AP European History HANDOUT

Revolution Networking Assignment Name of Nation or Revolution: Peasants’ Revolt Years of Revolution: Begin 1524 End 1525 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Peasants of Southern and Central Germany discontent with their societal place and use Luthers works to raid churches and terrorize nobles and high class. Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Lords restrict assembly in rural districts Class struggles Luther ideals take off and are misinterpreted by the peasants

Religious persecution

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Peasants lead by Andreas Karlstadt “Strike while the iron is hot” Leads peasants in mass destruction of churches and art and uses Luthers work as a time to have an opportunist change to get secular power Luther speaks out against Karlstadt and advices princes to retaliate and unfortunately they did so in such a way Luther never expected and murdered and massacred the peasents ending the rebellion. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: No treaties to end the revolt the peasants are simply massacred by the princes and nobles for their behavior. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Earn peasant class power X Nobles much more powerful and supported

and crush the peasants Religious Freedom X Karlstadt did not get his secular leading

government because of his methods used and break with Luther and radical approach.

Name of Nation or Revolution: Dutch Revolution Years of Revolution: Begin 1566 End 1609 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Protestants of the Netherlands who were fighting against religious persecution by Catholic Phillip II of Spain Phillip II of spain aimed to make Europe Catholic and attacked Protestants in Netherlands who fled from France Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Catholic Phillip II of Spain takes control of Netherlands

Religious Persection

Inquisition established which persecuted based on Religion by Duke of Alva

Seperation between north and south Netherlands due to religion

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? William Prince of Orange fought for the dutch against Spanish Duke of Alva who executed Calvinists, imposed new taxes, and established the inquisition. Use of Dutch Sea Beggars to torment Spanish Sailors was one method used by William that led to peace Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Pacification of Ghent 1576: 17 dutch provinces united under William’s rule, respect religious differences, and Spanish troops withdrawn, however the catholic and protestant states split 12 year truce 1609: finally ended the religious wars in Netherlands and recognized the independence of the northern provinces Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Religious Freedom for Protestants X 12 year truce: Netherlands

broken up into two states based on religious factions Union of Arras (catholic ruled by Duke of Parma) and Union of Utrecht (protestant led by William prince of orange)

Spain Driven out of Netherlands X Spain’s presence remained in southern Netherlands, but northern is free from spain because the Catholic Dutch did not have a problem with Spanish rule.

Name of Nation or Revolution: Fronde Years of Revolution: Begin 1648 End 1652 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? French Nobles of the Robe (service nobility lawyers, administrators) French Nobles of the Sword (ancestors of medieval nobles) overthrowing Mazarin for their own purpose of increasing power and securing position Mazarin ruler of France who had made a centralized power and taken away some of the nobility power Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Taxes to pay off thirty years war Centralized power under Mazarin at the

expense of nobility Nobility desire to be powerful Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Nobles of the Robe led first and they wanted more power and less taxes but their fighting ended in a compromise with Mazarin Nobles of the Sword led second and they wanted Mazarin’s power for themselves and eventually ended up fighting within themselves because of their greed, which made it easy to put down the rebellion. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Compromise which ended Nobles of Robe fighting but not of the sword Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Nobility power X People of France realized that it was a better idea to

let the power of France rest in the crown which continued especially in Louis XIV’s reign that followed

End to high taxes X Takes remained high through even the next rule to pay off the war and build up France, but after this revolt people of France were less likely to get on the wrong side of their monarch, though tension did rise eventually

Name of Nation or Revolution: First English Civil War Years of Revolution: Begin 1642 End 1646 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? John Pym and the Puritans anti Kings implementation of structure in Puritans Oliver Cromwell and New Model Army Battle for the Lord against religious structure and Charles I reign Charles I who had ruled with little parliament involvement with high taxes and poor religious stance Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Charles Marries Catholic French Religious Freedom Establishes ritual in Anglican church and alienates the Puritans

Charles rules without Parliament

King and Archbishop Laud establish Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Scottish Presbyterians

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? John Pym and Puritans: King arrests radicals in parliament for the split in opinion on religious issues and Pym and puritans have enough and drive England into its first civil war New Model Army: Puritan extremists known as the independents, Oliver Cromwell one of the leaders ended 1st phase by capturing King Charles in 1646 King Charles I whose religious alliance was blurred by his marriage and ruled without parliamentary consent Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: No treaties this phase of the civil war ends in Charles I capture but transitions into the second phase Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Parliament Rule: Get Charles I out!

X Split in parliament Presbyterians who wanted to restore Charles I and Independents who wanted new rule

Religious Freedom X Religion still blurred English government in the search for who will rule post this civil war

Name of Nation or Revolution: Second English Civil War Years of Revolution: Begin 1648 End 1649 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Charles I captured and then flees to seek help from scots Oliver Cromwell enraged by Charles’ treachery and wants new ruler Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Charles flees to Scotland No monarchy ruler parliament instead Puritan power over the Presbyterians Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Oliver Cromwell leads the independents against Charles I and Presbyterians in Parliament who were purged and replaced with the Rump Parliament who tried and condemned Charles as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy, and killed him. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: No treaty the beheading of Charles I signified the end to monarchy and the triumph of Cromwell’s revolution and a commonwealth was established and monarchy and house of lords are abolished. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: End of Monarchy X Oliver Cromwell takes control and beheads

Charles I abolishing Monarchy and House of Lords and establishing England as a Commonwealth

Puritan Power X Cromwell and Independents take over England for the time being, however they are the religious minority so things don’t go very well.

Name of Nation or Revolution: Glorious Revolution Years of Revolution: Begin 1688 End 1689 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? William of Orange and wife Mary were invited by Englishmen to invade England and take down the French and James II monarchy James II Catholic King and England do not want an oppressive Catholic Monarch People of England who did not want to be under control of catholic James II Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: James II devout Catholic takes throne anti catholic England

Who would be monarch of England

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? 1689 Convention Parliament asserted that James had broken the contract between king and people which declared the throne vacant The people of England offered the throne to William and Mary accepted it No blood shed or fight by James II in fear of the people of England Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Bill of Rights: Parliament can make laws and levy taxes, rights of citizens to petition, keep arms, have a jury, and not be on excess bail, system of gov. based on the rule of the law and a freely elected Parliament constitutional monarchy Toleration Act: Puritan dissenters right to free public worship Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Oust James II X William and Mary take the

throne and change England for good try to appease multiple religions and rule for the people

Religious Freedom X The toleration act was a step and began the process of religious freedom, however they weren’t completely free, but they were not persecuted for their religion.

Name of Nation or Revolution: Scientific Revolution Years of Revolution: Begin 1600 End 1700 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Philosophers and their desire to know about the world and use technology to find it Church who set the preconceptions for this time period and resisted the change in belief about the world that developed during the time People: resist and hesitate change because it is so unfamiliar to them but interested and mesmerized by the new changes

Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Ancient Authors and Renaissance Aritsts Desire to know and understand world using

new ideas and technology Technology and Mathematics Advances Renaissance began the change and

Scientific Revolution used this societal change to change science and beliefs

Renaissance Magic Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Copernicus: heliocentric sun centered world but was conservative and was not very successful at spreading his ideas Brahe and Kepler brought his discoveries to light after his death and proved them to be true and published ideas of planetary motion Galileo makes the idea most known through his satirical publishing of the truth vs. the churches opinion in Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems and he furthered the research to the development of inertia Newton revolutionized the ideas and science of motion in the universe by his three laws and the idea of gravity, uniform machine constantly regulated Paracelsus father of modern medicine “like cures like” recognition of new drugs Vesalius gives knowledge of the human body and hands on approach to anatomy Harvey laid foundation for physiology with his research on circulatory system Women like Cavendish, Merian, and Winkelmann also took part in this revolution and tried to revolutionize women’s rights, but failed for now. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: New thinking of science applied to world

X Science is much more accessible to society and people have ability to know and think for themselves

Women in society X Lost rights even though they contributed to the revolution they had much time to go

Name of Nation or Revolution: Pugachev’s Rebellion Years of Revolution: Begin 1773 End 1774 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Emelyan Pugachev and Russian peasantry revolt against Catherine the Great’s policies favoring nobles and restricting peasantry Catherine who granted power to the nobles and ignored the worsening peasant situation Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Restrictions of free peasants in border districts of the Russian Empire

Increasingly bad conditions for the Russian peasants

Policies that favor the nobility Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Emelyan Pugachev and Cossacks which were independent fierce warrior tribes Pugachav won the support of peasants from Urals to Volga and issued a manifesto in 1774 freeing peasants from oppressive taxes and military service Peasants kill more than 1,500 estate owners. Government forces then captured Pugachev and Catherine oppressed the peasantry even more than she once had. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: No peace only continued torture and repression of the peasantry by Catherine. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Freedom from Catherine’s restrictions X The peasant aggression led to

only more repression of the peasants because of the massacre of land lords byt the peasants and their radical behavior.

End restrictions of peasants in border districts

X Serfdom was expanded after this event because they had all defied Catherine

Name of Nation or Revolution: Agricultural Revolution Years of Revolution: 1700s Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Population used technology to change previous ways of living by starting with the food system New technology and knowledge caused people to want to implement these old techniques to improve society Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Increases in food production due to: More farmland Increased yields per acre Healthier/ more abundant livestock Improved climate

Change in thinking, new technology, new information, and desire to learn and change

Need to feed expanding world population Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Jethro Tull discovered that using a hoe to keep the soil loose allowed air and moisture to reach plants so they could grow better, used a drill to plant seeds in rows rather than scattering by hand Potato and maize crops which could be produced in large numbers, were healthy, and sold inexpensively so they were used to feed the peasants. Large landowners revolutionized the most to end open field system demise of farming community Enclosure Act in England drove out small farmers and created large estates Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Enclosure Act England- eliminated small scale farms and created large estates that implemented the new farming technology. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Revolutionize farming industry X New technology, support, and

need to change drove this revolution and lead to large scale farms with advanced techniques that increased food supply

Name of Nation or Revolution: French Revolution Years of Revolution: Begin 1789--- End 1794 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Third Estate (Bourgeouise and peasants) economic down turn, lack of say in Estates General, high taxes Louis XIV: ignorant of the problems in France and does not make efforts to solve economic problems First and Second Estates: owned nearly all the land but paid no taxes always out voted third estate 2 to 1 Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Louis XIV failed to call the estates general

Peasants fail to share in industrial and economic growth in France

Opposition of bourgeoisie to old order Third estate has no votes in estates general and has to pay all the taxes

Third estate always out voted 2 to 1 so nothing ever passes through parliament

Growing criticism of the existing philosophes and intellectuals

Near collapse of government finances: peasants of France are starving

Calls the estates general which was admitting that peoples consent was needed to raise taxes

Storming of the Bastille Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? National Assembly: Tennis Court Oath drew up a constitution for France with the third estate as France Parisian Leaders form Permanent Comitee and need stormed the Bastille for arms Great Fear in the countryside lead by the peasants who terrorized estate holders Women March to Versaille to capture Marie Antoinette and forced Lafayette and National guard to follow the march Louis XIV is prisoner in Paris 1791 new constitution for a limited constitutional monarchy Louis and Marie attempt to escape, but captured and beheaded Sans culottes now formed Paris Commune which ruled with little monarchy Giorodins vs. Mountains internal dispute which separated France New French Army protects French from its enemies Radical Reign of Terror led by Robespierre any opposing radical activity is executed Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: No treaty to end fighting Louis is executed then Robespierre and then Napoleon

takes control Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: End of monarchy X For the time being Louis is

ousted but after Napoleon foreign powers instill monarchy once more

Economic Reform X Napoleon attempts to make reforms to the economy but the peasants still are living drastically lower than the 1st and 2nd estates

Lower Taxes for third estate X Takes remain high especially in Napoleons time while he is fighting abroad

Third Estate in Estates General X Napoleon rules as a dictator no estates general is present

Name of Nation or Revolution:Industrial Revolution (Manchester) Years of Revolution: Begin: 1750 End:_______________________ Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? All social classes were affected by the industrial revolution Strengthened bourgeoisie Dehumanization of wage earning factory workers Working class strives for collective power Changes in family structure Urbanization of the world

o Factory’s magnet effect: pulls populations o Transformation of city from cultural and political center to industrial center

Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Machines replaced animal and human labor in production and distribution of goods

• inventions of the scientific revolution

• Markets abroad o Many colonies used for raw materials

and to sell finished products o Maritime strength to protect them

• commercial revolution (triggered economic growth following exploration, colonization and mercantilism)

• population increase in Europe • political and social revolutions of the 19th

century o rise of the middle class o general interest in economic change and

financial gain

Agricultural revolution frees laborers for cities

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Britain led the revolution in a way since it was at the forefront with its new technological changes. Machines replaced animal and human labor in production and distribution of goods Initially subtle, but by 1850, changes were all-encompassing Massive population boom in CITIES caused a number of changes demographically. People went to find jobs around industrial towns. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Factory Acts 1802 and 1819 Factory Act of 1833 Ten Hours Act of 1847 Coal Mines Act of 1842

Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Working class strives for collective power

• Many nations outlawed formation of workers unions – e.g. Combination Acts of 1799 in GB said NO WORKERS ASSOCIATIONS

• Many unions and associations formed anyway • Grand National Consolidated Trades

Union (est. 1834) goal of establishing an 8 hour work day

1820s efforts in France and Britain did exist to improve cities

• British Poor law Commission attempted to report on these horrid conditions

• Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain in 1842

• Use of drainage • Piped water • 1848: GB had 1st Public Health Act created

a National Board of Health to “clean up” cities

Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government. Tried to improve the working class conditions

• Factory Acts 1802 and 1819 o limited labor hours for kids between 9-16

to 12 hours a day o kids under 9 couldn’t work

• Factory Act of 1833 o kids 9-13 only could work 8 hour days o those aged 13-18 could only work 12

hours o Inspectors brought in to enforce laws o Required kids 9-13 have 2 hours of

elementary education a day • Ten Hours Act of 1847 reduced work day

for kids to 10 hours aged 13-18 • Coal Mines Act of 1842 eliminated

employment of boys under 10 and women in mines

Name of Nation or Revolution: Latin American Revolts 1819-1825 Years of Revolution: Begin: 1819 End: 1825 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Spain: wanted to maintain control of its colonies Latin America: wanted to be independent from Spain Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: changes in crown's economic and administrative policies led to tensions with locals

Enlightenment thinking

Peninsular War was the trigger for the wars of independence

Social tensions

Regional Rivalry Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Simon Bolivar was a Venezuelan military and political leader. Bolívar played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire. He utilized guerilla warfare Jose de San Martin was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire. He assembled an army. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: As it became clear that there was to be no reversal of Spanish American independence, several of the new states began to receive international recognition. Early, in 1822, the United States recognized Chile, the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, Peru, Gran Colombia, and Mexico. Britain waited until 1825, after the Battle of Ayacucho, to recognize Mexico, Gran Colombia, and Río de la Plata. Both nations recognized more Spanish American states in the next few years December 16, 1836 the Congress of Spain issued a decree authorizing the Spanish Government to renounce its territorial and sovereign claims over its domains in continental Americas, by concluding treaties with each of the states of Spanish America. Throughout the 19th century Spain made treaties of peace and recognition with each of newborn states. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Independence from Spain Simòn Bolívar & forces defeat the Spanish &

win independence for various countries. Freed much of Spanish colonies from Spanish rule. Independent treaties signed to recognize emerging states in Latin America

Name of Nation or Revolution: Greek Revolt 1821 Years of Revolution: Begin 1821 End 1829 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Greece: rebels against Ottoman rule Ottoman Empire European Powers: rally to the cause and intervene to support the rebellion. Defeated Ottomans allowed the powers to decide Greece's fate.

o Greece now ruled by a Bavarian king (German) Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: The founding of the oragnization Filiki Eteria, which expanded rapidly and was soon able to recruit members in all areas of the Greek world and among all elements of the Greek society

Nationalism

Enlightenment Liberalism Greeks didn't want to be under Ottoman rule Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? A secret organization called the Filiki Eteria was founded with the aim of liberating Greece: The Filiki Eteria expanded rapidly and was soon able to recruit members in all areas of the Greek world and among all elements of the Greek society Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Treaty of Constantinople, which set the boundaries of the new Greek Kingdom at the Arta–Volos line Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Establish an independent Greek state

An independent Greek state had been established, but Britain, Russia and France played a major role in Greek politics.

Greece forms its own state In May 1832, the London Conference convened. The three Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France and Russia) offered the throne to the Bavarian prince, Otto of Wittelsbach.

Name of Nation or Revolution: Spanish Revolt 1820 Years of Revolution: Begin 1820 End 1823 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Army: the troops mutiny against the government Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: The inept rule of Spain King Ferdinand VII (1784-1833), who refused to accept the liberal constitution of 1812, provoked widespread unrest, particularly in the army.

Enlightenment ideas

Powerful examples of the American and French revolutions

Political tensions Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Spain's King Ferdinand VII provoked widespread unrest, particularly in the army, by refusing to accept the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812. Army: soldiers assembled at Cadiz for an expedition to South America, angry over infrequent pay, bad food, and poor quarters, mutinied under the leadership of Colonel Rafael del Riego y Nuñez. Pledging fealty to the 1812 Constitution, they seized their commander. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: The Quadruple Alliance (Britain, France, the Netherlands and Austria) at the Congress of Verona in October 1822 gave France a mandate to intervene and restore the Spanish monarchy. On 22 January 1823, a secret treaty was signed at the congress of Verona, allowing France to invade Spain to restore Ferdinand VII as an absolute monarch. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: New, more liberal constitution NO Ferdinand VII applied the terms of the

Congress of Vienna, lobbied for the assistance of the other absolute monarchs of Europe. France to invaded Spain to restore Ferdinand VII as an absolute monarch. The spanish troops were defeated

Name of Nation or Revolution: French Revolution of 1830 Years of Revolution: Begin 1830 End 1850 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Citizens and liberals hate the oppression imposed by the government Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Victory of liberals in the election (angers Charles X)

Political discord

Social discord Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Liberals: rebel against the July Ordinances (Rigid censorship, Dissolves legislative assembly, Reduces electorate) which instigates the July Revolution (1830), where moderate propertied liberals rebel and set up provisional government Under Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orleans and Charles' cousin Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: The revolution of July 1830 created a constitutional monarchy. On August 2, Charles X and his son the Dauphin abdicated their rights to the throne and departed for Great Britain Reinstates Charter of 1814: establishing the principle of national sovereignty over the principle of the divine right. The new Charter was a compromise between the Doctrinaires opposition to Charles X and the Republicans. Laws enforcing Catholicism and censorship were repealed and the revolutionary tricolor flag re-established Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Less oppressive policies Yes Overthrew the government and put in place a

liberal constitutional monarchy Reform Government No Civil unrest continued for three months,

supported by the left-wing press. Louis-Philippe's government was not able to put an end to it, mostly because the National Guard was headed by one of the Republican leaders

Name of Nation or Revolution: French Revolution of 1848 Years of Revolution: Begin 1848 End 1852 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Citizens: marched and refused to disperse Louis-Philippe abdicated – hoping his grandson would be installed as the new monarch – but it was too late. The crowd proclaimed the start of the Second French Republic Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: The unpopular July Monarchy (1830) Political discord Troops panicked and opened fire on the crowd which was marching to demanding the resignation of Guizot (French premier)

Social discord

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Citizens: proclaimed the start of the Second French Republic. The Chamber of Deputies created a provisional government Different political factions want different things Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Napoleon staged a coup and became Emperor Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Reform Government NO December 10, 1848 Louis Napoleon was

elected president of the Second Republic by a landslide! The romantic idealism of the old Napoleon was enough to give Louis Napoleon a landslide victory…he later staged a coup in 1851 and became EMPEROR LOUIS NAPOLEON III by 1852. (History is repeating itself)

Name of Nation or Revolution: German Revolts 1848 Years of Revolution: Begin 1848 End 1849 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Liberals and radicals: wanted an end to feudal obligations, political repression, freedom of press and assembly, and more participation in the elections Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Famine in the 1840's Political unrest Revolutionary movement spreads from France to Germany

Social discord

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Citizens: stage a protest but the army moved against the protestors killing several hundred

The king, in an attempt to restore order and gain the confidence of the people, sent representatives out into the city

He promised to released imprisoned liberals and that Prussia would be merged with Germany

Frankfurt Assembly formed but had no national power and it was not supported by the rulers of Austria or Prussia, nor did it command an army Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement:

December 1848 the Frankfurt Parliament proclaimed the Basic Rights of the German People (influenced by the Americans and French)

The Declaration promised: equality for all German citizens freedom of speech freedom to assemble freedom of religion the right to private property

The Austrians refused to accept the Declaration and saw the move as anti-monarchy 1849 the Frankfurt Parliament proposed a unified Germany with two houses of

Parliament and an hereditary emperor – Austria rejected the idea Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: German unification o Some delegates advocated a

kleindeutsch – a Germany that would not include Austria

o Others wanted a grossdeutsch – a Germany that would include all the German states including Austria

o The Frankfurt Parliament had failed – German unification

would have to wait…

More liberal government Frederick William declared martial law and set about suppressing the revolutionary movement Forgot liberal ideals

Name of Nation or Revolution: Austrian Revolts 1848 Years of Revolution: Begin 1848 End 1849 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? In Austria the people wanted an end to autocratic rule – not necessarily Hapsburg rule Liberals wanted the emancipation of the serfs, freedom of the press, and greater participation in the electoral process Louis Kossuth became the greatest proponent of Magyar (Hungarian) nationalism Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Once the news from France (revolution) reached Vienna the liberals and the radicals became emboldened

Political unrest

Social unrest Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Kossuth: rally the people behind his cause Hungarian Diet: ruling body elected by male property owners Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: April 14, 1849 the Hungarian Diet proclaimed Magyar independence and made Kossuth the president Francis Joseph called on Russia to help suppress the Hungarians

Nicholas I sent 140,000 troops Kossuth asked the Frankfurt Assembly for help and was refused The British didn’t want Russian intervention, but wanted Hapsburgs to buffer against the

French The Hungarians were defeated by the Russians and Kossuth fled to Turkey The emperor executed suspected troublemakers and imposed martial law

Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Louis Kossuth became the greatest proponent of Magyar (Hungarian) nationalism

NO While Kossuth advocated reform he was unable to get the nobility to support changes that would undermine their own privileges

Reform Government NO The emperor ended freedom of the press and imposed martial law (lasted until 1851)

Name of Nation or Revolution: Italian Revolt 1830 Years of Revolution: Begin 1830 End 1830 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Italy: revolutionary sentiment in favour of a unified Italy began to experience a resurgence, and a series of insurrections laid the groundwork for the creation of one nation along the Italian peninsula Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Revolutionary sentiment Nationalism Political unrest Social discord Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Giuseppe Mazzini: Led revolts in 1830’s and was exiled Young Italy (Giovine Italia) movement Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Austrian army began its march across the Italian peninsula, slowly crushing resistance in each province that had revolted Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Unification No Italian States – 3 separate Italian

states are all crushed by Metternich’s intervention

Name of Nation or Revolution: Italian Revolt 1848 Years of Revolution: Begin 1848 End 1849 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why?

The reform movement in Italy was hampered by the many different objectives of the various groups: liberals wanted political reform radicals wanted to create a republic workers wanted benefits

Italy wanted unification Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: In March, thousands marched on the palace of the Austrian governor-general in Milan demanding liberal reforms

Nationalism

Political unrest Social discord Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Giuseppe Mazzini and Garibaldi: took over Risorgimento (resurgence) movement for unification. Formed organization called Young Italy (Giovine Italia) in 1831, which advocated patriotism and nationalism. Revolts against Austria by regions were successful for a bit.. but then failed Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Charles Albert asked for an armistice and abdicated the throne to his son Victor Emmanuel II – Piedmont also gave up all claims to Lombardy

Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Unification No o Charles Albert asked for an

armistice and abdicated the throne to his son Victor Emmanuel II – Piedmont also gave up all claims to Lombardy

o Garibaldi and Mazzini once again fled into exile

o Italian unification would have to wait…

Name of Nation or Revolution: Communist Revolution in China (Chinese Civil War) Years of Revolution: Begin 1927 End 1950 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Peasants – Felt that the nationalist government was being oppressive towards the common peasantry. Communists / Socialists – The ruling party, the Kuomintang, executed and purged many leftists, forcing them to create their own party and fight back. Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Kuomintang nationalists began purging and executing Communists, causing communists to revolt against them.

There was a great difference between the ideologies of the Communists and the Nationalists, and both wanted control of the national government.

Peasants felt unfairly treated by the nationalist government, who were corrupt and led by the elite.

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Mao Zedong – Communist leader, initially used guerilla warfare and later normal fighting to subdue nationalists. Turned peasants into troops, drawing upon China’s large peasant population. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: No treaty ending war. Nationalist China eventually lost and moved off the shore to the island of Taiwan, where they still remain today. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Communist overtaking of the Chinese Government

X The Communist guerilla tactics were successful; they also drew upon the resentment of the nationalist government.

Communal ownership of property, and removal of foreign influences

X Mao Zedong wanted communal ownership of farms, which was established during the “Great Leap Forward”. Communization was a failure, and caused a huge famine in China.

Name of Nation or Revolution: Paris Commune Years of Revolution: Begin 1871 End 1871 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Workers and Lower Middle Class Parisians- They felt that the Emperor and the monarchy did not support their interests, and longed for a democracy that would listen to the will of the people Women- They wanted feminist rights, and were amongst the most ardent supporters of the Commune. Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: The loss of the Franco-Prussian war and Napoleon III’s capture

The lack of civil rights for working class members of Parisian society

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Louis Auguste Blanqui – While not officially a leader as he was arrested before the revolution, the “Blanquist” form of Socialism was the most popular within the Commune, and many of his ideas were put in place. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: There were no treaties ending the war. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Establishment of Paris as a communist haven

X Adolphe Thiers’s army attacked the city and removed the Commune from power.

Separation of Church and state in France

X The official collaboration between Church and State ended later, during the Third Republic.

Name of Nation or Revolution: The Decembrist Revolt Years of Revolution: Begin 1825 End 1826 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why?

Russian Military Officers - Encouraged by liberal enlightened thinkers, and disgusted by the treatments of the peasants during the Napoleonic wars, the officers decided to rebel against the conservative regime.

Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Constantine renounced the throne and Nicholas, believed to be a staunch conservative, took over.

The inequality in Russia as well as the lack of rights for peasants, along with a backlash from the staunch conservatism advocated during the Congress of Vienna.

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies?

Kakhovsky: Originally tasked with killing the Emperor, but decided that his religion would not allow it, so decided to make the action focused in the Center of Senate Square.

Pavel Pestel: Liberal ideologue, was tasked with mobilizing the Southern Society of officers. His arrest before the rebellion led to the eventual disorganization and lack of mobilization of the Southern Society,

Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement:

None; Rebels were killed and major leaders hanged.

Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons:

Freeing the Serfs X They were unable to garner the support of the entire army.

Ensure Constantine’s Succession X Constantine had no interest in taking the throne

Ensure the Execution of the Constitution

X While Nicolas did not altogether execute the constitution fully, he did end up codifying the law.

Name of Nation or Revolution: Prague Spring Years of Revolution: Begin and End in 1968 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Liberal Socialists – They were upset with the previous president’s handling of the economy, and wanted liberal reforms with regards to freedom of the press and speech. Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Antonin Novotny, the previous president, was extremely unpopular within the Czech government.

The Czech communists wanted freedom of the press, speech, and some capitalist policies.

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Alexander Dubcek – Czech leader, elected 1st Secretary in 1968. Wanted liberal reforms with regards to speech and press, and wanted to shed light on the former Stalinist policies. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: None. Dubcek was removed from power, and the liberals in the party purged. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Liberalization of the Communist Government in Czechoslovakia

X The Warsaw Bloc invaded Czechoslovakia.

Federalization of the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic

X The transformation of the single nation-state into a single federation-state survived the invasion.

Name of Nation or Revolution: Russian Revolution of 1905 Years of Revolution: Begin 1905, End 1907 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Peasants- When serfdom was ended, most peasants had received the worst land, and were unable to maintain a living. Industrial workers- Many industrial workers felt oppressed by the elite and wanted a say in the then autocratic government. Nationalist groups- Many nationalists within countries like Finland, Latvia, and Poland were upset by Russification. Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Peasants in the countryside were roaming and looking for food, and were starving.

The land given to the peasants was often the worst land, and as such they were unable to survive off of it.

The workers who marched to the Russian Royal palace were massacred by Nicholas II’s troops

Workers worked long hours for little pay, and any effort to change that was often shrugged off by the czar.

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Vladimir Lenin- Radical, wanted major change and wanted the autocracy to be dismantled. Viktor Chernov- More moderate, was content when the demands of the October Manifesto were met. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: October Manifesto- List of demands of revolutionaries, including universal suffrage and a Duma to have a check on the monarchy. Constitution of 1906- Reinforced the previous October Manifesto. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: Universal Suffrage and a Representative Duma

X X Both yes and no; Duma was established, but was soon after rendered powerless in a conservative backlash.

Civil Rights X Granted to the revolutionaries after the signing of the October Manifesto

National Autonomy of Russified States

X Constitution reinforced the Russification of these states and Russia’s control over them.

Name of Nation or Revolution: Bolshevik Revolution (Russian Revolution of 1917) Years of Revolution: Begin 1917 End 1917 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Industrial Workers – the Russian economy was crumbling from WWI, causing workers to become extremely upset with the government. Some wanted full control of the government through the “Soviets”. Peasants – Many were starving, forced into the army, and were also affected by the terrible economic conditions. Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: Workers began striking in Petrograd, looking for food and better wages. This turned into a riot and battle with the Czar’s untrained troops.

WWI had deprived many workers and peasants of food, and forced them to fight in terrible conditions.

(Later) The provisional government refused to end WWI.

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? February: Alexander Karensky believed that the monarchy was failing to lead the country well and decided to make the government into a provisional, dual government. Decided to continue fighting WWI. October: Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Lev Kamenev decided that the monarchy needed to be removed completely, and replaced with a union of “soviets”, or workers councils. Wanted to end WWI. Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: Treaty of Brest-Livotsk- Did not end the revolution, but did cease the fighting between Germany and Russia, ending Russia’s involvement in WWI. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: (Feb) A provisional government, combining the will of the people with the Romanov dynasty.

X The government was overthrown by the Red Army and its associates

(Oct) Control of the country by Soviets and the workers

X X While nominally, the workers were in command, over time control shifted to autocratic dictators.

Ending of WWI X Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Name of Nation or Revolution: Sepoy Rebellion (Indian Rebellion of 1857) Years of Revolution: Begin 1857 End 1858 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why?

The Sepoy Soldiers of the East Indian Company- Believed that the British had no respect for Indian culture or practices; Some believed that the British had gone too far in trying to take over India

Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental:

The Sepoys believed they would be forced to bite off tallow (animal fat) cartridges, against their beliefs

The British implemented draconian caste policies on recruiting Sepoys; oftentimes the best soldiers were paid the lowest and treated the worst based on their caste

The Sepoys believed that the British had changed the nature of their service and pay, taking away things like renumeration for for foreign service.

The British outlawed many Indian practices, including sati, or the traditional burning of widows, making the Sepoys believe the British had no respect for traditional Indian culture.

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies?

Rani Lakshmibai - Leader of the Jhansi, focused on getting her province of India independence from the British. Nationalist figure.

Bahadur Shah Zafar - Last Mughal Empire, crowned by rebel Indian troops. Mostly a figurehead for the movement, he was suspected to have been forced into power.

Mangal Pandey - While not a leader, he was one of the first sepoys to cry for revolution and was often a rallying cry for Indian forces. He was executed before the bulk of the revolution came in to effect.

Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement:

No treaties ended the war. The British conquered the Indian peninsula and took back all the cities taken by the Sepoys.

Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons:

Removal of British from Indian land X The Brits were better equipped and better organized than the Sepoy forces

More respect for Indian customs and cultures

X The British did eventually address some of the complaints posed by the Sepoy soldiers.

Name of Nation or Revolution: The Velvet Revolution Years of Revolution: Begin and End 1989 Involved Parties – Which Individuals/Groups were dissatisfied with the status quo and why? Students – Students had been influenced by the changes in other Warsaw Bloc states, and wanted liberal changes in the Czech government as well. Artists, writers, and actors – They wanted to be able to express themselves, and supported liberal reforms. Causes of the Revolution: Immediate: Fundamental: The “death” of a student after a Prague protest.

The desire of Prague’s students and intellectuals for freedom.

The example of the other Warsaw bloc powers’ freedom, like Poland and East Germany.

Leadership – Who Led the Revolution and what were their strategies? Vaclav Havel- He desired the peaceful reorganization of the Communist government. He used peaceful protests and discussion to further his goals. (An example as to why the revolution is also called “The Gentle Revolution” Treaty (ies) Ending War and Major Terms of the Agreement: None. Havel, as well as former reformer Alexander Dubcek, were elected to key positions in the new government. Goals and Evaluation What were the goals and were they accomplished? Goal: Yes: No: Reasons: The dissolution of the Communist government

X The people were inspired by reforms in Russia and elsewhere, and managed to peacefully dissolve the Communists.