Moving Towards the Reformation Christianity in The Scandinavian Countries.
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Transcript of Moving Towards the Reformation Christianity in The Scandinavian Countries.
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Moving Towards the Reformation
Christianity in The Scandinavian Countries
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Scandinavian Churches & State
Danish and Norwegian State Church Church of Sweden separate from
State Approx. 85% of population as
members
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Christianity
1000 AD Iceland – referendum! 1250 AD End of Viking Age -
Catholicism 1537-44 AD Reformation 1800 AD Records of previous
centuries, stories, history
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The Vikings
The Old Norse Gods (Odin, Thor etc.) Ragnarok – the end of the World
(Asgaard, Midgaard, Jotunheim) Unreliable religion The White Christ around 700 AD RIP
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Rich and Poor Rich people Believed in the
Gods
Poor people Believed in spirits The Huldre – spirit
from the mountains – hollow back!
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The Venerable Bede
673 – 735 AD Life is transient Liberation
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Transitional Period
Both religions were followed
Pagan - Thor’s Hammer
Catholic - Cross
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Danish Flag Dannebrog June 15, 1219 Fell from the sky
during a battle between Danes and Estonians
Missionaries
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Conflict
Vatican Christianity People’s Christianity
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The Little Mermaid
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The Woman in the Church
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The Man and the Huldre
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Change around 1250From AGAPE To EROS
God loves Man Christ died for our sins Eternal Life Enjoy the World
GodDistantAngry
Pain, Punishment
Man loves GodMan is a sinner
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Consequence of EROS
The Flagellants “The Seventh Seal” “Death in Bergamo”
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Reformation 1536-37 Catholic Church powerful Martin Luther, Wittenberg 1517, 95 Theses Excommunicated New Independent Church: Protestant Change from EROS to AGAPE again Divided Europe into Catholic South,
Protestant North
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Religion in Europe 1560
Lutheran
Catholic
Calvinist
Anglican
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Division Catholics EROS Control Rigid system of
approaching God
Protestant AGAPE Education Individual access to
God
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Petter Dass 1647-1707 Vicar Norway’s greatest
17th cent. Writer Everything is seen
as God’s work of creation
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Religion and Churches – then and now
Denmark and Norway – State Church Sweden – separation of state and
Church in 2000
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Denmark Jelling Stone –
Harald Bluetooth (ca.1000 AD)
2000 churches built 1050 - 1150
Paintings - life of Christ and the saints
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Church Decorations
Parish churches - pictures of the Old and New Testaments
Reformation (1537): whitewashing
Last 100 years: removal of whitewash
Here: Estruplund 1542
Denmark 2
Denmark 2
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400 churches with remains of medieval wallpaintings
Major art treasures
Here: Fresco from
Skibby 1175
Denmark 3
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Denmark 4
Church of Denmark Church of Denmark (State Church) - 88% of
population Evangelical Lutheran Church Freedom of religion, speech and assembly State support: moral, political, financial and
administrative (church taxes, about 0.15%) Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs and
diocesan administration
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Denmark 5, Other Congregations
Muslims Jews Roman Catholic
Church Danish Baptist
Church Pentecostal
Churches Seventh Day
Adventists Catholic Apostolic
Church
Reformed Churches Salvation Army Methodist Church Anglican Church Russian Orthodox
Church Jehovah’s
Witnesses Mormons 9 independent
congregations of Grundvigian origin
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Denmark 6
Functions of the Church
Primary civil registration of all citizens
Baptism and naming (within a year)
Confirmations (13½ yrs old)
Weddings Funerals
Church Books = genealogical documents
Since 1969 - clerics of all other recognized communities perform legally valid weddings
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Denmark 7
Organization of the church
12 dioceses 2000 clergy 2116 parishes The Folketing
(Parliament) = legislative body
The Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs = administrative body
Otherwise, democratic
Parish councils: clergy + members of the national church in the parish
Decide the choice of clergy
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Denmark 8
Romanesque Churches
Romanesque dates from late 10th till 12th / 13 th Cent. Sædding Church (ca.1100).
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Denmark 9
Romanesque 2
Heavy Walls Small Windows
Clear Organization
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Denmark 10
Romanesque 3
The architecture had only one fuction: a church service
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Denmark 11
Romanesque 4
Use of open timber roofs (as Storage places)
Barrel /Tunnel, vault
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Denmark 12
Romanesque 5
Barrel Vault or Tunnel Vault
The simplest form of a vault, consisting of a continuous surface of semicircular or pointed sections. It resembles a barrel or tunnel which has been cut in half lengthwise
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Denmark 13
Romanesque 6
Groin Vault: produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel /tunnel vaults
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Denmark 14
Romanesque 7
Rib Vault: a masonry
vault with a relatively thin web and set within a framework of ribs
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Denmark 14
Gothic Churches
Originating in France Spreading over
western Europe 12th - 16th cent.
Design emphasizing skeleton construction
Taller, lighter
Keldby Church, 1275
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Denmark 15
Gothic 2
Elimination of Wall Planes Comparatively great height of
building Pointed Arch Rib Vaulting Rich outline of Exterior: towers,
gables
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Mørkøv Kirke, ca. 1450
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Denmark 16
Gothic 4
Flying Buttress: A free-standing
buttress attached to the main vessel (nave, choir, or transept wall) by an arch or half-arch which transmits the thrust of the vault to the buttress
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Denmark 17
Gothic 5
15th and 16th centuries
Weaponhouse added.
Weapons were left before going into the church.
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Denmark 18
Gothic 6
The Gable: steps called
Battlements. Especially
prominent in Gothic architecture.
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Denmark 19
Gothic 7
Another prominent feature
Recesses used as ornamentation on the wall.
Might be whitewashed as here
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Denmark 20
Round Churches
A special type of church in Denmark were the Round Churches
5 round churches in all,
4 on Bornholm, 1 on Funen
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Denmark 21
Round Churches 2
Østerlars Round Church - the largest of the 4 on Bornholm.
Built around 1150 Fortified church Dedicated to
St.Lawrence. Built of split
granite boulders 55 ft in diameter
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Denmark 22
Round Churches 3
The church is constructed around a hollow central pillar
6 arches leading into a small room
used for christenings.
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Denmark 23
The Cathedral of Aarhus
Construction began ca. 1200
First church completed in Romanesque style ca.1300
One of the oldest brick buildings in Denmark.
Burned down in 1330 Reconstructed in Gothic
Style ca. 1500
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Denmark 24
The Cathedral of Aarhus 2
Longest church in Denmark: 305 ft long
305 ft. Tall Seats 1200 people Dedicated to the patron
saint of seafarers, St.Clemens
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Denmark 25
The Cathedral of Odense
Originally a wooden church where King Knud 2 (The Holy) (1040-86) was killed by rebellious peasants.
He was consecrated in 1101 and later buried in the new Gothic church
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Denmark 26
The Cathedral of Odense
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Denmark 27
The Cathedral of Roskilde
Construction of Romanesque Church began in 1170 under Bishop Absalon
13th cent.: new construction in Gothic Style
The twin towers were added in the 14th cent.
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Denmark 28
The Cathedral of Roskilde
The famous last resting place for 38 kings and queens.
Modern day monarchy is also buried there.
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Denmark 29
Grundtvigskirke
Constructed from 1921-1940
Danish Gothic and functionalism
Inspired by old Danish Gothic style, combined with an eye to functionalism
Drawn by famous Danish architects
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Denmark 30
Grundtvigskirke
Quite a visual epiphany of old and new. A hope for the future of the Danish state church?
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NorwayChurch of Norway
Evangelical Lutheran State Church since 1536
86% of the population is a member through baptism
The king is the Head of the Church Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs
determines administrative issues Synodal system Episcopal system
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Norway 2
Church of Norway Right now: a discussion to de-
establish the state church is meeting with approval from a majority of the population
Olav Tryggvason imported Christianity around 1000 AD
Reformation in 1536 Free exercise of religion
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Norway 3
Trondheim Cathedral= Nidaros Cathedral
King Olav Haraldsson, killed in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030
Became Norway's patron saint several days later
Buried on the exact spot where Trondheim Cathedral now stands.
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Norway 4
Trondheim Cathedral
Construction began in 1070 - pilgrims flocking to St Olav's grave
Completed in 1300 Most beautiful church in
Norway. Nrway's monarchs are
crowned and buried here
The Crown Jewels are on display
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Norway 5
Stave Churches Boat construction / home building - Viking
times the technique and tradition of combining art with wood working: stave churches
Common element: corner posts (staves) and a skeleton or framework of timber with wall planks standing on sills (to keep them from rotting).
These walls are known as stave walls Most stave churches were built on old
Norse heathen holy places or temples
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Norway 6
Stave Churches 2
Around 800-1000 stave churches originally Only 25 stave churches remain Primarily in Western Norway 5 stave churches have been moved, re-
erected and preserved at new locations The oldest type was built in the 1000’s but
the timber of their walls was set directly into the ground, and rotted.
The sills became common in the 1100’s
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Norway 7
Stave Churches 3
Several kinds of stave churches Simplest: a nave with a narrower chancel, the
roof rests on the walls Some have a tall, sturdy upright or mast in the
middle which supports the ridge turret and strengthens the walls
Biggest: central section with a lofty ceiling supported by freestanding posts resting on the floor
Often richly ornamented with carvings, wall and ceiling paintings
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Norway 8
Borgund Stave Church
Built around 1150, dedicated to St. Andrew.
One of the best preserved stave churches
Runic inscriptions on the walls
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Norway 9
Hopperstad Stave Chuch
Built around 1150 Triple-Nave church
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Urnes Stave Church
Built around 1150 Oldest stave church in
Norway On UNESCO’s World
Heritage List
Norway 10
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Norway 11
Høre Stave Church
1180 - rebuilt 1820
Remnants of a stave church from 1100 found underneath
Tombs found underneath the church
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Gol Stave Church
Built around 1200 with staves to support the roof
Pulled down, moved, and re-erected in 1885
Now part of the Norwegian Folkmuseum, in Oslo
Norway 12
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Norway 13
Hegge Stave Church
Built around 1230
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Norway 14
Reinli Stave Church
Built around 1250
Extended during the late middle ages
Seats 64 people
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Norway 15
Grip Stave Church
Built around 1470
One-nave stave church
One of the simplest and smallest of the stave churches.
On an island
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Sweden
Slow in becoming christianized 1164 Uppsala was selected as the seat of the
archbishop: breakthrough for Christianity 1210: first Swedish monarch crowned, marking
the union of Church and State Reformation 1544, Sweden proclaimed an
evangelical Lutheran kingdom Most people belong to the Church of Sweden
(85%), Lutheran Protestant, The State Church institution was ended in 2000
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Sweden 2
Uppsala
The Holy Trinity Church = The Old Uppsala church
12th century, Site of temple
of the ancient gods of the Vikings
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Sweden 3
Uppsala 2
Church of Old Uppsala built where there was once a wooden pagan temple.
The most spectacular pagan rite - the 'blot'
Animal and human sacrifice
Nine days every ninth year.
Under the hills three ancient kings are buried.
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Sweden 4
Uppsala 3
Seat of the archbishop of Sweden.
The Uppsala Cathedral is the largest church in Scandinavia.
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Sweden 5
Uppsala 4 Its construction
started in 1260 Inaugurated in
1435. Many famous
Swedes are buried here, among them Carl von Linné.
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The Future
Few people go to church except when they want to celebrate major events like baptism, confirmations, weddings, and funerals
Importance of church? Dissolution of church and state? Membership based congregations?