Music PowerPoint Lecture

7/22/2019 Music PowerPoint Lecture

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MusicEarly 20th Century Music

DEMIDEC POWERPOINT LECTURE 2013


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I: Music Theory


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Music = Sound Organized in Time

Time frame

Sound waves

Mind to observe and understand sounds(listener)

Composer

Human and/or mechanical perfor

Recording equipment

REQUIRED ELEMENTS OF MUSIC OTHER ELEMENTS OF MUSIC (


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Instruments: Hornbostel-SachsEthnomusicologistsstudy the music of foreign cultures and/or compare music of mLeading ethnomusicologists Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel classified instrum

Hornbostel SachsClassification

Sound WaveSource

ExampleChordophones Strings vibrate Violin, cello, guitar, harp

Aerophones Air column vibrates French horn, flute, saxo

Membranophones Skin (membrane) vibrates Bass drum, tambourineIdiophones Instrument itself vibrates Xylophone, bell, woodb

Electrophones Electrical oscillator creates sound

waves

Theremin, synthesizer


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Instruments: Western FamiliesFamilies are also used to group Western instruments

Family Characteristics Examples

StringPerformers bow or pluck the

stringsChordophones: violin, guitar, har

BrassPerformers buzz their lips to

vibrate the air columnAerophones: trumpet, trombone

Woodwind Performers use their breath tochannel air

Aerophones: flute, clarinet, saxo

PercussionPerformers strike the

instrument to produce sound

Membranophones: timpani, tam

Idiophones: bells, cymbals

Chordophones: piano

Keyboard Performers strike keys Piano, organ, harpsichord


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Video: Music Families


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Electronic Instruments and Music

After WW II, a new genre emerged: Musiqueconcrte

Instruments or electronics producesounds and are recorded

Composers mechanically edit andmanipulate sounds

Loudspeakers perform the completedmusical collages

Originated in France

Watch Leon Theremin playi

electronic instrument.


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A Little Physics: Sound Waves

Frequency determines Pitch Pitch: a sounds highness or lowness

Measured in Hertz (Hz) oscillations/second

A-440 Hz popular tuning note

Amplitude determines Loudness Loudness = dynamics

Measured in Decibels

Most pitches consist of multiplefrequencies Fundamental: lowest and loudest frequency

Determines what note you hear

Overtones: higher and fainter frequencies


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All Pitches are Created Equal

Equal temperament tuning, todays most popular tuning system, becomes standard

1 octave = 12 parts = 12 distinct pitches

The 12 pitches in ascending order create a chromatic scale

A half step separates any two consecutive pitches

Twelve half steps divide an octave into twelve parts

An Octave A Descending Chromatic Scale


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It was an Accident(al)!

Markings called accidentals alter the pitch of anote A flat () lowers a pitch by one half step

A sharp (#) raises a pitch by one half step

Equal temperament makes enharmonic pitches

possible Enharmonic pitches sound identical despite differentnotation

Example: E-flat and D-sharp


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Do You Smell Something Fishy?

Scale: group of pitches in ascending order, in a

set pattern of whole and half steps

Most Western scales use 7 of the 12 possible pitches

of the octave

Scale Degrees

Tonic: first and most important pitch

Dominant: second most important; fifth pitch

Leading tone: lies a half step below the tonic;

sounds unstable

Moves upward by a half step to more stable tonic


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Name thatIntervalAn interval describesthe distance betweenany two pitches.

Intervals may beharmonic(simultaneous) or

melodic (consecutive).They are measured interms of half steps.

# of Half Steps Interval (Abbrevia

1 Half step (V or m

2 Whole step (M

3 Minor third (m4 Major third (M

5 Perfect fourth (

6 Augmented fourth (aug4), dim

tritone (TT)

7 Perfect fifth (P

8 Minor sixth (m9 Major sixth (M

10 Minor seventh (

11 Major seventh (M

12 Octave (P8)


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Major Developments

Two whole steps

One half step

Three whole steps

One half step

The major scale pattern is especcommon in Western music

The chart on the left demonstratpattern of whole and half steps Remember the numbers 2 , 3 t

memorize this pattern

A scale may start on any pitch, b

the same interval pattern12 different-sounding major scalone for each note of the chroma The Pattern of whole and half ste

remains the same


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Some Minor Adjustments

The chart on the left shows the pawhole and half steps in a natural m

Each of the three types of minor scthe third scale degree by a half stecompared to a major scale

One Whole Step

One Half Step

Two Whole Steps

One Half Step

One Whole Step

MINOR

SCALE

LOWERED SCALE

DEGREES (COMPARED

TO MAJOR)

Natural 3, 6, 7

Harmonic 3, 6

Melodic 3


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A Scale TutorialReview major and minor scaleswith this video demonstration.

Remember:

Semitone = half step

Tone = whole step

Compare major and minorscales by listening to the audiolinks below the video.

All of these scales begin on thenote A

Major Natural

Minor

Harmonic

Minor


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Its All Relative or Is It?

Relative Scales

Same Pitches

Different Tonics

Parallel Scales

Different Pitches

Same Tonic


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We Got hythmGeneralRhythmicTerms

Rhythm: An audible set of varying durations

Beat: A steady pulse underlying most music; may be audible or ina

Tempo: The speed of the beat

MeterandMeasures

Meter: Organizes beats into groups

Measures/Bars: Units that group together strong and weak beats

Downbeat: The first and strongest beat in a measure

Anacrusis (Pickup Note(s)): Note(s) before the first beat of a mea

Time Signature: A fraction-like number that indicates the meter an

Syncopation: Emphasis on weak beats or notes between beats


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Melody

Melody: a sequence of individual pitches

To transpose: Start the melody on a different note

Keep the sequence of intervals constant

The melody remains recognizable

Contour: shape of a melody Usually described as conjunct or disjunct

Conjun

Smootstepw

Mostlyand ha

Disjunct

More leaps

Manyintervalslarger thanmajor second


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Home, Home on the angeRange: refers to the highest and lowest playable notes on ainstrument

Register: refers to a part of an instruments range

For example, a piece can exploit an instruments high, middle,register

Tessitura: indicates which register is most frequently used in A piece with a high tessitura, for example, mostly uses notes f

instruments upper range


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More Rhythmic TermsPresto: Very fast

Allegro: Fast

Moderato: Moderate

Andante: Walking speed

Adagio: Slow

Lento (Grave): Very slowRitardando: Slow down

Accelerando: Speed up

Poco a poco: Gradually

Subito: Suddenly

Time Signature

TopBeM

BottoLeng

Mixed meter:juxtaposes different me

Irregular meter: features unusual grobeats, such as 5 or 7

Polymeter: occurs when multiple instsimultaneously suggest multiple mete


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Time SignaturesWatch a more detailedexplanation of time signatureshere.


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Keys to SuccessKey: determines the pitch relationships within a piece

Keys center on the tonic pitch of a scale

When a musician refers to the key of D Major, forexample, the tonic is D

Key signature: designates a key using accidentals(sharps and flats)

Diatonic:pitches from

within the key

Chromatic:pitches from

outside the key


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Living in armonyTwo or more pitches sounding at onceproduce harmony

Common-practice tonality governs theharmonies in most Western music

Chord: A grouping of three or moresimultaneous pitches

Triad: A chord consisting of exactly threepitches separated by two intervals of athird

Triad

Fifth

Third

Root


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Triads, Triads, Triads

Triad Type Root-Third Third-Fifth

Major Major Third Minor Third

Minor Minor Third Major Third

Diminished Minor Third Minor Third

Augmented Major Third Major Third

Bottom Note Chord Position

Root Root position

Third First inversion

Fifth Second inversion

Four different qualities of triads feature different

patterns of third intervals

A composer can invert a triad by p

than the root, or lowest note, at t


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The Circle of Fifths

The circle of fifths visually representsthe relationship between major keys

Clockwise, it ascends in perfectfifths, hence the name

The most closely related keys areneighbors on the circle of fifths


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Harmony: More Terms to KnowVoice leading: composers invert chords to make singing a selection e This technique enables singers to sing conjunct lines rather than frequen

Bass line: lowest voice in a chord progression

Seventh chords: add the seventh above the root to any triad Dominant seventh chord: includes scale degrees 5,7,2, and 4

Open position chords: the notes are spread out over a large span

Closed position chords: the notes are close together, usually in the sa

Modal mixture: a chromatic alteration of one or more pitches of a tri

Modulate: to change keys


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Making Progress(ions)Harmonic progressions: unstable

dissonance resolves to stableconsonanceTritone: three whole steps; very dissonant

interval must resolve to consonance

Diatonic triads use only the pitches inthe keyTonic triad (I) is most stable, most

important

Dominant triad (V) resolves to tonic

Supertonic (ii) and subdominant (IV) =predominant harmonies These harmonies lead to the dominant

Predominant(ii or IV)

Dominant(V)

A typical chord progression


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Texture

Texture describes the number of layers in a piece of music and how tinteract

Monophony

One melody, no accompaniment

Same pitches at the same time(unison)

Heterophony

One melody with simultaneousvariations

Common in early jazz

Homophony

Melody with subaccompaniment

Polyphony

Two or more melodic lines

Possible because of counterpoint(a complex system of combiningmelodic lines)


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DynamicsDynamics indicate the relative loudness and softness of sounds


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ArticulationArticulation describesthe mechanics ofstarting, sustainingand ending a sound.


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Form inMusicForm refers to the overallorganization of a musicalpiece.

Like architecture, formcombines smaller units tocreate a larger structure.

Piece as a whole exhibit

It consists of themesPiece

Create coherent

Phrases combinThemes

Present

Often ap

Usually c

cadence

Phrases

S

Sr

Motives


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Most Common FormsRepetition: Technique of repeating the exact same pitches, rhythms, and ha

Theme and variations: repeats a melody (theme) with significant alterationand contrast]

Twelve-Bar Blues: the musician performs often improvised variations over achord progression

Ternary form: a.k.a. three-part form or ABA form contains a contrasting mid

Fugue: Uses imitation and counterpoint to develop a theme polyphonically

Sonata form: first movement form in three parts exposition, developmentrecapitulation


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Sonata Form: Three main parts

Exposition

First idea intonic

Transition

Second ideain dominant

Development

Experimentswith musicalideas

Sounds

moreunstable

Recapitulat

Typicsameorgaas th

expo Does

mod


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Sonata Cycle Organizes Movement

THREE-MOVEMENT VERSION FOUR-MOVEMENT VERSION

1. Fastsonataform

2. Slowternary

3. Fastsonata orrondo

Pre-19th Centu

1. Fast sonata

2. Slow ternary

3. Minuet and tri

4. Fast sonata or ron


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20th-Century Techniques

Emancipation of thedissonance no resolutions toconsonance

Atonal music no scale

12-tone method no tonic pitch

Techniques influence many

composers

20

TH

-CENTURY: ARNOLD SCHOEN

Frequent modulation

Chromatic harmonies

Rich seventh chords

Delay of resolution to tonic

19

TH

CENTURY MUSICAL COMPLEXITY


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II. Classical Music andModernism


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Musical Style PeriodsMiddle Ages (c. 800-1400)

Renaissance (c. 1400-1600)

Baroque (c. 1600-1750)

Classical (c. 1750-1830)

Romantic (c. 1830-1910)

Modern (c. 1900-present)


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Modernism The Musical 20th Cent

Development of the canon the bodyof popular repertoire

Growth of post-Romanticism Aconservative style

Flourishing of American concert life Famous conductor: Leopold Stokowski

Rise of conservatories to educatemusicians

More composers break with

Unprecedented diversity of and classical styles

Technological innovations in

the production and distributmusic New instruments invented

CLINGING TO THE PAST EMBRACING THE FUTURE


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RadioRadio created larger audiences for mu

Listeners heard a wide range of styles

Telephones and Telegraphs improvedcommunication

Wireless technology further facilitatedcommunication Developed by Guglielmo Marconi (Left)

Full Musical PerforTransmission of Morse Code


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Recording Technology

CommercialProduction

Flat DiscsWax

CylindersTinfoil

Recordings provided private entertainment Pioneered by Thomas Edison (right)

Popularized opera singer Enrico Caruso

A portable Trench model for soldiersappeared

Also useful for ethnomusicologists makingfield recordings


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Film

c.1890 Live musicians perform film scores

1891

Synchronizing images with recorded soun

Kinetophone (left) played short films

1900s Debate over the problem of amplification

1927

Adoption of sound-on-film technology byindustry


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Modernism

Innovations in Art:

Drip paintings Jackson Pollack

Innovations in Music:

Tone Clusters dissonant blocks of


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ImpressionismOrigins in French art

Pioneered by Claude Mone Example: paintings of a Japane

Emphasis on color and lig

Vague forms

Impressionists They render not the la

sensation produced by the landscape.

-Art critic Jules-


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Impressionism in Music

Poetic movement

Focuses on imagery, not narrative

Evokes vague, dreamlike atmospheres

Includes breaks in the flow of the text

Vague forms

Unconventional chords and

Weak rhythmic pulse

Emphasizes timbres, or tone

SYMBOLISM MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS


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Debussy andImpressionismLearn more about the Impressionistmovement in art and music.


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Listening Selectio

The Basic Breakdown

Featured ExcerptVoiles from Prludes,

Book I, No. 2

Composer Claude Debussy

Date 1909

Genre Prelude; a genre ofcharacter pieces

Form ABA

Instrumentation Piano Solo

The prelude A short piano work, or

character piece

Influenced by Romanticcomposer Frdric Chopin

Origins in Prelude and Fugue

Ambiguous translation of theword Voiles:

The veil

The sail


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Official NationalismA

Whole-tone scale

B

PentatonicScale

A

Whole-tone

glissandos

Co

Conc

Listening Selection 1


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ExpressionismEmphasized extreme

emotions, not serenebeauty

Searched for a dark

inner reality within theunconscious mind

Edvard Munchs TSchoenbergs portrait of fellow

composer Gustav Mahler


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The Pioneers of Musical Expressionis

SecondViennese School

ArnoldSchoenberg

Alban Berg Anton Webe


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The Basic Breakdown

Featured ExcerptNacht from Pierrot

Lunaire

Composer Arnold Schoenberg

Date 1912

Poet Albert Giraud

Genre Song cycle

Instrumentation

Piano, cello, flute/piccolo,

clarinet/bass clarinet,

violin/viola, voice

Delivery Style Sprechstimme

Listening Selectio

The clown-like Pierrot


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ABACA Poetic Form

Use of Passacaglia form Features a repeated bass line called an

ostinato

Word-painting music reflectsimages of the text

Emphasizes dark, low instru An ominous fermata a long h

Playing on the bridge createscratchy sound in the strings

Vocalist uses Sprechstimmebetween singing and speaki

OLD CHARACTERISTICS EXPRESSIONIST CHARACTER

Listening Selection


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Nacht onStageHere you can watch an eerie stagedperformance of Nacht from PierrotLunaire. The soprano is dressed as theclown-like character Pierrot.


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Primitivism

Focused upon elemental human existence

Inspirations: Traditional art, especially of Africa and the Sout

Emphasis on bold color and simple lines

Painter Paul Gaugin Inspired by visits to the Pacific

Influenced composers such as Igor Stravin

Paul Gaugins Landscape on La Dominique


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The Basic Breakdown

Featured Excerpt The Rite of Spring

Composer Igor Stravinsky

Date 1913

Genre Ballet

Instrumentation Full orchestra

Style Primitivism

The Ballets Russes This co

brings Russian ballet to Par Led by impresario Sergei Diag

Premiered Igor Stravinskysgroundbreaking ballets: Firebird

Petrushka

The Rite of Spring

Listening Selectio


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Primitivist scenario, or story, in two mainparts:

The Adoration of the Earth

The Sacrifice

Featured medieval Russian costumes

The intentionally jagged, awkwardchoreography did not recall traditional ballet

A magazine published drawings of some of thedance moves (right)

Listening Selection


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Expressionist-like distortions of familiar sounds Opening high bassoon solo

Folk-music influences

Disorienting, unpredictable rhythms

Primitivist links between humanity and nature

Complication of textOpening high bassoon solo

My idea was that the

[Introduction] should repawakening of nature, the

gnawing, wiggling of bbeasts. Igor Strav

Listening Selection


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E-flatdominant

7th

F-flat majortriad

Multiple simultaneous ostinati

These brief melodic/rhythmic snippets repover and over again

Unstable rhythmic pattern - polym

Different instruments play in different metthe same time

Listening Selection 3 Omens of

Igor Stravinsky


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Riot occurs at 1913Premiere

Enters the repertoire asan orchestral piece

Scholars reconstruct theoriginal ballet (right)

Listening Selection 3 The Rite o


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NationalismA way of expressing national identity, and a more conservative musical style.


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France

Rejection ofGerman

music

The GroupLes Six

England

Inspirationfrom past

music

RalphVaughanWilliams

Finland

Resistance topolitical

dominance

Jean Sibelius

Spain

Glorificationof national

culture

EnriqueGranados

Nationalist Composers


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Technology and Nationalism

Ethnomusicologists

Began to study national folk songs and dances

These often wanted to preserve this music

Two Famous Hungarians Studied FolkMusic Early

Zoltn Kodly Bla Bartk

Made transcriptions made from field recordings

These recordings became basis of many of theircompositions

Folk tunes take priority

Folk tunes and original music equ

Folk tunes act as a recurring mot

Themes imitate folk tunes

Imitation of the folk spirit

5 Ways Bartk integrated Folk M


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Field Recordings (L) vs. Composition


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The Basic Breakdown

Featured ExcerptRomanian Christmas Carols,

First Series

Composer Bla Bartk (right)

Date 1915

Number of Parts 10


Style Nationalism

Listening Selecti


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FOLK INFLUENCES TWO COMMON MODES OF THIN

Ionian

Resembles the major scale

Aeolian

Resembles the minor scale

Modes non major/minor scales

Flexible Meter

Drones long held notes

Listening Selectio


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Atonality

Common-PracticeTonality

IncreasingChromaticismin the 19th

century

SchoenbergsEmancipation of

the Dissonance

PANTONAL

SCHOENBERGS TERM FPromoted by Second Vi

Arnold Schoenberg

Alban Berg

Anton Webern

Atonality refers not to a smovement but to a tecmusic lacks a tonic it instance, appear in an primitivist composition


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Pre-Atonal

WebernLangsamer Satz (1905) anexample of a highly chromatic,restless, melodic, late-Romanticwork for string quartet.

Schoenberg felt that music suchas this had grown so chromatic,that the next logical step was tobreak with tonality altogether.

l


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Listening SelectioThe Basic Breakdown

Featured ExcerptAuerst langsam fromSix Bagatelles for String

Quartet, Op. 9,No. 5

Composer Anton Webern

Date 1911-1913

Instrumentation String Quartet

Style Atonality

Pitch Aggregate this term refepitches of the chromatic scale,

tone row These 12 pitches appear gradua

Emphasis on Timbre, not tradit

Pizzicato plucked strings

Mute alters the timbre

Pointillism

Very sparse texture

Use of Klangfarbenmelodie

Tone-color melody

i i l i


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Listening Selection

A Baroque-Era Canon by J.S. Bach An Introduction to 12-tone Serialism


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FROM TIN PAN ALLEY TO A PL AYER PIA NO NEAR YOU

III. Early 20th CenturyPopular Music

F lk M i


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Folk Music

Transmission

Oral Tradition

TranscriptionsPreserve

Songs

RecordingsPreserve

Performances

Functions

Not JustEntertainment

Practical Uses

ReinforcesEthnic Identity

Changes

Immigrationand

urbanization

Blending of

Styles

Record IndustrySpreads

Traditions

St T diti


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Stage Traditions

NationalTraditionsof Opera

Italy

seria

buffa

Germany Singspiel

France

opra-ballet

opra-

comique

opra-

bouffe

Gilbert and Sullivans

operettas grew espepopular in the US

Mi t l Sh


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Minstrel ShowsA behind the times American operatic tradition

Development of black-face Invented Charles Matthews visiting English actor

Shows emphasize southern stereotypes, especially of AfricanAmericans

Conventions

Walk-around features entire cast at the end of an act

Cakewalk dance that mimicked high-society manners

Stephen Foster (1826-64) the most famous Minstrel songcomposer

Music halls hosted similar shows in Britain

V d ill


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Vaudeville

TWO TERMS

Bill Listof Acts

Turns

IndividualActs

A HYPOTHETICAL CUE SHEET FOR

Text Music

I love my alpaca farm. Peaceful f

The alpacas sing

beautifully.

Humming

But oh no! The alpaca

barn is on fire!

G minor ch

fortissimo

I must save my alpacas! Frenzied mThey are saved. Joyous mu

(Alpacas prance in

delight)

Waltz unti

A standard house set of cues helped

accompany many acts with little rehe


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BandsJames Reese Europe and the 369th U.S. Infantry Regiment Band, a popular African-American

Multi Thematic Form for Marches


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Multi-Thematic Form for Marches

BombasBreak

Strain

ContrastingTrio Section

Strain 2Strain 1Short

Introduction


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Sousas TheStars and Stripes

ForeverAn example of multi-thematicform, as performed by theUnited States Marine Band.

Gospel


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Gospel

ORIGINS: THE BAY PSALM BOOK CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACT

Songs blended popular styles

Appeared in printed collections

Used to attract religious converts

Popular among the Military durin

Sung by mourning Americans afteof the Lusitania

Politicized Music


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Politicized MusicNATIONAL ANTHEMS: THE STAR SPANGLEDBANNER

Poem by Francis Scott Key

Set to the tune of To Anacreon in Heavn

Becomes official Military Anthem in 1916

Becomes official National Anthem in 1931

MUSIC FOR CAUSES: DAME ETHEL SWOMENS SUFFRAGE THE MARC

Ragtime


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Ragtime

SCOTT JOPLIN A FAMOUS COMPOSER AN EXPLANATION OF RAGTIME

Listening Selectio


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Listening Selectio

The Basic Breakdown

Featured Excerpt Maple Leaf Rag

Composer Scott Joplin

Date 1899


Style Ragtime

Recording Method Piano Roll

Preservatof an earlyperforman

Lack ofdynamarticula

PROS AND CONS OF A PIANO ROLL R

Listening Selection 6 Multi Them


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Listening Selection 6 Multi-Them

A A B B A C C

The Influence of Ragtime


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The Influence of Ragtime

Ragtime

IndividualDances

Fox

Invention of

Swing Rhythms Stride

Blues


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Blues

AFRICAN MUSICAL INFLUENCES

Syncopation

Call-and-response singing

Melismatic singing multiplenotes/syllable

EARLIER EXPRESSIONS OF THE B

Spirituals groups expressreligious message

Shouts song and dance groupritual

Work songs/field holler sung inthe fields

12-Bar Blues Form Repeated Patte


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12 Bar Blues Form Repeated Patte

A I I I

A IV IV I

B V V I

This pattern features a standard 12-measure chord progression spread over a three-line stan

Country vs Classic Blues


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Country vs. Classic Blues

COUNTRY BLUES CLASSIC BLUES

Often small ensembles called com

More formal venues

Lyrics about love and romance

Less rhythmic freedom

Sometimes notated

Famous Performer: Gertrude Ma

Solo singer

Informal venues

Lyrics about love gone sour or politics

Loose treatment of conventions

Improvised

Famous Performer: Robert Johnson

Country vs Classic Blues Recording


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Country vs. Classic Blues Recording

COUNTRY BLUES ROBERT JOHNSON CLASSIC BLUES GERTRUDE MA

Sweet Home Chicago Deep Moaning Blues


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W.C. Handy and his Memphis Orchestra, c. 1918Father of the Blues published early classic blues sheet music

Listening Selectio


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Listening Selectio

The Basic Breakdown

Featured Excerpt St. Louis Blues

Composer W.C. Handy

Date of Composition 1914

Date of Performance 1925

Instrumentation

Singer, cornet, and

reed-pipe organ

Performers

Bessie Smith, Louis

Armstrong, and Fred

Longshaw

Style Classic Blues Singer Bessie Smith



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A

12-bar blues

A

12-bar blues

B

8 bars

B

8 bars 1


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The Birthplace of JazzStoryville, New Orleans Red Light District

The Earliest Early Jazz Styles


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y y

NEW ORLEANS JAZZ

Mostly black musicians

Usually little formal training

Layered, collective improvisation everybodyimprovises at once

DIXIELAND JAZZ

Mostly white musicians

More musically literate

More planned performances memployed notated scores

Chicago JaSolos Last anEntire Chorus

IncreasedSophistication

MusiciansMove Away

End ofStoryville


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Listening Selectio


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g

The Basic Breakdown

Featured Excerpt Dippermouth Blues

Composer Joe King Oliver

Date 1923

Instrumentation

Two cornets, trombone,

clarinet, woodblock,

banjo/vocals, piano

Notable Performers King Oliver, LouisArmstrong, Lillian Hardin

StyleNew Orleans/Chicago

Style Jazz

Jazz Trumpeter Louis Armstrong

Listening Selection 8 Stylistic


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g y

Blues

12-Bar Blues Pattern

Flattened Blue Notes

Uneven Swung Rhythms

New Orleans Style

Typical Small Combo

Collective Improvisation

Heterophonic Textures

New Fe

Planned

Stop-Time Sound

Whiny TrumWah M

American Theatrical Music


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Operetta

European classical origins

Glorified the trainedvoice

Romantic stories

Victor Herbert: Babes inToyland(1903)

Musical Comed Drew upon Ameri

popular song style

Believable chara

George M. CohanJohnny Jones (190


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Listening Selectio


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The Basic Breakdown

Featured Excerpt I Wants to Be (A ActorLady)

Show In Dahomey

ComposersHarry von Tilzer and

Vincent Bryan

Date 1902

Genre

Musical Comedy

Interpolation

Character Singing Aida Overton Walker

StyleNew Orleans/Chicago

Style Jazz



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Intro Vamp a B Vamp A


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Tin Pan Alley


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Lax Copyright Law Sparks Musicians Outrage

Founding of the American Society ofComposers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP)

Popularity

Home Entertainment Barbershop Quartets

Song-Pluggers Advertise Music by PlayingNewest Scores

Flourishing Publishing Business

Tin Pan Alley Initially Refe

New York Music Publishing D


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Intro (Vamp) a B (fill) A B


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Take Me Out to

the Ball GameAs recorded on a piano roll andperformed by a player piano.

Early listeners of the CDrecording of Maple Leaf Ragwould have heard Joplinsperformance on similar player

piano.

Film Scores


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Use of Live Piano orOrchestra

Vaudeville House Musiciansuse Cue Sheets

Specialized Venues Appear:Nickelodeons

Creation of Custom or

Original Film Scores

Development of Sound

Film Technology

An Early Movie Theater

TheBirthofaNationA Popular Film


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JOSEPH CARL BREILS CUSTOM SCORE

OriginalMusic

ClassicalMusic

PopularSongs

The Birth of a Nation (19

controversial racist them


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TheBirthofa

NationGet a sense of the use of musicand racist themes of the film bywatching this clip.

This excerpt features a classicalcomposition, Wagners Ride ofthe Valkyries.


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IV. Musical ResponsesThe Great War

Three Composers Eager to Go Fight


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Maurice

Ravel

Deemed toolight for the

air force

Became adriver

Anton

Webern

Dismissed forpoor eyesight

Helpedprepare new

recruits

Bla Bart

Consideredphysically

unfit

Collectedfolksongs

from soldie

Eager to Go II Three British Compo


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George

Butterworth

Quicklyenlisted

Died in battle

Ralph Vaughan

Williams

Becameambulance

driver

Oversawamateur

music

Gustav Holst

Failedphysical exa

Helped traisoldiers in

music

Longing to Stay: Alban Berg


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Wozzeck

Alban Bergs expressionist opera

Plot: A soldier murders andcommits suicide

Antagonists: A sadistic armydoctor and an inhumane captain

Influenced by composersmiserable training-campexperience

Alban Berg, an unhappy

training camper

Irving Berlin Popular Song Compos


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Drafted after gaining UScitizenship

Wrote Oh! How I Hate to Get Up

in the Morning mocking militarylife

Asked to write a show to raisemoney

In response, completed Yip, Yip,Yaphank

Irving Berlin

Hyphen-Americans


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Many immigrants in the US

Naturalized citizens maintain ethnic identity

Wartime fear of foreigners in the US

Fritz Kreisler

Austrian violinist living in

Stopped performing

Karl Muck

German conductor in Bos

Accused of spying after horchestra did not performnational anthem


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Transcending the BoundariesThe Christmas Truce of 1914 Enemy soldiers sing together instead of fighting

Creative Blocks and InspirationTh ht f th t it


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Thought of the war create writer

Arnold Schoenberg has difficul

King Alberts Book

This charity collection of essayworks appeared in England

Included Edward Elgars choru

Sing, Belgians, Sing!

Also: Claude Debussy: Berceus

Quotes Belgian national anth

British Composer Edward Elgar

Works Commemorate the Fallen


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Claude

Debussy

En blanc et

noir

Includesdedications todead soldiers

Edward

Elgar

The Spirit of

England

Evokes thesound of

Aeroplanes

Maurice

Ravel

Le Tombea

de Couperin

Toccataimitates

airplanes

Works About, and for, Soldiers


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Non-specific references to war in some wor

StravinskysA Soldiers Tale commented

upon the general plight of the soldier

New music composed for disabled veterans

Pianist Paul Wittgenstein

Lost his right arm

Surge in new pieces for the left hand

That would have been hard

enough with two hands!

Popular Music and the War: Topics


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Consolation

When the Roll is Called

Up Yonder

Pre-war song

Family Experiences

Hello, Central, Give Me

No Mans Land

Refers to the Telephone

Distance from Home

Theres a Long, Long

Trail

Hit among soldiers

M

K

B


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Listening Selection


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MagicFormula?

PeppyMusic

Songs of Worship, Lamentation, andHumor


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Religious

Themes

Nearer myGod toThee

Sorrow

Cathdrale de

Rheims

Folksong

Collecting

John JacobNiles

Grief

TheBravestHeart of

All

Popular

Texts

In

FlandersFields

Songs to PersuadeThe nature of propaganda lies essentially in its


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The nature of propaganda lies essentially in itssimplicity and repetition. Only the man who is ableto reduce the problems to the simplest terms and

has the courage to repeat them indefinitely in thissimplified form, despite the objection of theintellectuals, will in the long run achievefundamental success in influencing publicopinion.

- Joseph Goebbels, Adolf Hitlers propaganda minister

The Devil tells his son to st

hell and not fight in this so

Listening SelectiThe Basic Breakdown Sheet m sic reportedl


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The Basic Breakdown

Featured Excerpt I Didnt Raise My Boy

to Be a SoldierComposer Al Piantadosi

Lyricist Alfred Bryan

Date 1915

Performer Peerless Quartet

Form Verse/Chorus Form

Style Popular Song

Sheet music reportedlysells 700,000 copies

Accused of being anti-military propaganda

The United States entersthe war

Quick decline in populaof pacifist songs

Pacifist vs. Recruitment Songs


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A Wartime SongA Pre-War Song

What Kind ofan American Are


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an American AreYou?By Albert von Tilzer

Notice how the upbeatperformance style sometimesseems to contradict theseriousness of the text, much asin I Didnt Raise My Boy to be aSoldier.


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Anthems and Patriotic SongsScottish Highlanders Playing Bagpipes at the Front

More Purposes of Wartime Music


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ConservingResources

Ill Do Without Meat and

Ill Do Without Wheat But

I Cant Do Without Love

MarketingCampaigns

The Makins *Makings+ ofthe U.S.A. (A Plea in Songfor Tobacco for the Boys

Over There

New Patriotic Songs

Hassgesang gegen

England (An Anti-BritishSong)

E

In

Listening Selecti

The Basic Breakdown


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The Basic Breakdown

Featured Excerpt Over There

Composer George M. Cohan

Date 1917

Performer Nora Bayes


Style Popular Song

Over There attracted

many famous singers


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Over ThereSung by opera star EnricoCaruso, and featuring his heavyItalian accent.

Soldiers of ColorMinority soldiers face both ambivalence and


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Songs appear that honor the patriotism andcourage of minority soldiers

Relative acceptance of minorities in Europe

Distribution of discriminatory text SecretInformation Concerning Black American Troops

has little influence

discrimination

A Song about Minority S

James Reese Europe

Leads a professional orchestra


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Leads a professional orchestra

Enlists in the army

Leads an all-black regiment band

Band becomes famous forjazzy interpretations

Becomes first African-Ameofficer to lead troops into

Bandleader James Reese Europe

Listening Selecti

The Basic Breakdown


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The Basic Breakdown

Featured Excerpt

On Patrol in No Mans

Land

ComposersJames Reese Europe, Eubie

Blake, and Noble Sissle

Date 1918

PerformerNoble Sissle and Europes

Hellfighter Band


Style Popular Song

This song recounts actua

wartime experiences

Music PowerPoint Lecture

Documents

Transcript of Music PowerPoint Lecture