European History HANDOUT

Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Tsar Nicolas II (romanov dynasty) Date (s) of Reign: 1894-1917(abdicated) Succeeded: Alexander III Followed by: monarchy abolished Lvov in power Nation of Representation: Russia Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Was the heir to the throne Later abdicated, was imprisoned, and then executed with his entire family. Against liberal reform Autocratic ruler Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Strengthened franco-russian relations Anti-Jewish pogroms- used anti-Semitism to unite people behind his regime After general strike of 1905 he granted civil liberties and a legislative body (duma) But then curtails power of duma in 1907 Defining Historical Events During Rule: Russo-Japanese war: Russia defeated Entered WWI and 3.3 million Russians are killed, beginning of the end Abdicates due to the February revolution of 1917 (marches, soldiers join marches)

1905 revolutions brutally quelled with Bloody Sunday- fired on peaceful crowd AP European History HANDOUT Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Vladamir Lenin Date (s) of Reign: 1917-1924 Succeeded: first leader of soviet Russia, I guess karensky who led Russian provisional government Followed by: Stalin, he wanted Trotsky Nation of Representation: Soviet Russia Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Was sent back to Russia in a sealed train by the Germans to lead Bolsheviks in the hope Russia would withdraw from the war Partener: Trotsky Led red army with backing of Russian soldiers who left the front and controlled Moscow and Petrograd. Was able to hole off the white army and succeed because they were united under one goal unlike the white army. Was a very influential charismatic leader Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: “War Communism” due to this peasants hoarded but still had famine due to droughts Slogan “all power to the soviets” New economic policy (NEP)- modified capitalism, limited free market economy Revived economy Defining Historical Events During Rule: October revolutions leader- succeeds Immediately withdrew Russia from the war Established soviet Russia, made it a communist state


Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Joseph Stalin Date (s) of Reign : 1922-1952 Succeeded: Lenin Followed by: krushchev Nation of Representation: The soviet union, USSR, Russia Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Beat out Trotsky, when Lenin died he wanted Trotsky to succeed him but Stalin was the general party secretary so he nominated people for their roles so they all owed him. More right wing. Used his power to take over communist party. Dictator Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: “Socialism in one country” no more trying to spread it. Other countries like this because they didn’t have threat of bolshevism anymore First Five Year Plan-emphasis on industry, real wages declined Use of propaganda stakhanov cult one miner mined 102 tons of coal in one shift! Placed emphasis on FAMILY- abortion outlawed, divorced dads had to support kids, large family was a patriotic duty Reality: women still had to work long hours in the factory Socialist realism art occurs under him Defining Historical Events During Rule: Rapid collectivization of agriculture- more industrial farming system. Collectivizes land the Kulaks (peasants) had attained through stolypins reforms Famine 32-33, targeted starvations, 10 million peasants died

Dictatorship established 1929 Blood Purges 36-38: arrests/assassinates army officers (8 million) and sends to Siberian labor camps. Does this to eliminate any heroic figures from red army. Accused them (falsely) of treason and espionage. Fabricated documents in very public trials. AP European History HANDOUT

Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Nikita Krushchev Date of Reign: 1953-1964 Succeeded: Stalin Followed by: Brezhenev Nation of Representation: Soviet Union Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Worked his way up the soviet hierarchy, approved of and helped with stalins blood purges, and was eventually a close advisor to stalin. In the power struggle triggered by Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev, after several years, emerged victorious Less repressive era in USSR than stalin Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Delivered the “secret speech” denouncing Stalin's purges and was less repressive. Gained support. Allowed for some freedom in the arts. Tried to implement corn in his country like US had in Iowa but didn’t really succeed Sought to decrease conventional weapons and defend USSR with missiles Defining Historical Events During Rule: Tensest years of the COLD WAR Cuban missile crisis

Visited the US and US president visited USSR AP European History HANDOUT

Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment Name of Leader: Mikhail Gorbachev Date (s) of Reign: 1985-1991 Succeeded: Chernenko Followed by: Yeltsin Nation of Representation: Soviet Union Method of Coming to Power and Leadership Style: Joined the communist party Worked personally with high ranking soviet officials When chernenko died after one year the party realized young leadership was needed so at 54 he was the youngest member of the politburo. Well liked in the west, controversial at home. Major Beliefs and Impact of Rule: Attempts at reform, reorientation of weapons and summit meetings with Reagan contributed to the end of the cold war. Tried to modernize and revive soviet economy after Brezhnev years Glasnost- gave greater freedom including freedoms of speech to soviet peoples Perestroika- or restructuring. Economic and social progress in many spheres of life Cut down on weapons a lot Realized what it took to achieve detente Defining Historical Events During Rule: Met with Reagan. His reign saw the end of the cold war.

The day following his resignation the USSR formally resolved.

Must-Know Leaders Networking Assignment - … European History HANDOUT Must-Know Leaders Networking...

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