Music Education in the 19th

8/13/2019 Music Education in the 19th

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19 TH Century MusicEducation in Europe

Romanticism – Emotion and Intellect

became very important



Social Trends of the Romantic Period

Nat ional ism - allegiance to a specific state based onculture and language – vernacular started by Luther.Modeled by England and the USA

Liberal ism - democratic movement influenced by

Napoleon “I’ll liberate you.” freedom from some sort ofpolitical constraint - emphasizes individual freedom (Life,liberty, and the pursuit of happiness )

Ind us t r ia li sm - fundamental to the 20th century -technology applied to economy. Side impact 1823 -invention of valves - also the ability to manufacture agood quality of instrument.

Capit al ism - The merchant is the owner and controls theproduction system



Political Trends

Conse rvat ism - English - stability and reaction tothe heavy revolutions, rise of political parties - aboutstability - the individual “man of property” isprotected. Also nationalistic.

Humanism - regulate the economy, to righteconomical justice sort of lead to socialism

Soc ial ism - look out for everyone Co m m u n i s m - state owned everything Fasc i sm - revolution outgrowth, ultra conservative

and ultra nationalistic, subordination of individual tototalitarian state.



Organized Education - France

The Concordat of 1801 - Napoleon - restoredthe RC church to prominence in societyLegislation of 1802 - RC church gets the jobof elementary education. Run by Jesuits.Secondary schools were run by the stateLarge towns also had aristocratic boardingschoolsSmall towns had schools for masses



Organized Education - France

All schools were state funded1806 - Napoleon declares himself emperor andtakes over elementary schools

Standardized tests1810 - Napoleon sets up first teacher trainingschoolsPrussian influence - elementary schools were opento the public, people paid what they could, and thecommunity was responsible for the schools.Property tax funding ideas were entertained.



Organized Education - Germany

Doesn’t become a country until 1872 Focus of education on Liberalism

Available to everyoneLiberate from ignorance - followed Frenchmodel1819 - Fredrick Wilhelm - Carlsbad decree

Established two levels of educationSecondary for 10% of people (aristocrats)Elementary for 90% of people (Volkschule)

School for the masses



Organized Education - England

Early 19th centuryCharitable schools - were setup by wealthy industrialists -educate the workers enough to do their jobs. Just enoughSunday Schools - not religious, went to schools 6 days andgot Sunday offMonitorial schools - state supported, pay what you could,learn basic skills, some vocational schoolsInfant Schools - like daycare - 6 days a week

1870 - Forester Act

Set up educational districts in UK Authority granted to enforce compulsory education (no onedid it)Music was taught in these schools if someone wanted it.



Key Educational Leaders

Johann Pestalozzi (c. 1747-1827)Hans NagelGeorge Hegel (1770-1831)John Herbart (1776-1841)Fredrich Froebel (1782-1852)

Maria Montessori (1870-1952)



Johann Pestalozzi - Swiss

Father of modern elementary schoolPamphlets

Leonard & Gertrude

How a mother should teach their kidBooks (1801)

“How Gertrude teachers her children” Became a series of books for parents and teachers

1805 - founded educational institute“Yuerdon”

How to teach - like the home



Johann Pestalozzi

Educational stagesInfant school - for very young orphansBoarding school - boys onlyNormal school - for menPedagogical seminary - for people who werealready teachers

Experimented with education of “heart, head,and hand” - passion, knowledge, ability



Johann Pestalozzi

His philosophy All ideas flow into the mind through experienceCompassion to peopleManipulative - see, handle, manipulatedLearning is an evolutional processSubject matter appropriate to level of learner

Education is a birthright of every human



Johann Pestalozzi

Methodology (Pestalozzian)Start off with the simple, master it and, go to nextlevel

Learn by building upDevelopments

Bridging the gap from home to school

The family was the model for the schoolTeacher training a prime preoccupationTeaching methodology needed



Hans Nagel

Music specialist in Pestalozzi’s school Used Pestalozzi’s method Method for teaching music

Music is an aid to moral education (Greek)Limited to vocal music (as part of Moral education)Part of educated manNot by rote

Teachers sing all exercises (modeling)No singing before 9 am or after 7 pm (voice isn’tawake, voice is tired)



John Herbart - English

Shaped schooling an educational theoryFocused on secondary and universityeducationEducational mission

Instill values by established social orderStudying education is a science (behavioral)

Sense perception, the oral lesson, and the objectlesson



John Herbart

Formal stepsPreparation - put learner in receptive move, and what is tobe learned should be defined and made clearPresentation - new material is unveiled and explained

Association - new material is shown in light of the oldmaterialGeneralization - particulars are embodied in a principle orrule

Application - students mastery are put to the test byexamination



John Herbart

“We learn by association” The way someone perceives the contentmight be based on past experience.Thought Locke’s Talba rasa was wrong We should, as teachers, build interest in thesubject



Fredrich Froebel - German

Interested in early education (primary grades)Unless there is some sort of educationalgrounding (age 3-5), educational will sufferInvented the Kindergarten (1837)Based on play activityOpened his first school for ages 1--7



Fredrich Froebel

Play was the most spiritual level of learningWhat is inside the person is what you unfoldSensory hands on activityThree-fold nature of things

All things are unique All things are diverse and has a number of parts All things are part of the universe (God)



Fredrich Froebel

Three-fold view of the child - Each child is:UniqueDiverse

Universal perceptionGreat impact on American EducationFirst kindergarten in Wisconsin (1855)

Taught in German

First English KindergartenBoston (1860)

1885 - Ontario made Kindergarten part of curriculum



George Hegel

Exact contemporary of Beethoven Attempted to put philosophical encapsulationto learningTried to convince people that the entireuniverse was an evolution of the mindWe unfold the ability to understand



George Hegel

Dialectic of nature - principle of contradictionwhen we learn

We learn by bouncing back opposites key-lock-

how they fitE.g. Thesis - Antithesis (British Empire vs. colonials)

Synthesis is the American Revolution

Discover something, then discover its oppositethen we arrive at a third entity



Maria Montessori

Ties a lot of the above togetherDeveloped theories and educational methodsfor retarded childrenFirst women in Italy to earn a medical degreeDiscovery learning

Adapt the school work to the individuality of eachchildFreedom is essential for every aspect ofeducation (teacher and child)



Maria Montessori

Methodology is experienceMusic is important

Marching, singing, and moving

Evaluation - stress internalization ofinformation - not necessarily a test



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