Criminal Injustice Urban Studies 101 Lecture # 10 Urban Studies 101 Lecture # 10.
Moving from Benchmarking Prevalence and Perceptions to ... · Lecture 101 Materials 18 Lecture 101...
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Impact on Mental Health Non- Victims Victims Depressive Symptoms 7% 16% PTSD Symptoms 7% 18% Impact on Physical Health Non- Victims Victims Headaches/ Dizziness 20% 26% GI Problems 16% 20% Sleep Problems 39% 57% Integrate into Practice Know, Apply, Analyze Know and Comprehend 2. Apply Decision Cases, Teaching Notes 3. Respond Title IX Programming, Policies, Awareness Campaigns 1. Know Lecture 101: Adaptable for Instructors and Audiences CULTIVATING LEARNING AND SAFE ENVIRONMENTS (CLASE), 2015-ONGOING Moving from Benchmarking Prevalence and Perceptions to Applying Findings in Health Institutions Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz Director, Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault CLASE Prevalence and Perceptions Study Ongoing comprehensive, proactive, and scientific effort to address intimate and interpersonal violences at all University of Texas System institutions. GOALS 1. Increase student safety and well-being by improving programs and services for students. 2. Reduce acts of sexual harassment, stalking, dating/domestic abuse and violence, and unwanted sexual contact at 14 UT System institutions. 3. Benchmark prevalence and perceptions at 14 UT System institutions. THE MEANS TO THE BEGINNING Shallow Dive Prevalence and perceptions through student web-based surveys. Medium Dive Qualitative data collection at 4 campuses/year. Focused analysis on Title IX investigation process. Deep Dive Longitudinal freshman cohort study. Micro & macro cost analysis of interpersonal & institutional responses. Report of Findings Policy and service recommendations. Overview of CLASE Project “Shallow Dive” • 2015 Prevalence and Perceptions Study • Title IX issues: sexual harassment, stalking, dating/ domestic violence, and unwanted sexual contact • Students anonymously and voluntarily answered questions regarding events that have occurred since enrollment at their respective UT System institution. An Empirical Study of Prevalence and Perceptions of Sexual Harassment, Stalking, Dating/Domestic Abuse and Violence, and Unwanted Sexual Contact CULTIVATING LEARNING AND SAFE ENVIRONMENTS The University of Texas System Health Institutions Spring 2017 HEALTH INSTITUTIONS Sexual Misconduct at UT Health Institutions Overall Victimization Rate by Type Type of Victimization Victimization Rate Sexual Harassment Perpetrated by Faculty/Staff 19% Sexual Harassment Perpetrated by Students 20% Dating/Domestic Abuse and Violence 12% Stalking 8% Unwanted Sexual Contact 8% Disclosure After Victimization Disclosure Details - Who did you tell? Close friend other than roommate 75% Romantic partner 34% Institution's counseling services 18% Institution's Office of Employment Equity 4% 77% No 23% Yes Disclosure After Victimization CLASE - UT Health Institutions, 2017 IMPACT ON STUDENTS AT HEALTH INSTITUTIONS Academic Disengagement Rate Had to take time off from school 6% Needed to repeat a class 2% Had to drop one or more courses 1% Impact on Mental and Physical Health CLASE - UT Health Institutions, 2017 CLASE Study and National Academies CLASE data used by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine to further study sexual harassment in academic sciences, engineering, and medical academic settings. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Appendix D Consultant Report on the University of Texas System Campus Climate Survey Prepared for National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine The Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia 500 Fifth St. NW Washington, DC 20001 Prepared by Dr. Kevin M. Swartout, Georgia State University Chair, Administrator-Researcher Campus Climate Collaborative Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, ... 280 APPENDIX D FIGURE D-3 Faculty/staff sexual harassment incidence for male students by student major (UT Data). 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Non-STEM Science Engineering Medicine 1% 1% 2% 2% 5% 3% 3% 6% 4% 9% 2% 10% 21% 24% 12% 13% 14% 16% 15% Percentage “Yes” Overall Gender Harassment – Sexist Hostility Gender Harassment – Crude Behavior Unwanted Sexual Attention Sexual Coercion 1% Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, ... 278 APPENDIX D FIGURE D-1 Faculty/staff sexual harassment incidence for female students by student major (UT Data). 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Non-STEM Science Engineering Medicine 22% 20% 20% 27% 25% 18% 47% 45% 17% 8% 8% 9% 3% 4% 1% 1% 4% 2% 1% 1% Percentage “Yes” Overall Gender Harassment – Sexist Hostility Gender Harassment – Crude Behavior Unwanted Sexual Attention Sexual Coercion From Prevention to Intervention: Creation of the Health Consortium Health Consortium members engaged collaboratively to innovate and apply research findings to an educational curriculum. Model of Curriculum Application Note: Adapted from Bloom ‘s Taxonomy (1984) and Revised Bloom’s (Krathwohl, 2002) We are taking a proactive approach because student success – which goes hand in hand with student safety, security and well-being – is our #1 priority. We will address sexual misconduct, and we will be a leader in creating solutions.” William H. McRaven Former University of Texas Chancellor Health Institution Curriculum IDVSA produced this curriculum as a useful and practical teaching tool and resource for professionals working within health institutions settings. THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN • STEVE HICKS SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK • INSTITUTE ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT Health Institution Curriculum to Address Sexual Assault and Misconducts A Series of Applied Research Title IX Resources and Strategies Developed by the CLASE Health Consortium, a Partnership Between IDVSA and UT Health Institutions NOVEMBER · 2019 Table of Contents Overview 9 How to Use This Document 9 Background and Context 12 Methodology 14 SECTION I: Know and Comprehend 17 Lecture 101 Materials 18 Lecture 101 At-A-Glance 18 Importance and Application 19 Build Your Own Lecture 101 PowerPoint Presentation 22 Five Pre-Lecture Preparation Documents 25 Five Supplemental Resources 33 SECTION II: Apply and Analyze 52 Decision Case Learning 53 Importance and Application 53 Decision Case 1: Trust Your Gut or Follow Your Mentor 57 Decision Case 2 124 SECTION III: Integrate into Practice 125 Resources 126 Importance and Application 126 Title IX Policies and Programming Resource Catalogue 126 Public Awareness and Education Campaigns Resource Catalogue 132 Appendix A: Title IX Form Examples 141 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center 142 The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston 156 The University of Texas Southwestern 165 Appendix B: Select Campaigns/Programs in Detail 169 University of Texas Health Institutions’ Campaigns/Programs 169 Comparison Institutions’ Campaigns/Programs 179 UT Center for Health Communication Campaign Case Study 182 Appendix C: National Sexual Assault Prevention Social Marketing Campaign Review 185 Appendix D: Methods for Curriculum Development 236 References 239 Tables Table 1: Lecture 101 Slide Decks Overview ........................................................................................... 10 Table 2: Lecture 101 Handout Descriptions ........................................................................................... 18 Table 3: Lecture 101 PowerPoint Slide Contents ................................................................................... 22 Table 4: Title IX Policies and Programming Catalogue Research Terms .............................................. 127 Table 5: Title IX Policies and Programming Overview – UT System Institutions ................................. 128 Table 6: Title IX Policies and Programming Overview – Comparison Institutions ............................... 130 Table 7: University of Texas Health Institutions' Education Campaigns/Programs.............................. 133 Table 8: Comparison Institutions' Education Campaigns/Programs..................................................... 136 Figures Figure 1: Model of Curriculum Components and Application ................................................................ 11 Figure 2. Social Marketing Process ...................................................................................................... 139 Lecture 101 Introductory training and evidence-based teaching tool with customizable slide decks and supplemental resources Decision Case Learning Practical and factual teaching tool designed to engage the learner by presenting real life scenarios they may face in their professional lives Resources Title IX Policy and Programming Resource Catalogue and Public Health Awareness and Educational Campaigns Resource Catalogue For more information and downloadable reports, please visit https://sites.utexas.edu/idvsa/research/campus-initiatives/clase-project or contact [email protected] or (512) 471-3198. Funded by Board of Regents, The University of Texas System. ”Appendix D: Consultant Report on the University of Texas System Campus Climate Survey.” National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24994. Icon attribution from the Noun Project: Decision by Adrien Coquet from the Noun Project; Lecture by Llisole; and Catalog by Gregor Cresnar.
Transcript of Moving from Benchmarking Prevalence and Perceptions to ... · Lecture 101 Materials 18 Lecture 101...
Impact on Mental HealthNon-
Victims Victims
Depressive Symptoms 7% 16%
PTSD Symptoms 7% 18%
Impact on Physical HealthNon-
Victims Victims
Headaches/Dizziness 20% 26%
GI Problems 16% 20%
Sleep Problems 39% 57%
Integrate into Practice
Know, Apply, Analyze
Know and Comprehend
2. ApplyDecision Cases, Teaching Notes
3. RespondTitle IX Programming, Policies, Awareness
Campaigns
1. KnowLecture 101: Adaptable for
Instructors and Audiences
CULTIVATING LEARNING AND SAFE ENVIRONMENTS (CLASE), 2015-ONGOING
Moving from Benchmarking Prevalence and Perceptions to Applying Findings in Health Institutions
Dr. Noël Busch-ArmendarizDirector, Institute on Domestic
Violence & Sexual Assault
CLASE Prevalence and Perceptions StudyOngoing comprehensive, proactive, and scientific effort to address intimate and interpersonal violences at all University of Texas System institutions.
GOALS1. Increase student safety and well-being by improving programs and services for students.
2. Reduce acts of sexual harassment, stalking, dating/domestic abuse and violence, and unwanted sexual contact at 14 UT System institutions.
3. Benchmark prevalence and perceptions at 14 UT System institutions.
THE MEANS TO THE BEGINNING
Shallow DivePrevalence and perceptions through student web-based surveys.
Medium DiveQualitative data collection at 4 campuses/year.
Focused analysis on Title IX investigation process.
Deep DiveLongitudinal freshman cohort study.
Micro & macro cost analysis of interpersonal & institutional responses.
Report of FindingsPolicy and service recommendations.
Overview of Cultivating Learning And Safe Environments (CLASE) ProjectOverview of CLASE Project “Shallow Dive”
• 2015 Prevalence and Perceptions Study
• Title IX issues: sexual harassment, stalking, dating/domestic violence, and unwanted sexual contact
• Students anonymously and voluntarily answered questions regarding events that have occurred since enrollment at their respective UT System institution.
An Empirical Study of Prevalence and Perceptions of Sexual Harassment, Stalking, Dating/Domestic Abuse and Violence, and Unwanted Sexual Contact
CULTIVATING LEARNINGAND SAFE ENVIRONMENTS
The University of Texas System Health Institutions
Spring 2017
HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Sexual Misconduct at UT Health InstitutionsSexual Misconduct at UT Health Institutions
Overall Victimization Rate by Type
Type of Victimization Victimization RateSexual Harassment Perpetrated by Faculty/Staff 19%
Sexual Harassment Perpetrated by Students 20%
Dating/Domestic Abuse and Violence 12%
Stalking 8%
Unwanted Sexual Contact 8%
CLASE - Health Institutions, 2017
Disclosure After Victimization
Disclosure Details - Who did you tell?Close friend other than roommate 75%
Romantic partner 34%
Institution's counseling services 18%
Institution's Office of Employment Equity 4%
77% No
23% Yes
Disclosure After Victimization
CLASE - UT Health Institutions, 2017
IMPACT ON STUDENTS AT HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Academic DisengagementAcademic DisengagementRate
Had to take time off from school 6%
Needed to repeat a class 2%
Had to drop one or more courses 1%
Impact on Mental and Physical Health
CLASE - UT Health Institutions, 2017
CLASE Study and National Academies CLASE data used by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine to further study sexual harassment in academic sciences, engineering, and medical academic settings.
Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, ...
Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Appendix D
Consultant Report on the University of Texas System Campus Climate Survey
Prepared for
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and MedicineThe Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia
500 Fifth St. NW Washington, DC 20001
Prepared by
Dr. Kevin M. Swartout, Georgia State UniversityChair, Administrator-Researcher Campus Climate Collaborative
275
Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, ...
Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
280 APPENDIX D
FIGURE D-4 Faculty/staff sexual harassment incidence for male students by type/level of student (Penn State Data).
FIGURE D-3 Faculty/staff sexual harassment incidence for male students by student major (UT Data).
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Non-STEM Science Engineering Medicine
1%1%2%2%5%
3%3%6%
4%
9%
2%
10%
21%24%
12%13%14%16% 15%
Per
cent
age
“Yes
”
OverallGender Harassment – Sexist HostilityGender Harassment – Crude BehaviorUnwanted Sexual AttentionSexual Coercion
1%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Undergraduate Graduate College of Medicine
0.6%2.8%
1.5%2.3%2.0%2.5%7.5%
8.4%
21.2%22.3%23.3%
25.6%
17.1%
29.3%32.6%P
erce
ntag
e “Y
es”
OverallGender Harassment – Sexist HostilityGender Harassment – Crude BehaviorUnwanted Sexual AttentionSexual Coercion
Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, ...
Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
278 APPENDIX D
tion of student status, with high incidence rates among medical students relative to the overall sample. This pattern held for sexist hostility (chi-square = 98.21, p < .001) and crude behavior (chi-square = 33.32, p < .001), but not unwanted sexual attention or sexual coercion.
Taken together, these findings indicate that gender identity and student status are both relevant factors in faculty/staff perpetrated sexual harassment incidence. Because female students were at greater risk for experiencing harassment, ad-ditional analyses focused on the female subsample to generate more specific implications for those students at greatest risk. Corresponding figures depicting rates of sexual harassment reported by the male subsample are presented for comparison purposes. Although the subsample that endorsed a gender other than male or female were also at increased risk for experiencing faculty/staff harass-ment, that subsample was too small for more fine-grained analysis.
Figure D-1 depicts the percentages of female students of each major who experienced different forms of sexual harassment by faculty or staff in the UT sample. Results of a binary logistic regression suggest that female medical stu-dents were 220 percent more likely than non-STEM majors to experience sexual harassment by faculty or staff (OR = 3.20, p < .001), and female engineering students were 34 percent more likely than non-STEM majors to experience sexual harassment by faculty or staff (OR = 1.34, p = .002).
FIGURE D-1 Faculty/staff sexual harassment incidence for female students by student major (UT Data).
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0Non-STEM Science Engineering Medicine
22%20% 20%
27% 25%
18%
47% 45%
17%
8% 8%9%
3% 4%1% 1%
4% 2%1% 1%
Per
cent
age
“Yes
”
OverallGender Harassment – Sexist HostilityGender Harassment – Crude BehaviorUnwanted Sexual AttentionSexual Coercion
From Prevention to Intervention: Creation of the Health Consortium
Health Consortium members engaged collaboratively to innovate and apply research findings to an educational curriculum.
Model of Curriculum Application
Note: Adapted from Bloom ‘s Taxonomy (1984) and Revised Bloom’s (Krathwohl, 2002)
We are taking a proactive approach because student success – which goes hand in hand with student safety, security and well-being – is our #1 priority. We will address sexual misconduct, and we will be a leader in creating solutions.”
William H. McRavenFormer University of Texas Chancellor
Health Institution CurriculumIDVSA produced this curriculum as a useful and practical teaching tool and resource for professionals working within health institutions settings.
T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T E X A S A T A U S T I N • S T E V E H I C K S S C H O O L O F S O C I A L W O R K • I N S T I T U T E O N D O M E S T I C V I O L E N C E A N D S E X U A L A S S A U L T
Health Institution Curriculum to Address Sexual Assault and Misconducts A Series of Applied Research Title IX Resources and Strategies Developed by the CLASE Health Consortium, a Partnership Between IDVSA and UT Health Institutions
NOVEMBER · 2019
Busch-Armendariz, Sulley C., Susswein, M., McClain, T., Brimhall, H., & Fessenden, A. (2019). Health institution curriculum to address sexual assault and misconducts: A series of applied research Title IX resources and strategies developed by the CLASE Health Consortium, a partnership between IDVSA and UT Health Institutions. Austin, TX: Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin. © 2019 IDVSA. All rights reserved.
Curriculum for Health Institutions: Applied Research Title IX Resources and Strategies 6
Table of Contents Overview 9
How to Use This Document 9 Background and Context 12 Methodology 14
SECTION I: Know and Comprehend 17 Lecture 101 Materials 18
Lecture 101 At-A-Glance 18 Importance and Application 19 Build Your Own Lecture 101 PowerPoint Presentation 22 Five Pre-Lecture Preparation Documents 25 Five Supplemental Resources 33
SECTION II: Apply and Analyze 52 Decision Case Learning 53
Importance and Application 53 Decision Case 1: Trust Your Gut or Follow Your Mentor 57 Decision Case 2 124
SECTION III: Integrate into Practice 125 Resources 126
Importance and Application 126 Title IX Policies and Programming Resource Catalogue 126 Public Awareness and Education Campaigns Resource Catalogue 132
Appendix A: Title IX Form Examples 141 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center 142 The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston 156
Busch-Armendariz, Sulley C., Susswein, M., McClain, T., Brimhall, H., & Fessenden, A. (2019). Health institution curriculum to address sexual assault and misconducts: A series of applied research Title IX resources and strategies developed by the CLASE Health Consortium, a partnership between IDVSA and UT Health Institutions. Austin, TX: Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin. © 2019 IDVSA. All rights reserved.
Curriculum for Health Institutions: Applied Research Title IX Resources and Strategies 7
The University of Texas Southwestern 165 Appendix B: Select Campaigns/Programs in Detail 169
University of Texas Health Institutions’ Campaigns/Programs 169 Comparison Institutions’ Campaigns/Programs 179 UT Center for Health Communication Campaign Case Study 182
Appendix C: National Sexual Assault Prevention Social Marketing Campaign Review 185 Appendix D: Methods for Curriculum Development 236 References 239
Tables
Table 1: Lecture 101 Slide Decks Overview ........................................................................................... 10 Table 2: Lecture 101 Handout Descriptions ........................................................................................... 18 Table 3: Lecture 101 PowerPoint Slide Contents ................................................................................... 22 Table 4: Title IX Policies and Programming Catalogue Research Terms .............................................. 127 Table 5: Title IX Policies and Programming Overview – UT System Institutions ................................. 128 Table 6: Title IX Policies and Programming Overview – Comparison Institutions ............................... 130 Table 7: University of Texas Health Institutions' Education Campaigns/Programs .............................. 133 Table 8: Comparison Institutions' Education Campaigns/Programs ..................................................... 136
Figures Figure 1: Model of Curriculum Components and Application ................................................................ 11 Figure 2. Social Marketing Process ...................................................................................................... 139
Busch-Armendariz, Sulley C., Susswein, M., McClain, T., Brimhall, H., & Fessenden, A. (2019). Health institution curriculum to address sexual assault and misconducts: A series of applied research Title IX resources and strategies developed by the CLASE Health Consortium, a partnership between IDVSA and UT Health Institutions. Austin, TX: Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin. © 2019 IDVSA. All rights reserved.
Curriculum for Health Institutions: Applied Research Title IX Resources and Strategies 7
The University of Texas Southwestern 165 Appendix B: Select Campaigns/Programs in Detail 169
University of Texas Health Institutions’ Campaigns/Programs 169 Comparison Institutions’ Campaigns/Programs 179 UT Center for Health Communication Campaign Case Study 182
Appendix C: National Sexual Assault Prevention Social Marketing Campaign Review 185 Appendix D: Methods for Curriculum Development 236 References 239
Tables
Table 1: Lecture 101 Slide Decks Overview ........................................................................................... 10 Table 2: Lecture 101 Handout Descriptions ........................................................................................... 18 Table 3: Lecture 101 PowerPoint Slide Contents ................................................................................... 22 Table 4: Title IX Policies and Programming Catalogue Research Terms .............................................. 127 Table 5: Title IX Policies and Programming Overview – UT System Institutions ................................. 128 Table 6: Title IX Policies and Programming Overview – Comparison Institutions ............................... 130 Table 7: University of Texas Health Institutions' Education Campaigns/Programs .............................. 133 Table 8: Comparison Institutions' Education Campaigns/Programs ..................................................... 136
Figures Figure 1: Model of Curriculum Components and Application ................................................................ 11 Figure 2. Social Marketing Process ...................................................................................................... 139
Busch-Armendariz, Sulley C., Susswein, M., McClain, T., Brimhall, H., & Fessenden, A. (2019). Health institution curriculum to address sexual assault and misconducts: A series of applied research Title IX resources and strategies developed by the CLASE Health Consortium, a partnership between IDVSA and UT Health Institutions. Austin, TX: Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin. © 2019 IDVSA. All rights reserved.
Curriculum for Health Institutions: Applied Research Title IX Resources and Strategies 7
The University of Texas Southwestern 165 Appendix B: Select Campaigns/Programs in Detail 169
University of Texas Health Institutions’ Campaigns/Programs 169 Comparison Institutions’ Campaigns/Programs 179 UT Center for Health Communication Campaign Case Study 182
Appendix C: National Sexual Assault Prevention Social Marketing Campaign Review 185 Appendix D: Methods for Curriculum Development 236 References 239
Tables
Table 1: Lecture 101 Slide Decks Overview ........................................................................................... 10 Table 2: Lecture 101 Handout Descriptions ........................................................................................... 18 Table 3: Lecture 101 PowerPoint Slide Contents ................................................................................... 22 Table 4: Title IX Policies and Programming Catalogue Research Terms .............................................. 127 Table 5: Title IX Policies and Programming Overview – UT System Institutions ................................. 128 Table 6: Title IX Policies and Programming Overview – Comparison Institutions ............................... 130 Table 7: University of Texas Health Institutions' Education Campaigns/Programs .............................. 133 Table 8: Comparison Institutions' Education Campaigns/Programs ..................................................... 136
Figures Figure 1: Model of Curriculum Components and Application ................................................................ 11 Figure 2. Social Marketing Process ...................................................................................................... 139
Lecture 101 Introductory training and evidence-based teaching tool with customizable slide decks and supplemental resources
Decision Case Learning Practical and factual teaching tool designed to engage the learner by presenting real life scenarios they may face in their professional lives
Resources Title IX Policy and Programming Resource Catalogue and Public Health Awareness and Educational Campaigns Resource Catalogue
For more information and downloadable reports, please visit https://sites.utexas.edu/idvsa/research/campus-initiatives/clase-project
or contact [email protected] or (512) 471-3198.
Funded by Board of Regents, The University of Texas System.
”Appendix D: Consultant Report on the University of Texas System Campus Climate Survey.” National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24994. Icon attribution from the Noun Project: Decision by Adrien Coquet from the Noun Project; Lecture by Llisole; and Catalog by Gregor Cresnar.
