Moving forward towards low cost, dispatchable and ... · Moving forward towards low cost,...
Transcript of Moving forward towards low cost, dispatchable and ... · Moving forward towards low cost,...
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Moving forward towards low cost, dispatchable and competitive STE
by
Manuel Collares Pereira(Renewable Energies Chair-REC)
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Solar Thermal Electricity (STE): the role of storage
• Quick review of present day technologies for STE
• R&D goals ,drivers and constraints to be faced
• Thermal Energy Storage -dispatchability
• PV and complementarity
• Linear concentrators : PT and LFR
• Advanced Optics (N.I.O.) is an essential part of a final solution
• Some recent solutions and specific proposals
• Final remarks
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Main STE technologies
2D- linear concentrationtechnologies, PT anf LFR
3D- towertechnology
PT
LFR
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2 x50 MW, 7 h St.
Parabolic Trough Technology (PT) - 50MW Plants
~7,7 hours of storage –molten salts
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HTF- Dowtherm A (393ºC) and a two tank molten saltsstorage system
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Required value of a 25 years PPA for a 150 MW, 4 hours storage, without any public financial aids and no escalation
2100
Stars corresponds to “normalized” PPAs or FiTs at their respective locations in Spain, India, Morocco , Israel and South Africa
STE costs are still not the same as those of PV, ( market ~4,2 GW vs ~400 GW of PV), but getting there…
Hypothesis: 10-30 GW will be built at that time.Some breakthroughs might accelerate this trend.
Source: ESTELA Position Paper
Storage value (NREL) 3-5 c/kWh
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Storing Energy: electricity, heat…
• In batteries
• Today: 300-600 euro/kWhe stored
• Soon (2-3 years) (?!) – 150 a 200 euro/kWhe
• Duration: 10 years ?
• As heat:
• Today : 20 a 40 euro/kWhe
• Within 2-3 anos: 10 a 15 euro/kWhe– Duration: 20 years ?
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Factor 10-20 X of diference in cost, today(and in thefuture?!!)
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…and so…
• PV, no batteries : the cheapest solar electricitytoday-grid parity on “roof top”- autoconsumo; centralized production costs for grid injectionalready at or below fossil fuel production
• STE- CSP with storage (7 to 15h at nominal power); dispatchable electricity, muchcheaper than PV with batteries; also closer to being competitive by itself…
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PV versus STE?
• Not in competition!
• Complementarity is clear
PV – decentralized (roof top, etc) and centralizedproduction during the day
STE- centralized dispatchable production
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The Challenge for STE
Low cost electricity:
1) -increase efficiency in solar to electricity conversion
2) -reduce number of components and system cost + O&M costs
add storage (to add value: dispatchability)
1) This really means going up in temperature (today : 565ºC!)
2) Reduce costs: the three main technological options havediferent costs: LFR, perhaps, has the lowest potential cost , but, today still also the lowest efficiency!
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PT Field size (50MWe)
7.7 hr storage : 2*A 2*A= 520 000m2
Receiver lenght= 86,7 KmTotal tube volume= (0.22l/m -70mm pipe) = 19m3
6m
Can the number oflines, components, pipe lenght bereduced?
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Storage size: molten salts mixture
ΔT for sensible heat storage- 100ºC
Cp : 1.6-1.7 kJ/kg50MWe*7.7h= 385MWhE=M*Cp* ΔT*ƞeM = 385 * 10^6 * 3.6*10^6 / 1600/100/0.33 (kg)
M= 26 250 ton !
Binary mixture:NaNO3-KNO3 (60-40%); (T fusion= 223ºC)
Storage – sensible heat ; 290ºC<T<390ºC
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Increasing operating temperature; effect on storage volume
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www.uevora.pt
Simplified plant scheme: Linear concentrator field and a 2 tank molten storage concept
550°C
292°C
540°C
… a need for higher concentration!?
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Further research- Molten salts
• High operating temperature is achievable withconcentrators, but:
- problems: materials corrosion at hightemperatures
- Mixture stability/degradation- Cost!- Operational problems ( we need operating
experience): start up, cloudy periods, turnoff/drain or keep warm
- (…)
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NEWSOL (H2020)
A systematic tackling of the following problems:
• - molten salts for sensible liquid heat storage
• - high temperature performance: can concretebe used? … structural concrete…
• -concrete based high temperature thermalinsulation
• -slag materials for solid sensible heat storage
• -PCMs latent heat storage
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Horizon 2020
1 (Coord) University of EVORA Portugal
2 ACCIONA Spain (Industry)
3 CSIC Spain (R&D)
4 SECIL Portugal (Industry)
5 DLR Germany (R&D)
6 LNEG Portugal (R&D)
7 YARA Norway (Industry)
8 SINTEF Norway (R&D)
9 AIMEN Spain (R&D)
10 SSensor Italy (SME)
11 ACCIONA Ingeniería Spain (Industry)
12 ApEHR Denmark (SME)13 ETH Switzerland (R&D)
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Salts: the low temperature end
• Solidification/Fusion at 223ºC: is it too high?
• Come as close to ambient as possible
Find other salts and mixtures:
• Ternary, quaternary mixtures , (…)
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Examples of possible molten saltmixtures with lower fusion points
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Environmental Issue with heavy metals
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Melchsee-Frutt, 04th March 2015
• Leakage of heavy metals into the soil and ground water
• High emissions due to Acidic Mine Drainage (PH 1,5 – 2,5 in superficial groundwater)
• Possible aquifer contamination
e)
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SSA8/12
SCA6/12
SCA0/6
SSA0/4
SSA4/8
Calcium Aluminate Cement w/ slag incorporation (CAC+)
Two different concrete dosages were considered, maintaining the same type and content of binder but varying the type of aggregate:
CAC mix (w/c=0,5) refers to CAC concrete prepared with 100% siliceous aggregatesCAC+ mix (w/c=0,57) refers to CAC concrete prepared with a mix of 75% siliceous aggregates+ 25% SlagAdjustment of aggregates dosage for the concrete was made following Bolomey calculations
Experimentation
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• T: 565ºC?
• High Concentration is necessary!
• Thermal losses are proportional to receiver area (A receiver) • C= A aperture/A receiver
• Iow thermal losses means a smaller receiver and that means higher C
• This has already been already proposed and achieved with 3D- towertechnology
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Higher efficiency…
efficiency
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Central Receiver (CR) technology – 19MW
TORRESOL: 19MWe + 15 hours ofstorage
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2D- Linear concentrators?
• Tube diameter is a constraint…
• The choice of (evacuated) receiver tubes for high temperature performance is more or less“fixed” on the market!
• Diameter: 70 mm! (perhaps 80mm, 90mm…)
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• Higher concentration means a larger aperture size• And that- in itself- has a very positive (cost reduction!)
side: • 2D- high concentration means that there will be less
collector rows, for the same power capacity, thus there willbe
• less piping• less HTF as well• less pumping losses and other parasitics• less O&M
• But how wide can the aperture be?
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Concentration for a parabola with a tubular receiver
• C=a/2πr= 1/sin (θ) * sin(φ)/π
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φ
a
mirror
+θ -θ(2ϴsun=0.52º)
ϴ=2.5xϴsun
C= 27 (φ=90)
2r=70mm
a= 5.93m
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Are there limits to a?“Etendue”- a reminder
• Etendue is a geometrical quantity that measures the amount of “room” available for light to pass through
dU= dA*cos θ *dΩ• Spatial “room”: dA * cos θ (light is crossing dA in a direction θ) • Angular “room” (the solid angle) : dΩ
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High efficiency Conservation of“Etendue”
Etendue through AB (fromthree identical flashlights) with an angular spread αassociated …
…is the sameas …
… Etendue (same threeflashlights!) through thesmaller area CD but nowhas a larger angular spreadβ
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Maximal Concentration ?
• The problem is: given radiation incident on an aperture awithin a certain angular range (±) , how much can it be
concentrated- Cmax?
• Conservation of “Etendue” applied to the problem of maximal concentration (2D)
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?
C=Cmax=a/b=1/sin (θ)
Non Imaging Optics (Ideal Optics)
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A parabola is not an ideal concentrator!
• It is very far from the limit , just like anyfocussing type optics!!!
• C=1/sin (θ) * sin(φ)/π
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φ
Cmax
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CAP: a useful definition
• Cmax=1/sin (θ)
• sin (θ)*C= CAP <=1
• CAP is the Concentration Acceptance-Product θ is the half-acceptance angle of the concentrator with concentration C
• For a PT, CAP is <= 1/π ~ 0.3
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Larger trough : go from ~6m to ~8m
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~8m trough, same tubeIt means a smaller θ, i.e. highermechanical manufacturing and tracking accuracies !
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Larger θ and higher C: second stage CXX-SMS solution
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XX-SMS solution
• Comparison with Conventional PT
Tel Aviv February 201337
.[.
ηopt0 Cg CAP φ (deg) Aspect ratio
(Height/Width)
Aperture
Width (m)
Mirror
length (m)
PT 0.81 26.24 0.32 80.3 0.30 5.77 6.40
XX SMS 0.72 50.38 0.61 55 0.51 11.08 11.71[.
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Alternative : Linear Fresnel Technology?
20-30 m6m
PSE Gmbh
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But conventional Linear Fresnel is alsofar from the n.i.o. limits…
• CAP=C*sin(θ) < 0.45 (<0.3 for tubes)
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Incident light with aperture 2*θ
C=a/R
C/Cmax=0.45 for the best case
ψ=40.4º (rim angle)
a
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Besides…
• … etendue is not conserved
• i.e. less light goes towardthe receiver than is incidenton the reflectors (shadingand blocking)
• Large room for improvement
September18, 2009
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Improvements• CLFR (concept proposed by
D. Mills et al.)
• it is a multiple receiverconcept
• Improves on EM- etendue matching, but does notachieve the highest possibleefficiency
• Does not use ideal secondstage optics
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Improvements
• Solutions with second stageconcentrator: they improve the optical performance byusing non-imaging optics
• They do not (attempt) maximize EM yet, and thenature of the optics used, limits collector width, i.e., forces the absorber to be atconsiderable height
• (Picture from NOVATEC)
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Advanced LFR technology : high concentration
can be more easily obtained…Evolution of (C )LFR technology:
-Enhancing average anual efficiency: new optics(seek“Etendue Conservation”)
-Enhancing concentration (seek maximal concentration)
-Keeping solar field costs low, as with theconventional LFR technologies (“flat” mirrors)
-the receiver is fixed (…)
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Go further: advanced solution
• A multiple receiver solution
• It nearly matches etendue (highest collectionefficiency)
• It approaches ideal maximal concentration, through the use of a secondary; optimizationof primary and secondary toghether
September18, 2009
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Possible solutions for A-LFR
Heliostats on an etendue conserving curve
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A first prototype proposal
• C=66x
• Operatingtemperature 565ºC
• Receiver height~7m
• Module width(30m)
• Primary mirrorarea: ~750m2
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Linear Fresnel Etendue matched
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LFR XX-SMSC=74x(CAP~0.57)
70mm tube
acceptanceangle=0.88 deg(~3 suns)
20.11 m
SolarPACES 2014, Beijing
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Latest proposal – MSALFR“…brings it all together”
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Latest proposal – MSALFR“…bringing it all together”
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L~24m
PrimaryTot
width (m)
Total mirror
aperture width (m)
Receiver
Height (m)
Number
of
mirrors
Mirror
width
(m)
φ (°) C (X) θ (°) CAP ηopt0
MSALFR
Optic
25.7 22 10.8 22 1 48.57 45 0.745 0.58 0.70
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A- LFR plant: some operating detailsand storage integration
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Expected results
50MW plant in Faro
565ºC: molten salts as HTF and 7 hours storage
Steam 540ºC- 110bar
(if LFR installed cost: 100-150 euro/m2 )
< 8-10eurocent/kWh
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Location DNI (kWh/m2) Total average yearly
efficiency
Faro – Portugal (37ºN) 2200 0.147
Hurghada : Egypt (27ºN) 3000 0.163
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April 2018| Manuel Collares Pereira52
T<580 ° C; with energy storage andsteam generation (540°C, 100bar)- 3.2 MWth - TSK- Flagsol- 1.0MWth - ALFR Ematched
University of Evora+ DLRYARA Industrial GmbHTSK Flagsol Engineering GmbHSteinmüller Engineering GmbHLeoni Kerpen GmbHEskom Holding SOC - South Africa
| Évora Molten Salt Platform - EMSP
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April 2018| Manuel Collares Pereira53
| Solar Concentrators Testing Platform- PECS
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N.I. Optics + Advanced LFR: a fair shot at low cost dispatchableelectrictyHigh concentration enhances efficiency (lower thermal losses) and substantially reduces:
Number of rowsFluid volumeParasitic power consumption
Fixed receiver substantially facilitates engineering, O&M
Many other possible configurations to be evaluated and demonstrated (Ex: mirrors on an Etendue Matching curve, diferent mirror widths, etc)
In conclusion
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PV and STE are not competitors
PV- decentralized production + some centralized production(during the day)
STE- centralized production with storage (4-15 hours?)(coming into the grid , while the sun goes down, or when thereis no sun!)
Thermal Energy Storage is key!
25-40 euro/kWh, today, going to 10-15 euro/kWh in the nearfuture….
In conclusion
Thank you for your attention!
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How far can we go ?The importance of storage
• How far can we go?
• A concept proposed by
David Mills ,Robert Morgan [ISES Beijing paper(2007)]
“Big Solar” i.e. solar for full power? Including thesupply of base load on a large scale?
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Abril 2016| Manuel Collares Pereira57
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US Solar Resources
100% US Power147x147 km2 park
BIG SOLAR!!!
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Big Solar (a concept with storage on a daily scale)
California Electricity Grid (CAISO) hourly data for 2006
Turbogenerator capacity matched to peak California load
Collector: CLFR (2007)
Calculation hour by hour for whole yearSM1 means array produces at peak exactly the energy required by the turbine at peak;
SMX array has X times the area of SM1
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Copyright © Ausra, Inc. 2007
“No Storage” concept (8-9hr production)
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Copyright © Ausra, Inc. 2007
8 hr production: Storage
Storing heat on a large scale and lowcost (7-21 euro/kWh)
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Abril 2016| Manuel Collares Pereira62
92% correlation with SM3, no costly peaking plant needed!!!; peak turbine /peak load 50GW
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Texas- Grid
Abril 2016| Manuel Collares Pereira63
63GW turbine/peakload; again ~92% correlation
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California and Texas grid combined: ~96% correlation with 16 hours storage, SM3
US grid (scaled to 103GW peak) fed from California and Texas ; 96% correlation
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Maturing the concepts…
• “Big Solar” + storage renders obsolete the concern with solar (Renewables?) not being for “base load”
• STE has useful daily and seasonal correlations with load; coal and nuclear do not.
• Little or no costly peaking plant is required (can use existing Hydro)
• Is this the time to start thinking that solar energy can be a MAJOR electricity provider on a par with conventionalsources?? !
• New Molten salt solutions and higher efficiencies…
• Energy STORAGE: a very hot topic!!!!
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Abril 2016| Manuel Collares Pereira66
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Maio 2016| Manuel Collares Pereira67
T<580ºC; c/ armazenamento de energia e produção de vapor (540ºC, 100bar)
- 3.2 MWth - TSK- Flagsol- 1.0MWth - LFR Ematched
(MSALFR – financ. CCDRA)
| Évora Molten Salt Platform - EMSPUniversity of Evora+
DLRYARA Industrial GmbHTSK Flagsol Engineering GmbHSteinmüller Engineering GmbHLeoni Kerpen GmbHEskom Holding SOC - South Africa