Chapter 11: Pastoral Peoples on the Global State: The Mongol Moment 1200-1500

SWBAT: 1. Be aware of the significance of pastoral societies in world

history2. Examine conditions of nomadic life3. Analyze the impact of the Mongol Empire on world history4. Discuss implications of the Eurasian trade sponsored by

the Mongols

APWH Key Concepts:1.3 The development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral, and urban societies

Pastoralists were often developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations

3.1 Expansion and intensification of communication and exchange networks

Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade

Empire expansion facilitated trans-Eurasian trade and communication because new people were drawn into conquerors’ economies and trade networks

Cross-cultural exchanges fostered by intensification of networks of trade and communication

3.2 Continuity and innovation of state forms and their interactions

Empires collapsed and were reconstituted: new states formed

Interregional contact and conflict between states and empires encouraged important technological and cultural transfers

3.3 Increased economic productive capacity and its consequences Fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant

decline, and with periods of increased urbanization caused by expanding trade networks

Many forms of labor organization i.e. nomadic pastoralism

Chapter Outline:I. Legacy of Chinggis Khan in Mongolia

a. Spirit banner destroyed by Communists in 1937b. Late 20th century revival of Chinggis Khan’s

memory c. 2006 was 800th anniversary of Mongolian Empire’s

foundationd. Mongol’s story is an important corrective to

historian’s focus on agriculturalists

Important question: What has been the role of pastoral people in general and especially the Mongols in world history?

II. Looking back and looking around: The long history of Pastoral Nomads (p514)a. Economies focused on ________________ production

emerged around 4000 BCEi. Dependent on horses, __________ , goats,

_________ , cattle, yaks, and _________________ii. Pastoral societies developed in:

1. Eurasian and sub-Saharan African _____________________

2. _________________ and Saharan deserts3. Sub-Artic regions, Tibetan ____________4. Not in _________________: Lack of large

animals for domestication b. World of Pastoral Societies

i. Standard features:1. Generally less ___________________ than

agricultural societies2. Needed large ___________________________3. _____________ populations than

agricultural societies 4. Lived in encampments of _____________

_______________, common ancestry in _________ line

5. Clans sometimes gathered as a ________; could absorb unrelated people

6. More ____________________ than sedentary societies, some distinguishing between nobles and commoners

7. Women usually had higher ___________ and greater _______________ than in sedentary societies

8. Mobility ii. Deep connection to agricultural neighbors

1. Need access to foodstuffs, ___________________________ , luxury items

2. Especially in inner Eurasia, longing for “civilized” products encouraged formation of ____________________________

iii. Formation of nomadic states was difficult1. Charismatic leaders like Chinggis

Khan could make tribal ________________ that could become powerful states

2. When formed, almost all males (some women) became __________________

3. Alliance held as long as ____________ flowed in

iv. Cultural interaction with agricultural lands1. Inner Eurasian nomads adopted

Judaism, _________________ , Christianity, __________ , and Manichaeism at various times

v. Mastered environments unsuitable for agriculture

1. Brought ___________-producing revolution and significant human presence to fringe regions

2. Life changed significantly for Inner Asian steppe people because of introduction of ______________________ ca. 1000 BCE

Mini-summary:1. In what ways did pastoral societies differ from their

agricultural counterparts?a. Smaller populationsb. Small and widely scattered encampments of related

kinfolkc. More mobile d. Gave women higher status, fewer restrictions, and

greater role in public life2. In what ways did pastoral societies interact with their

agricultural neighbors?a. Economically, wanted access to food stuff,

manufactured goods and luxury items only available from neighbors

b. Politically and militarily, at times came together to extract wealth from agricultural societies through trading, raiding, or extortion

c. Culturally, some pastoral societies adopted neighbors’ religions, including Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Manichaeism

c. Before the Mongols: Pastoralists in Historyi. ______________________________ made nomadic

empires possibleii. The Xiongnu formed important early

confederacy in third to second centuries BCE1. In Mongolian steppes north of China2. From ___________________ to central Asia 3. Ruler ______________ (r.210-174 BCE)

revolutionized nomadic life

a. Created a more ________________ , hierarchical political system

b. _______________ sanctioned rulerc. Distinction between “junior”

and “senior” clans became more important

d. Exacted _____________ from other nomads and from China

4. Xiongnu Empire model copied by ____________ and ____________ empires

Mini-summary:In what ways did the Xiongnu, Arabs, Turks, and Berbers make an impact on world history?

* Xiongnu-Started revolution in nomadic life-Transformed earlier fragmented and egalitarian

societies into more centralized and hierarchical political system where power was concentrated in divinely sanctioned ruler and differences in status of clans was more pronounced

-Created model that later Turkic and Mongol empires emulated* Arabs

-Islam emerged within Arab world--Largest and most expansive religious

tradition of postclassical period-Pastoral Arab provided shock troops of Islamic

expansion that carved out Arab Empire* Turks

-Carried Islam to new regions (northern India and Anatolia)

-Played important role in heartland of established Islamic civilization, as Seljuk Turks became de facto power behind Abbasid caliphate in Middle East

-Carved important empires out of settled societies, including Ottoman Empire

* Sanhaja Berbers-Built Almoravid Empire in 1000s

--Brought, through conquest of southern Spain, brought sophisticated Islamic culture of region back to empire’s heartland in modern Morocco

d. The Arabs and Turksi. Nomads made greatest impact between 500-

1500 CE1. Arabs, ______________ , Turks, and

__________________ created largest empires of that millennium

2. Islam derived from nomadic Arabs, carried by _______________

3. Byzantium, Persia, and China were all controlled, at least for a time, by formerly __________________ people

ii. Bedouin Arabs became effective fighters with development of a good __________ ______________ (sometime between 500-100 BCE)

1. Allowed for control of _________________ through Arabia

2. Camel nomads were ___________________ of Islamic expansion

iii. Turkic-speaking nomads of Mongolia and southern Siberia

1. Gradual spread southward/westward

2. Series of ______________________ nomadic empires 552-956 CE

3. Spread of Turkic __________________ and _______________ over much of Inner Asia

4. Turkish conversion to __________ between 10th-14th centuries

5. Seljuk Empirea. 11th -12th centuriesb. Turks began to claim Muslim

title “_______________”; exercised real power

6. Carried Islam to __________ and ________________

iv. Berber societies of North Africa and Sahara emerged with introduction of the ____________

v. Adopted _____________vi. Sanhaja Berbers in western Sahara built

______________________ empire in 1000s1. Encompassed much of northwestern

Africa and southern ______________a. Built on __________ trade and

___________ production 2. Collapsed by mid-12th century

III. Breakout: the Mongol Empire (p.521)a. Mongols formed greatest __________________ empire in

history following break from Mongolia in 13th century

i. Extensive linkage of nomads of inner Eurasian steppes with agricultural civilizations

ii. More contact between Europe, China, and Islamic world than ever before

iii. Total Mongol population was only around __________________

iv. No major _______________ impact on the world1. Didn’t try to spread ancestor

worship/_____________________ to others 2. Mostly interested in ___________________

conquered people3. Mongol culture today confined to

___________________4. Mongol Empire was last great

nomadic stateb. From Temujin to Chinggis Khan: the rise of Mongol

Empirei. _________________ (1162-1227 CE) created

Mongol Empireii. Mongols before Temujin were ______________ ,

feuding tribes and clansiii. Temujin’s rise

1. Father was minor chieftain, murdered before Temujin was 10 yrs old

2. Mother held family together after deserted by clan

3. When adult, drew together small following of friends and allied with a more powerful tribal leader

4. Shifting series of _______________ , betrayals, military victories

5. Gained reputation as __________________6. 1206: Mongol tribal assembly

recognized Temujin as _________________________

7. Chinggis Khan than began expansion to hold followers together

a. 1209—major attack on ____________ sparked 50-year Mongol world war

b. Chinggis Khan, Ogodei, Mongke, and Khubilai created empire including __________ , Korea, Central Asia, ______________ , much of Middle East, and parts of Eastern Europe

c. Set backs mark outer limits of Mongol Empire

Mini-summary:Identify the major steps in the rise of the Mongol Empire

* Temujin, later called Chinggis Khan, succeeded in bringing Mongols together

- Unified under Great Mongol Nation by 1206* Series of military campaigns launched against settled

Eurasian agricultural societies over half the century after 1209- Used as means of holding alliance together

* Through Mongol world war, Chinggis Khan and successors constructed empire inclusive of China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, much of Middle East, and parts of Eastern Europe

c. Explaining the Mongol movementi. Mongol Empire grew without grand scheme

ii. By death, Chinggis Khan saw conquests as mission to unite _________________________

iii. Mongols vastly __________________________ by enemies

iv. Good luck and good timing1. ___________ was divided2. ________________ caliphate in decline

v. Key to success was well-led, _________________ , ________________________ army

1. Military units of 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 warriors

2. Conquered tribes ____________________ and __________________ among units

3. Creation of __________________________ weakened tribalism

4. All members of a unit were ___________ if any ______________________ in battle

5. Leaders shared hardships of men 6. Elaborate tactics: _________________ ,

______________ , ______________________7. Vast numbers of conquered people

incorporated into _____________vi. Mongol reputation for _____________________

and _____________________________1. Those who resisted were destroyed2. Kingdom of Khwarizm murdered

Mongol envoys vii. Ability to mobilize resources

1. Elaborate _____________________________2. Systematic __________________3. System of relay stations for

communication and trade4. ____________________________ bureaucracy5. Encouraged ______________________6. Lower administrative posts given to

Chinese and Muslim officials 7. Practiced ___________________ tolerance

Important question: What accounts for the political and military success of the Mongols?

IV. Encountering the Mongols: Comparing Three Cases (p. 527)a. China and the Mongols

i. Mongol conquest of China was ________________1. Took from 1209-1279

ii. Began in northern China (ruled by dynasties of nomadic origin), vastly ____________________

iii. Conquest of southern China (ruled by Song Dynasty; far less violent)

1. More interest in _______________________ local populace

2. Land owners guaranteed their estates in return for _________________

iv. Mongols unified divided China1. Made many believe Mongols granted

________________________________________v. Mongols didn’t know how to govern

agricultural society, used many Chinese practices

1. Gave themselves Chinese dynastic title, the _________ (“great beginnings”)

2. Built new capital—____________________ (“city of the Khan”; now ______________)

vi. Khubilia Khan (r.1271-1294) had set of ___________________________ made

1. Undertook some policies that evoked values of a benevolent Chinese emperor

vii. Mongol rule was harsh, __________________ , and foreign

1. Mongols didn’t become Chinese2. “Forbidden City” in the capital was

set up like _____________3. Relied heavily on foreigners for

administration, rather than traditional administrative system

4. Few Mongols learned _______________5. Mongol law discriminated against

________________6. Mongol _______________ shockingly free

by Chinese standardsviii. By ___________ , rebellions forced Mongols out

of China

Mini-summary:How did Mongol rule change China?

* Mongols united a divided China- Took title “Yuan”- Moved capital to new capital city Khanbalik (“city

of the Khan”, present-day Beijing)

In what ways were the Mongols changed by China?* Mongols made use of Chinese administrative practices,

taxation techniques, and postal system* khans made use of traditional Confucian rituals, supported

building of some Daoist temples, and were attracted to Tibetan form of Buddhism (returned favor with strong political support for invaders)

b. Persia and the Mongolsi. Conquest of Persia

1. First invasion led by Chinggis Khan 1219-1221

2. Second assault under ______________ Hulegu 1251-1258

ii. Massive impact of invasion1. Very _____________________2. Shook __________ : how could Muslims

be savaged so badly by infidels?3. Abbasid caliphate ended when

_____________________ sacked in 12584. Profound damage to Persian/Iraqi

_____________________5. Increase in _________ and __________

productioniii. Mongols were transformed more in Persia

than in China1. Extensive use of Persian

________________________ 2. Ghazan (r.1295-1304) tried to repair

earlier damage3. Large scale Mongol conversion to

______________4. Mongol ____________ learned some

Persian5. Some Mongols took up ________________

iv. Mongol dynasty collapsed in 1330s

Mini-summary:How was Mongol rule in Persia different from that in China?

* Heavy taxation pushed Persian peasants off their land

* Mongol herds of sheep and goats, Mongol neglect of fragile underground water channels did extensive damage to Persian agricultural land

* Mongol rulers in Persia were transformed more than counterparts in China

- Mongols made extensive use of sophisticated Persian bureaucracy

* Mongols who conquered Persia converted in large numbers to local Muslim faith

* Many Mongols turned to farming and married local people; when rule in Persia collapsed, they were not driven out as they had been from China

--assimilated into Persian society

c. Russia and the Mongolsi. Mongol devastation of Russia 1237-1240

1. Russia was a number of ________________________ principalities

2. Couldn’t unite against Mongol threat3. Destruction of cities, widespread

slaughter and ___________________ of skilled workers

ii. Russia integrated into Mongol Empire as the ___________________ Khanate (Russians called it the “Khanate of the Golden Horde”)

1. Mongols did not _____________ Russia2. Instead remained on steppes north of

Black, Caspian Seasa. Collected _______________ and

heavy taxes3. Raided for _____________

iii. Some Russian princes and Russian Orthodox Church flourished

iv. _________________ became primary tribute-collector for Mongols

v. Mongol rulers of Russia far less assimilated or influenced

vi. Russian princes adopted:1. Mongol _____________2. Diplomatic rituals 3. Court practices4. ____________________________5. Military draft6. ___________________ became core of new

Russian state7. Used Mongol mounted ______________

_____________________vii. Russians broke free to Mongol rule by end of

15th century

Mini-summary:What was distinctive about the Russian experience of Mongol rule?

* Mongols conquered but did not occupy Russia as they had Persia and China

-Russian princes received appointment from khan and were required to send substantial tribute to Mongol capital at Sarai

* Russia was exploited, but Mongol impact was more uneven than in Persia or China

* Absence of direct Mongol rule meant Mongols were far less influenced by or assimilated within Russian culture

* Russians were more affected by Mongol rule than Chinese or Persians

* Russian princes found it useful to adopt Mongols’ weapons, diplomatic rituals, court practices, taxation system, and military draft

V. The Mongol empire as a Eurasian network (p.534)a. Toward a world economy

i. Mongols produced little for distant markets; were not active traders

ii. Promoted _______________________ commerce as source of tax revenue

iii. Made it relatively safe to travel across Central Asia

iv. Mongol trading circuit was central to larger Afro-Eurasian commercial network

Mini-summary:What kinds of cross-cultural interactions did the Mongol Empire generate?

* Mongols actively promoted international commerce-Mongol trading circuit stretched from China to Near

East was central element in even larger commercial network linking much of Afro-Eurasian world in 13th century---prompted diplomatic relationship from one end of Eurasia to the other, especially between Western Europe and Mongols and between Persia and China

* Spurred substantial exchange of people and culture through policy of forcibly transferring skilled craftsmen and educated people from homelands to distant parts of empire

* Religious tolerance and support of merchants facilitated spread of religions and encouraged spread of ideas and techniques

-Chinese technology and artistic conventions flowed westward

-Muslim astronomers brought skills and knowledge to China

b. Diplomacy on a Eurasian scalei. Mongol encroachment into Eastern Europe

led both ___________ and European rulers to dispatch diplomatic missions to Mongols

1. Had no diplomatic or ________________ consequences

2. Brought back valuable information about the _____________

ii. Close relationships developed between _______________________ and Chinese courts

c. Cultural exchange in the Mongol realm enteri. Thousands of craftsman and educated

people forcibly ___________________ by Mongolsii. Mongol religious ___________________ and

merchant support drew foreigners iii. Mongol capital of ____________________ was a

cosmopolitan centeriv. Exchange of ideas and techniques

1. Westward flow of Chinese technology and art

a. Paintingb. ___________________c. ________________________ weaponsd. Compass navigatione. High temperature furnacesf. __________________ techniques

2. Muslim astronomy to China3. Circulation of plants and crops4. Europe benefitted particularly from

new contact with _____________d. The Plague: An Afro-Eurasian Pandemic

i. The Plague, a.k.a. pestilence, __________________, spread across trade routes of Mongol empire in early 14th century

1. Probably originated in central ________2. Carried by _______________ and

transmitted by ______ii. Plague broke out in northeastern ____________

in 13311. Reached _____________________ and

Western Europe by 13472. Mongol siege of Caffa (in the _________)

in 1346 a. Mongols catapulted plague-

infested ____________ into city3. 1409 reached east Africa4. Massive death toll

a. __________ of Europe’s population perished 1348-50

b. Perhaps _________ of population in Middle East

5. Periodic return of plague for centuries

iii. ______________ and sub-Saharan Africa much less affected

iv. Black Death changed ______________ European society

1. Labor shortages undermined practice of ________________

2. May have fostered greater _______________________ innovation

3. For a time, created more ______________________ opportunities

v. Plague was primary reason for breakdown of ______________ Empire in 14th-15th centuries

1. With population contraction, reduced volume of ___________

2. By 1350, the Mongol Empire was in disarray

3. Within a century, Mongols lost control of _____________ , Persia, and Russia

4. The _____________________ trade route largely closed

vi. Disruption of land routes to east encouraged Europeans to seek _________ trade routes

1. Advantage from European ______________ technology

2. Similarity of 16th century Europeans to Mongols

a. People on periphery:i. Less economically

developedii. Forcibly plundered

wealthier civilizationsMini-summary:How did the plague change the society of Afro-Eurasia?

* Loss of population created labor shortages that provoked sharp conflict between scarce workers and the rich

--undermined practice of serfdom--fostered greater interest in technological

innovation in Europe--more employment opportunities for women

* Contributed to downfall of Mongol Empire--caused significant disruption to trade routes to the

east

--trade disruption along with wanting to avoid Muslim intermediaries gave incentive to Europeans to look for sea route to Asia

VI. Reflections: Changing images of pastoral people a. Pastoral nomads have often received “bad press” in

history booksi. Only mentioned in regard to destruction of

established civilizationsii. Educated, sedentary people have feared and

despised nomadsiii. Pastoral people were usually illiterate

1. Missing their perspectiveiv. Agricultural societies eventually won out

b. Historians have made recent efforts to present a more balanced view

i. Emphasize achievementsii. Total war and genocide of 20th century have

made people less judgmental to Mongolsiii. Historians shaped by their times