Multi-Instrument Stream Surveys Canoeing for Big Data in Small … · Multi-Instrument Stream...
Transcript of Multi-Instrument Stream Surveys Canoeing for Big Data in Small … · Multi-Instrument Stream...
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Multi-Instrument Stream Surveys Canoeing for Big Data in Small Streams
David Hart
Andy Leaf
Sue Swanson Jake Westrich
Catherine Christenson Susie Richmond Jean Bahr Michael Cardiff Dante Fratta
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Issue – Decisions concerning our natural resources are relying on ever more complex modeling and data.
For example ELOHA – Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration
Groundwater Flow Model
Stream Temperature Model http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Groundwater/document
s/GCC/Minutes/talkDiebel201311.pdf
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Complex models require more and better data to constrain the models Observations related to model and parameters
Groundwater - This side needs to keep up. Groundwater -
Saw lots of work on this side
Larger computers allow for more complexity (greater
model lengths)
Data Model Parameters
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Issue - Importance of communicating science and results
• Decisions on groundwater and geology often made county and town levels.
• Our job is to provide and communicate useful science.
• Citizen science
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Response makes use of several trends
• Locating data is now easy
• Storing large amounts of data is low cost
• Inexpensive video is everywhere.
• Easier to develop prototype instruments • Low cost micro-controllers • Wide range of sensors • Internet Project Hubs
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Maker Culture - Combination of DIY, Hacker, and Artisan Cultures.
Cut-and-paste approach to standardized hobbyist technologies
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Three makerspaces in Madison
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Google Arduino and temperature
This page explains what materials are needed, how to connect the sensor and provides a working program or sketch. The DS18B20 sensor is accurate, water proof, easy to install, and many can be connected into a single port pin.
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Research Question/Focus
Can we design a method to collect spatially and temporally dense geolocated sets of hydrologic
data on small streams to help understand stream quality and groundwater/surface water
interaction?
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Background
• Hydrologic data most
commonly collected as point scale measurements • Logging through time at a
“fixed” station
• Data volume and locations often limited by cost
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Response - Groundwater/Surface Water
• Collect multiple data sets simultaneously from a canoe • Data sets all geolocated
• Data collected every second or so
• Data collected on decimeter to meter scale
• Targeted at groundwater/small stream interactions • Small streams most susceptible to impacts
• Expected to show most variation
• Small streams support large amount of diversity and native species
• Data will • Support groundwater models for use as targets and input
• Data relationships might be informative and will likely serve other purposes
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Survey reaches of five streams
Criteria for selection • Previously studied • Smaller – flows of
cfs or 10s of cfs (cubic feet/sec)
• Different geographic provinces
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Collected Parameters
Water Quality
• Temperature
• Dissolved Oxygen
• pH
• Specific Conductance
• Nitrate
• Chloride
Geophysical
• Ground Conductivity (EM31)
• Depth of Water
• Ground Penetrating Radar
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• GoPro Video
Ecological
Location
• Water Quality
• Geophysical
• RTK GPS • Centimeter horizontal and close to
centimeter vertical accuracy Not needed with access to Lidar elevations
High effort Low impact
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Following work of others • Geophysics
• Lin, Y.T., Schuettpelz, C., Wu, C.H., and Fratta, D. (2009) (UW-Madison) A combined acoustic and electromagnetic wave-based technique for bathymetry and subbottom profiling in shallow waters. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 68, 203-219, 2009.
• Baierlipp, M. and Kean, W. (2011) (UW-Milwaukee) A hydrogeophysical study of the Fox River south of Waukesha, WI. Paper No. 22-3 Northeastern and North-Central Joint Meeting, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol 43, No 1, p. 83
• Water Quality • Eric Compas (UW-Whitewater) and Suzanne Wade (UW-Extension) –
Testing the Waters • Fast Limnological Automated Measurements (FLAME) UW-Madison,
Center for Limnology) – https://flame.wisc.edu/
• Video • Lots of canoeing and kayaking GoPro videos. • Also, many much less relaxing videos.
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Method Overview
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Method Overview
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Arduino water chemistry instrumentation “Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.”
Arduino Mega Microcontroller
GPS
pH
Chloride Nitrate
Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature
Turbidity/preliminary
These data will be stored on the Arduino board and geolocated with GPS board at sample rate of once every 2 seconds. Total cost ~ $1000 mostly sensors. Dr. Fratta and Susie Richmond
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Water-quality data collection
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Total Cost of Sensors: <$1,000
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Geophysical methods
EM-31 Ground Conductivity Meter
• Example of Arduino application. • Created card to record data, time and location.
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Go Pro Camera
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Photo from GoPro video during stream float
Dog Fish/Bowfin
Example of video – Large fish
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Video from GoPro video during stream float
Example of video – Marengo River Beaver
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Depth/Fish Finder
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Data also geolocated and stored
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Camera
Fish Finder
Water Inlet
Water Outlet
Pump
Flow Through Cell and Electronics Tucked under Front Seat
EM-31
Also one in back below water
Seven batteries can’t fail for two to three hours
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Data Quality Assurance
• Sensor calibration • Same protocol before every survey • Dependent on transducer
• Comparison to “grab” samples sent to laboratory • Collect sample in bottle and send to lab for analysis.
• Data reproducibility • Go upstream and then downstream or • Circle the lake clockwise and then counter clockwise
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Data Quality Assurance – Sensor Calibration
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Specific
conductance
Standards
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Lab v. Float collected parameters- Mukwonago River
Float Collected and Lab Reported Specific Conductance Results
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Lab v. Float collected parameters- Mukwonago River
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Plainfield Lake,
9/20/2018
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Reproducibility – Circle lake counter clockwise and then back clockwise
Start
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Grant River Results 7/25/18
• Specific Conductance • How well does the
water conduct electricity
• Related to the amount of total dissolved solids (salts)
• Illustrates value of collecting continuous data
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Borah Creek
Rogers Branch
Grant River
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Not a lot of variation seen in this data.
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Grant River Results 7/25/18
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See peaks where Rogers Branch and unnamed small tributary enter.
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Borah Creek
Rogers Branch
Grant River
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Mukwonago River Watershed
Source: SEWRPC
Mukwonago River
Watershed
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Mukwonago River 6/27/2018 (Spring Pool to Lulu Lake) Temperature (C)
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Mukwonago River 6/27/2018 (Spring Pool to Lulu Lake) Dissolved Oxygen (% Saturation)
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Mukwonago River 6/27/2018 (Spring Pool to Lulu Lake) Specific Conductance
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Mukwonago River 6/27/2018 (Spring Pool to Lulu Lake) pH
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Method Limitations
• Site Accessibility
• Sensor Response Time
• Sensor Quality
• Start up effort
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Electrical Conductivity (EC) • EC is the measure of a material’s ability to
conduct electrical current
• EC serves as an indicator of lithology: • Higher EC more clay, silt, organic material
lower hydraulic conductivity
• Lower EC more sand, gravel higher hydraulic conductivity
• Low EC High hydraulic conductivity good connection to the aquifer
• Map lithology of entire reaches
of streams
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Electrical Conductivity
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EM31 Operating Principles • Instrument
induces electrical current in earth with alternating current in coil in one end of instrument
• More induced current Better conductor
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Streambed Conductance
• EM31 measures both water and streambed conductivity • Use both depth finder and fluid conductivity to remove water contribution to EM31 reading
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Grant River
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Low Electrical Conductivity (blue) – Gravel High Electrical Conductivity (yellow) – Silts and Organics
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Using Race Render software to combine data and video
Watch videos for Plainfield Lake and the Grant River at the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History’s You Tube Channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwwucf9-W1qocovGx-uzs7w
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Conclusion
• Developed method that is low-cost,
easy to process compared to other methods
• Provides guidance to areas of interest within a surface water body related to groundwater discharge and water quality changes
• Repeated stream floats can help understand stream quality and dynamics under differing hydrologic conditions
• Movies help record surveys and understand the data
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WI DNR funded this project through the Groundwater Coordinating Council’s Joint Solicitation Program
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Questions?