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AOHS Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology I

Lesson 2Surfaces, Planes, and Directions

Student Resources

Resource Description

Student Resource 2.1 Chart: Body Planes, Directions, and Cavities

Student Resource 2.2 Labeling: Body Planes, Directions, and Cavities

Student Resource 2.3 Lab: Pickle Dissection

Copyright © 2014‒2016 NAF. All rights reserved.

AOHS Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology ILesson 2 Surfaces, Planes, and Directions

Student Resource 2.1

Chart: Body Planes, Directions and CavitiesDirections: Use this chart to help you memorize the terms in the first column. This chart will also serve as a reference when you do assignments and when you need to describe the location of something in the body.

Planes of the Body

Plane Drawing Definition Example

Sagittal Divides body into right and left portions

The heart surgeon made a sagittal incision to open the patient’s chest.



Plane Drawing Definition Example

Frontal Divides body into front and back portions

The radiologist took a frontal X-ray of the patient’s injured hip.

Transverse Divides body into top and bottom portions

Armand got a transverse break in his thighbone when he fell in a skiing accident.



Directions of the Body

Direction Drawing Definition Example

Anterior

(ventral)

In front of, toward the front of the body

The breastbone is anterior to the spine.

Posterior

(dorsal)

Behind, or toward the back of the body

The heart is posterior to the breastbone.

Superior Above, or toward the head or upper part of the body

The forehead is superior to the nose.

Inferior Below, or toward the lower part of a structure or of the body

The hips are inferior to the ribs.

Medial Toward, or at the midline of the body, on the inner side of

The heart is medial to the arm.



Direction Drawing Definition Example

Lateral Away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of

The arms are lateral to the chest.

Proximal Close to, or toward the point of attachment to the trunk of the body

The elbow is proximal to the wrist (it is closer to where the arm connects to the trunk).

Distal Farther from, or away from the point of attachment to the trunk of the body

The knee is distal to the thigh.

Superficial Toward the body surface

The skin is superficial to the skeleton.

Deep Away from the body surface, more internal

The lungs are deep to the rib cage.



Body Cavities

Cavity Drawing Contains

Cranial Brain

Spinal Spinal cord

Thoracic Lungs, heart

Abdominal Stomach, kidneys, intestines, other organs

Pelvic Bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, lower parts of intestines

Dorsal The larger cavity that contains the cranial and spinal cavities.

Ventral The larger cavity that contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.




Labeling: Body Planes, Directions, and CavitiesStudent Name(s):_____________________________________________________ Date:___________

Directions: On your own or with a partner, use the appropriate term to label each plane shown in the diagram below. Then follow the directions provided for labeling each of the diagrams that follow.



Body DirectionsDirections: Label each of the arrows with the directional term it indicates.



Body CavitiesDirections: On the diagram on the left, label the two major body cavity regions and the five cavities within them. Also label the three cavities that are shown again in the frontal view at the right.




Lab: Pickle DissectionStudent Names:_______________________________________________________ Date:___________

Follow the directions below to fill in each section as you complete your dissection.

PART 1.

Examine the outside of your pickle “patient” for any irregularities, scars, bumps, and so on. Draw both a ventral and a dorsal view of your pickle, noting any unique features. You can also make notes below.

Dorsal view Ventral view

Notes_______________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

PART 2.

Using the dissecting knife, open the ventral cavity by making a deep, Y-shaped incision. The arms of the Y should start just anterior to the shoulders, and should join at a point just inferior to the breastbone. Continue in a single cut extending inferiorly through the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Draw your patient, showing the incisions, and include the following labels:

a. Anterior surface of shoulders

b. Inferior point of breastbone

c. Abdominal cavity

d. Pelvic cavity



e. As your incision passes through the abdominal and pelvic cavities, what plane does it follow?

f. What are some organs you can see inside these cavities in a human being?

PART 3.

Close the ventral region of the body and turn the patient over so the dorsal side is facing up. Make two lateral cuts, each beginning just inferior to the armpits and ending just superior to the legs. Make an incision that connects the two inferior points of the armpits and another that connects the two superior points of the legs. Make an incision in the frontal plan using the previous cuts as borders. Remove the rectangle of tissue you have just incised.



Draw the patient and add the following labels:

a. Inferior points of armpits

b. Superior points of legs

c. Spinal cavity

d. Lateral cuts

Draw the tissue you removed and label these parts of the tissue:

e. Deep tissue

f. Superficial tissue

PART 4.

Clean up your station:

Dispose of your pickle as your teacher instructs.

Return your goggles and gloves.

Clean your dissecting tray and any tools you used, and return them as your teacher instructs.


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