Ms. Hamilton. 5.01 Investigate and analyze the interrelationships among organisms, populations,...
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Ms. Hamilton
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5.01 Investigate and analyze the interrelationships among organisms, populations, communities and ecosystems
• Techniques of field ecology • Abiotic and biotic factors • Carrying capacity
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Students should be able to identify and describe symbiotic relationships • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism
Students should be able to identify and predict patterns in Predator /prey relationships.
Use field ecology techniques such as sampling and quadrant studies to determine species diversity and changes over time.
Explain how abiotic and biotic factors are related to one another and their importance in ecosystems.
Analyze how limiting factors influence carrying capacity (e.g. food availability, competition, harsh winter).
Interpret population growth graphs.
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Chapter 53
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The biosphere is the global ecosystem.
Key Terms Ecology Biotic factor Abiotic factor Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere Habitat
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Ecology is the study of interrelationships of organisms and their environments.
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Ecosystems are composed of all the communities and their associated physical environments, including the physical, chemical, and biological processes. Ecosystems may sustain themselves
entirely through photosynthetic activity, energy flow through food chains, and nutrient recycling.
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Abiotic components: non-living chemical and physical factors Temperature, light,
nutrients, water
Biotic components: all living organisms Interactions among
organisms
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Temperature Most organisms are only able to live
within a certain temperature range Water Sunlight
Adequate light quantity AND quality is critical
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Wind Magnifies effect of temperature Contributes to water loss Influences plant morphology
Rocks and Soil Physical structure, pH, mineral
composition all important soil features
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Is the study of the structure of plants (physical form)
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-XpUacV-TE
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Week 4 : Aug 29 Definition of Prefix/Suffix Example
Con- With; together ConnectContra- Against ContradictCosmo- World; form CosmopolitanCounter- Against CounteractCrypt- Hidden; covered CrypticCuti- Skin CuticleCyan- Dark blue CyanobacteriaCycle- Ring; circle Water cycleCyst- Bladder; pouch CystitisCyt-; cyte- Cell OocyteDacty- Finger PolydactylDeca- Ten Decagon
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Smallest unit of ecological study
Ecologists ask questions about the adaptations that enable individuals to meet the challenge of their environment
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The interactions between organisms and their environments determine the distributions and abundance of organisms.
Think about it! People gather in big cities versus small towns.
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Plants, algae, and many species of bacteria
Photoautotrophs(use light energy), chemoautotrophs(use chemical energy)
Limnetic zone of lakes: algae & bacteria Littoral zone of fresh and marine
ecosystems: multicellular algae & aquatic plants
Terrestrial ecosystems: plants
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Are opportunistic feeders They consume autotrophs, but also
heterotrophs Primary consumers feed on producers.
Secondary consumers feed on primary consumers, and / or producers.
Detritivores are consumers that break down organisms into smaller pieces which are then available to decomposers
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Group of the individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area.
Ecologists often ask questions about factors that affect the size and growth of a population
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All of the organisms inhabiting a particular area
Ecologists investigate interactions among all of the organisms in a community
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Includes the biotic and abiotic factors in an area
Questions at the ecosystem level may relate to the flow of energy and chemicals
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iowgc3ScemY&feature=PlayList&p=DDE86B2FEF7AD3F3&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=24
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A population is a local group of organisms of ONE species.
Key Terms Population density
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Alligators living in a swamp make up a population—members of the same species living in a specific geographic area.
Other populations in the swamp include diverse species of trees, egrets and other birds, and the various species of fishes, algae, and microorganisms in the swamp water.
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Several factors influence a population's size and how much it changes over time. They include the availability of food and space, weather conditions, and breeding patterns.
In studying how these factors affect a population, ecologists need to define the population's geographic boundaries. Natural Artificial
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Population density is the number of individuals of a particular species per unit area or volume. The number of alligators per square kilometer of
swamp, the number of bacteria per square centimeter of an agar plate, and the number of earthworms per cubic meter of soil are all examples of population density measurements.
Population density = Individuals = 1000 trees = 20 trees
Unit area 50 km2 1 km2
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It usually isn't practical to count every member of a population. There may be too many individuals, or they may move around too quickly to be counted accurately, as with many species of insects, birds, and fish.
In such cases, ecologists use a variety of sampling techniques to estimate the size of the population. Quadrats Indirect Counting Mark-Recapture Limits to Accuracy
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Quadrats One method is to mark
off a particular area, then count the number of a particular species within this boundary
After repeating this procedure in several locations within the ecosystem, ecologists average their results to estimate the population density of this species in the ecosystem
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Indirect Counts A sampling technique
for organisms that move around a lot or are difficult to see is indirect counting
This method involves counting nests, burrows, or tracks rather than the organisms themselves
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Mark-Recapture The biologist traps animals in the study area and
marks them, such as with a drop of colored dye. The researcher then releases the marked
individuals. After a period of time, the researcher again
captures animals from the population and counts the marked and unmarked individuals in the second sample.
Total population = # in 1st capture * # in 2nd capture
# of marked animals recaptured
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http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets.html
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Is the use of techniques such as sampling and quadrate studies to determine species diversity and to monitor changes in an ecosystem over time.
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Relationships between species can be classified as symbiosis or predation.
What is predation?
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http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126945.400-squid-symbiosis-may-shed-light-on-disease.html
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Is a permanent relationship between two different types of organisms.
Three different types:
Mutualism, Commensalism Parasitism
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BOTH organisms benefit from one another.
Sea anemones and clownfish.
Fish is protected by the sea anemone, the sea anemone receives scraps of food from the fish.
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Flowers and their pollinators are a common and ubiquitous form of mutualism.
The use of a pollinator, however, can be much more exact if the plant species can attract a pollinator, attach its pollen to it, and then get the pollinator to go to another individual of the same plant species.
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Dairy ants and aphids have a mutualistic relationship. The ants protect the aphids from possible predators. In return, the aphids provide the ants with honeydew.
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ONE organism benefits from the other.
The other organism is neither helped nor harmed by the relationship.
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May be shelter, transportation, defense, or food.
See your classmates notes for other examples.
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ONE organism BENEFITS, and the other is Harmed.
Parasite-the organism that benefits
Host Ex. Tapeworms and
liver flukes
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There are environmental factors that limit the size of a population. These include but are not limited to:o Foodo Watero Oxygeno Sunlighto Relationships with other organismso Ability to remove wastes
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Factors that limit the growth of a population when that population is of a particular size.
This factor comes into play the population density reaches a certain level.
These factors include competition and predation.
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Factors that limit the growth of a population, regardless of its size.
These include climatic events such as extreme cold or heat, tidal waves, volcanoes, flooding or drought.
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Is the largest population that a given environment can support over a long period of time.
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Describes the flow of energy from producers to consumers to decomposers.
Energy is constantly flowing through every ecosystem.
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Food webs are food chains hooked together.
Dominant species in a community have the highest biomass (the sum weight of all members of a population).
Food webs that exists on land are called terrestrial food webs.
Food webs that exists in the ocean is called an oceanic food web or a marine foodweb.
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Are used to represent the energy in an ecosystem.
Each of the steps in a feeding relationship is called a trophic level.
Producers are the first trophic level, then primary consumers, then secondary consumers, and finally the top carnivores. Any remaining energy is passed to decomposers.
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Savannas Desert Temperate Grassland Temperate Deciduous forest Coniferous forest Tundra Tropical Rainforest