Moving Forward Smart

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Digital Agenda

for Europe

Moving Forward to

Smarter Communities

Report of the Meeting of the Advisory group ICT Infrastructure forenergy-e cient buildings and neighbourhoods for carbon-neutral cities

16th September 2011

Dig i ta l l y D r i ven Smar t C i t i es


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Interested in Information and Communication Technologies for Smart Cities?

Please visit the dedicated area of our website at http://ec.europa.eu/ictforsg

European CommissionDirectorate-General Communications Networks, Content & Technology

Smart Cities and Sustainability

B-1049 Brussels

[email protected]

[email protected]

http://ec.europa.eu/ictforsgmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://ec.europa.eu/ictforsg


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Moving Forward to

Smarter Communities

Report of the Meeting of the Advisory group ICT Infrastructure forenergy-e cient buildings and neighbourhoods for carbon-neutral cities

16th September 2011

Dig i ta l l y D r i ven Smar t C i t i es

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LEGAL NOTICE

By the Commission of the European Union, Communications Networks,

Content & Technology Directorate-General, Smart Cities and Sustainability Unit.

Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use which

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The European Commission is not responsible for the external web sites referred to in the present

publication.

The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official

European Commission’s view on the subject.

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union,

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© European Union,

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.


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Table of

content Foreword by the European Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

A strategic commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

NCA: a lighthouse experimental eld

for the ICT-empowered sustainable city of tomorrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Nuremberg is ready to go for a smarter future! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

The validity of the scope and denition of Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

How to dene the area of intervention

in order to maximise the European dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

What to include in a Smart Cities programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1. Technical requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2. Political requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3. Business requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

4. Reections on project requirements, focus and characteristics . . . . . . . . . 24

Conclusions and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Annex 1: List of workshop participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Annex 2: Research topics suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Annex 3: Relevant initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Annex 4: Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35


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Foreword by the European Commission

Cities are home to three quarters of the EU

population, gathering also the majority of

businesses, and most public infrastructures;

this turns them into innovation hubs for Europe’s

economy, but also makes them responsible for

most of our energy consumption and carbonemissions. It is these two features combined

that demonstrate the signicance that cities can

play in achieving the EU’s ‘20/20/20’ energy and

climate change targets.

Digital technologies have a signicant role to

play in making cities truly smart and sustainable.

ICT should enable the exploitation of potential

synergies among the various building blocks

that will contribute to achieving a carbon neutral

urban environment, such as energy management

in buildings, electric mobility (electric vehicles, aswell as the related infrastructure and services),

etc.

Much has been achieved at buildings and

neighbourhoods levels in terms of system

development, but still important challenges

are in front of us for progressively scaling up

such systems at the level of cities. As systems

need to be integrated to ensure their coherent

operation in response to user’s requirements,

interoperability is a first and fundamental

requirement to be considered.

A sustainable implementation of such systems

needs sustainable infrastructures as well as

a sustainable and coordinated infrastructure

management strategy. When renovating existing

urban networks, synergies are to be found for

making them increasingly interoperable and

accessible. Once again, interoperability appears

as a fundamental requirement.

As systems are using a huge quantity of data

we need to consider putting in place reliable

schemes for data collection and we do need

to agree on metrics for making possible the

comparison of systems performance. The

ICT industry has already made significantprogress by developing together with the

standards developing organizations a common

measurement framework for capturing its

carbon emissions and energy intensity1.

The next step is now to establish a framework

for assessing the energy efficiency related

improvements and reductions in CO2 emissions

that could be enabled by implementing smart ICT

solutions. There is certainly scope to apply the

resulting information and data in a city context.

Both policy makers and businesses could benet

from being given reliable data and information

and citizens could base their decisions on such

data, becoming thus more engaged in saving

energy and lowering their activities carbon

footprint. Engaging citizens is a significant

challenge in the process of smartening our

cities, as deploying technology without having

convinced our citizens to make use of it would

not bring the so much expected benets.

The many and varied pilot projects deployed

throughout Europe with the aim to measure theeectiveness of smart meters in reducing energy

bills proved that technology is an important

enabler, but not an exclusive one. The results of

such pilots clearly demonstrated that the role of

the consumer is crucial. Therefore, eorts must

be made to raise their awareness and to involve

them through education and interaction.

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1 http://www.ict-footprint.com

http://www.ict-footprint.com/http://www.ict-footprint.com/


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There are also many initiatives on cities taking

o. Through the Green Digital Charter, European

cities have set out a way for reducing the carbon

footprint of their ICT and roll-out ICT solutions

which could lead to increase energy e ciency in

areas such as buildings, transport and energy.

The Charter commits its so far 28 signatory

cities to deploy ve large-scale ICT pilots per

city within 5 years from the signature and reduce

their direct ICT carbon footprint by 30 per cent

per city by 2020.

The Commission is planning to consolidate these

various initiatives in a forthcoming European

Innovation Partnership.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the

members of the Advisory Group as well as the

rapporteur and contributors to this publication

whose active work and involvement have make

this publication a reality and I wish you an

interesting and enjoyable read.

Join us in this amazing journey to making our

cities smarter!

Zoran StaniDeputy Director-General Communications

Networks, Content & Technology,

European Commission


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Smart Cities

Councillor Paul Tilsley

Deputy Leader Birmingham City Council

I am pleased to oer my support to this report

by the European Commission’s Advisory Group.

Europe has set itself immensely challenging

targets on climate change, renewable energy

and energy e ciency.

We have to embrace the future. And it is

a future which is increasingly one of scarcity —in materials, of food, and of energy. And it is in

cities where the impact will be most felt. Cities

are already where over 50% of the world’s

population lives and this is expected to increase

to over 60% in the next 10 to 15 years.

It is therefore a huge challenge for city leaders to

manage their cities and make them resilient. We

need “Smart Cities” to be beacons of progress,

innovation and development.

Birmingham has set a bold and ambitious carbonreduction target of a 60% cut in the city’s total

carbon emissions by 2026 — that is now only

15 years away! And our target of cutting the

city’s carbon emissions by 60% by 2026 is

ahead of the target set by the UK government

in the Climate Change Act.

Through our commitment to the Covenant

of Mayors we have put in place the 2015

Birmingham Declaration which I piloted through

the full City Council. This has committed us to

key actions to be achieved by 2015 on building

retrots, on creating new sustainable transition

communities and for the Council to only buy

electric vehicles for most of its purposes.

We currently spend over €1.8 billion annually

on gas and electricity in our city almost all of

which leaves our economy, as we only have one

electricity generating plant in the city at ourEnergy from waste facility.

But cutting this energy bill for example by 60%

would add €1,000 million to our economic output

and take many households out of fuel poverty.

“Smart Cities” embrace a more integrated approach

to city sustainability. Creating green jobs, supporting

local supply chains through innovative programmes

are all essential and necessary elements of this

smart approach.

I therefore welcome the ndings in this report.

Councillor Paul Tilsley,

Deputy Leader

Birmingham City Council

City of Birmingham,

Source: EUROCITIES

Keynote messages9


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A strategic commitment

Francisco de la Torre Prados

Mayor of Malaga

Malaga is committed to the application of

information and communication technologies

(ICT) to promote energy savings and e ciency

as part of its strategic plan, which is underpinned

by culture and tourism, whose indicators already

excel. In a rapidly changing society, cities have to

respond to new challenges quickly. The current

challenge is to transform our cities into Smart

Cities.

Recently, IDC Consultants completed the study

“Smart Cities, towards a smart economy”, which

names Malaga as the smartest city in Spain.

Malaga appears in the rst place ranking forscoring high in energy e ciency, environmental

protection and intelligent services, as well as

for being a pioneer in the development of an

eco-e cient city through the SmartCity Malaga

project. Our city is rmly dedicated to belong to

the already existing group of European Smart

Cities such as Luxembourg, Aarhus, Turku,

Eindhoven, Linz, Montpellier, Ghent and others

throughout the European Union.

A city’s smartness, despite being a very broad

concept, is being evaluated primarily by thedegree of e ciency to which they address the

challenge of drastically reducing CO2 emissions,

a challenge that all cities will have to undertake

before the middle of this century. Without ICT

and intelligence, it would not be possible at all.

In urban areas, new systems and methodologies

will need to be developed and implemented for

mobility, building, urban planning, rehabilitation

of existing buildings and urban spaces, and for

energy grid management.

Smart cities will have to be planned considering

parameters that have not been taken into

account up to date, and the various planning

instruments will have to be well coordinated

and consistent with the objective of reducing

emissions.

Smart cities will be those which their current

actions, now described as mere “pilot projects”,

become in short the standard for urban planning

and design.

In Malaga we are proud of these projects,

especially Smartcity Malaga, which is working

on a new urban energy management model that

incorporates the end user as an active part of

the electric system, by providing systems for

renewable energy generation, for energy storage,for monitoring from generation to the end user

and for control of electro mobility incidents in

the distribution grids.

Finally, financial support from the national

governments and the European Union will be

essential to make Smart Cities a global reality.

The transformation of conventional cities will

not be possible given their current financial

resources. Even in a crisis scenario, actions

conducted this way, will not only be a benet

for citizens but also a new and important sourceof economic growth.

Francisco de la Torre Prados,

Mayor of Malaga

City of Malaga,

Source: EUROCITIES


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City of Nice,

Source: EUROCITIES

NCA: a lighthouse experimental eld forthe ICT-empowered sustainable city of tomorrow

Christian Estrosi

Mayor of Nice

As an international and sustainable metropolitan

area, the inter-communal structure Nice

Côte d’Azur (NCA) is comprised of the city of

Nice and 26 other towns and cities covering

a 350 km2 both urban and rural territory with

its 520 000 inhabitants. A key ambition and

goal of NCA is to explore dierent aspects of

sustainable development that are at the heart

of this community issues and projects, including

public transport, water production, waste and

sewage management, economic development,

innovation, energy, green areas, urban planning,

environment and public lighting.

As a typical example, NCA has developed an

urban monitoring project for the comprehensive

measure and optimization of a complete range

of services for real-time assessment of the sus-

tainable city’s performance using technical or

environmental sensors to measure air and water

quality, noise levels, lighting and waste man-

agement, tra c optimization and many others

factors. NCA is also actively involved on another

prototyping and testing projects, using a joint

design methodology, of an innovative techno-

logical solution to encourage environmentallyfriendly behaviors in families. Both projects are

fundamentally based on the use of information

technology — which is in full coherence with

NCA being one of the very initial signatories of

the Green Digital Charter, an initiative launched

by EUROCITIES networks in 2009.

Besides, a ground breaking project driving the

eco-metropolitan area on the French Riviera for

decades to come is hosted by NCA: the Ecovalley

located in the Var River’s plain, an operation of

national importance covering almost 10 000 ha.

This project aims at creating thousands of jobsin innovative business sectors, and at setting

the standard for incorporating environmental

considerations in economic social and urban

development project. Designed as a laboratory of

sustainable development, devising and applying

the most advanced technologies in landscaping,

urban planning, construction, energy management

and integration of ICT, it will be a capital driver for

large-scale qualitative and quantitative change.

The EcoValley project has earned NCA its place

among thirteen French communities declared as

EcoCities. The NCA EcoCity project is based on

four strategic principles:

• Choose a sustainable form of development;

• Encourage future mobility;

• Move towards energy self-su ciency (solar

heating and air conditioning, ocean thermal

energy, development of wood fuel, smart

grids, best buildings, ...);

• Represent the smart cities of the future.

NCA intends to develop, in partnership with the

French Riviera Chamber of Commerce and Industry

and the main actors of the industrial sector, a chart

of functional architecture for smart grids, based

on eight experiment projects currently undertaken

within the EcoCity of the French Riviera, making

today’s buildings smart-grid compatible while

standards are still being identied.

All those eorts are relying on a deep integration

of ICT, so as to gather and analyse huger andhuger amount of data and information, and

to support and enhance decision-making at

a complex district / city scales — and especially

contributing to “decarbonate” the balance energy

/ greenhouse gases in our cities. In such a context,

NCA fully acknowledge and support the need for

future research and development of ICT tools,

systems and infrastructures for energy-e cient

buildings and neighbourhoods that will form our

carbon-neutral cities of tomorrow.

Christian Estrosi,

Mayor of Nice


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City of Nuremberg,

Municipal Energy

Management.,

Source: Nuremberg City

Nuremberg is ready to go for a smarter future!

Dr. Ulrich Maly

Mayor of Nuremberg

The City of Nürnberg has been active since more

than decade in developing and implementing

a roadmap for a carbon-neutral city. The vision

is the smart, sustainable city which is well

performing by using energy-efficient smart

technologies in all areas of city-life and building

on the ‘smart’ combination of endowments and

activities of self-decisive, independent and

aware citizens. At the moment we are focussing

on the following aspects:

• Improvements of energy e ciency in the

building sector: renovation and energetic

improvements in the existing building

stock; implementation of strict standardsin new buildings; new design features for

commercial and industrial buildings

• Implementation of smart technologies:

smart-metering, development of smart grids

in a step-wise process, virtual power plant,

new tari models for private consumers as

well as for industry and commerce, applied

research on integrated systems, regulation of

household appliances, user friendly concepts

• Green IT: reducing energy consumption in

data centers of the public and parastatal

sector; promotion of a Green IT campaignin order to reduce energy consumption in

commercial data centers in the city and

in the region on a voluntary basis and the

development of concepts improve e ciencies

through application of modern control

technologies

• Integration of e-mobility in the urban transport

concept: combined systems: individual/public

transport, use of “light” transport facilities

like “pedalecs” and e-motorbikes, role of

battery systems in storing surplus energy,

new city cars for individual and commercial

use/car-sharing systems, investment in low-

emission technologies

• Rural-urban cooperation in promoting

renewable energies: a future sustainable

energy supply must be based on a mix of

energies. In the city area photovoltaic and

solar-thermal units as well as geothermal

resources may contribute to this mix, but

hydropower, wind energy and biomass will

mostly be supplied in the rural environs.

A balanced system must be based on

agreements between the regional partners.

This program is to be materialized on regional

level. The European Metropolitan Region of

Nürnberg formed a committee for climate

protection and sustainable development in our

region. This committee is at present working

on a regional agenda defining targets and

measurements to convert the regional energy

supply system and to set a common target

for mitigation of and adaptation to climate

change — resulting in a smart development

scenario.

We are ready to go!

Dr. Ulrich Maly

Mayor of Nuremberg


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Preface

This report is the result of the second meeting

of the Advisory Group on ICT Infrastructure for

energy-e cient buildings and neighbourhoods

for carbon-neutral cities. It builds on the

foundation established in the rst meeting

held one year ago, on September 10th 2010,

and documented in a report, published on the

European Commission web site2.

That first meeting concluded that energy

e cient neighbourhoods should be developedas a strategic concept for Europe, with selected

cities acting as pilots, providing information,

motivation, and reassurance to encourage other

European cities to adopt the concept and serving

as test-beds, enabling the concept to develop

and adapt by rapid development stimulated

by international research, exchange of know-

how and technology transfer. The report of

the respective meeting also included strategic

recommendations on topics to address and

suggested activities to be undertaken in the

short term (2011-2013).

The Advisory Group meeting held on September16th 2011agreed that the conclusions of the rst

meeting are still valid and that developments

over last 12 months are proving the timely

relevance of this approach. This second meeting

discussed the issues in more depth and in thiscontext of rapid development, aiming to provide

more specic conclusions and recommendations

for future Smart Cities and Communities

initiatives in the period 2014-2020.

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2 http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growth/docs/elsa/elsa_2010/report_elsa2010.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growth/docs/elsa/elsa_2010/report_elsa2010.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growth/docs/elsa/elsa_2010/report_elsa2010.pdf


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The remit of the 2011 Advisory Group meeting

has been to provide advice on strategic objectives

and priorities for smart cities initiatives in the

next Framework Programme (Horizon 2020),

to identify the key issues to be dealt with and

anticipate the relevant areas for research and

technological development.

At the European level, progress manifests itself

in the Smart Cities and Communities topic within

the current Energy Work Programme call for

proposals3, the plans for an ICT joint call in 2012

and the expectation of a large scale initiative in

2014 as part of Horizon 2020.

It is clear that ICT should be the connection to

enable exploitation of potential synergies among

the various “smart” realms of activity that will all

contribute to achieving carbon-neutrality in cities.These realms include energy in buildings, electric

mobility, eHealth, eCare, and eGovernance.

European added value will come from achieving

open standards and EU wide compatibility of

systems enabling cross-border competitiveness,

rapid progress and thus a competitive advantage

in the global marketplace.

In the short term, the Advisory Group

recommended that Smart Cities initiatives

focus on each realm of activity (suggested as

energy, eServices and ICT) whilst promoting

interoperabi l i ty and compatib i l i ty of

communications between them and aiming for

progressive integration.

The meeting concluded that:

• Smart Cities and Communities initiatives

(hereafter abbreviated to “Smart Cities”)

should focus on implementation of existing,

advanced state of the art products and

services,

• research is needed on communications-

related aspects to facilitate integration and

interoperability issues, on utility networks

and cyber security issues, on overcoming

financial barriers, on developing suitable

frameworks for public-private risk sharingenterprises and on societal aspects regarding

behavioural change,

• exibility is required in terms of denition of

city and community,

• public private partnerships are a vital success

factor in “smart” initiatives

• existing technology platforms, trade

organisations and networks of towns and

cities should be involved in the programme

and in projects.

Executive

Summary

15

3 FP7-ENERGY-SMARTCITIES-2012


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There is general agreement that the primary

objective of Smart Cities is the achievement of

the 2020 energy objectives4, towards carbonneutral cities and neighbourhoods, and towards

European competitiveness. Beyond that, opinions

vary from those advocating a very tight focus

on energy related aspects (smart grids, smart

meters, and intelligent buildings) to those

advocating a much broader focus, including

a wide range of community and citizen based

services, where ICT has a role in replacing

physical resources with digital resources and

thus contributing to a more carbon neutral

society.

There was solid agreement amongst the

members of the Advisory Group present at the

meeting that the energy e cient neighbourhood

concept is denitely valid and should be kept

as the focus at this rst stage of development

of Smart Cities. The implication here is that

the focus should initially be kept tight in order

to facilitate rapid development of coherent

standards for interoperability. These standards

should contemplate future systems and the

widest range of applications that can be

envisaged now.

The challenge is to offer a wide variety of

services focussed directly on citizens and

through business and governance, the goalis to develop thriving industries founded on

technological innovation.

It was suggested by the Advisory Group

members representing municipal authorities

that the energy efficient neighbourhood

concept can serve to integrate many current

concerns such as energy e ciency in buildings,

decentralised generation and other complex

activities being labelled as “smart”. The potential

to improve the quality of service and e ciency

of resource use through “smart” eHealth5

andcare services (for example for elderly people)

and citizen participation through eGovernance

is also recognised. Electric mobility is seen as

one component in a complex chain of mobility

actions involving management of emissions,

time, space, etc. oering opportunities to recover

space and time for higher value uses.

It is clear that projects already being implemented

prior to 2011 are already demonstrating the

technological feasibility of “smart” solutions and

that future projects can therefore be expected to

be more ambitious, aiming to oer increasinglyintegrated solutions.

The validity of the scope

and denition of Smart Cities

17

4 Energy and climate change objectives for 2020 adopted by the European Council in 2007: to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions by 20%, to increase the share of renewable energy to 20% and to make a 20% improvement in energy e ciency.

Subsequently incorporated into the Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth and into the initiative

‘Resource e cient Europe’. http://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2010/2020_en.htm

5 eHealth etc. where “e” is a prex indicating processes supported by electronic processes and communication

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2010/2020_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2010/2020_en.htm


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As a preface to discussion on this subject,

it was noted that certain denitions require

clarication. The CSTB (Centre Scientique

et Technique du Bâtiment) representative

from France proposed the denitions they are

using as a working model: “Neighbourhood”

to be a group of buildings, “District” to beneighbourhoods plus public spaces, roads,

etc.), and “City” to be a network of districts.

In terms of project development, those actively

involved in on-going demonstration projects

or in preparing Smart Cities project proposals

suggested that it was wise to build project

consortia with similar cities and with a limited

number of dimensions within the project

(focussing on a theme rather than trying to be

innovative and smart in many areas at once).

A specic suggestion in terms of maximising theEuropean dimension was to consider operating

at 3 levels: (1) core cities demonstrating

technology, (2) surrounding regions involved in

the project and targeted for direct replication or

exploitation of results and (3) satellites in similar

or neighbouring member states (e.g. Czech

Republic cities linked to German projects and

visa versa) in order to maximise the European

dimension.

The private sector perspective was that the

clearest business case for pioneer marketopportunities stays in large or densely populated

cities. Conversely, where population density

is lower, rates of return on infrastructure

investments are lower making it harder to

develop a viable business case for developing

smart function capability. This was a clear

contrast with the more territorial perspective of

national representatives. Those ones highlightedthe fact that countries and regions with dispersed

populations have specic research interests in

developing smart initiatives in order to improve

service provision in less densely populated areas

in order to improve energy grid stability and load

management in the context of more distributed

generation.

In conclusion, in terms of defining the area

of action, “Cities and Communities” is a good

inclusive title allowing all communities to be

included in the initiative. However, within this,

a clear terminology is needed to enable debateabout levels of action (community, district,

neighbourhood, etc.) to progress. In terms of

the scale of the area of action, there is a good

case for considering various degrees of activity

around a core pilot action so as to maximise the

European dimension. Finally, in terms of building

public and private partnerships, business and

public interests will coincide in large or densely

populated cities. Smaller urban areas and less

densely populated areas may need specific

initiatives to be defined where the business

opportunities are not so clear.

How to dene

the area of intervention in order to maximise the European

dimension

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The remit here was to provide advice on how to

organise the programme for achieving maximum

EU level benet in terms of requirements, scopeand ambition. There was consensus that the

prime requirement for “smartness” in cities

and communities is interoperability: the ability

for things to communicate eectively, and for

systems to be integrated in such a way that

they operate coherently in response to the

users’ requirements. Improved interoperability

must therefore be a core element of all future

initiatives. European added value will come from

projects that contribute to the development of

common, widely implemented, de facto open

standards facilitating interoperability, andcontributing to market development across

Europe. The following paragraphs expand on

these themes.

1. Technical requirements

FP7 funded projects addressing smart buildings

and energy e ciency have been built around the

assumptions that an appropriate, ICT enabled,

information infrastructure will exist to help

with the management of the energy usage in

buildings and public spaces. This infrastructure

has primarily focused on (the expected future)availability of smart meters, and various smart

grid technologies that will, potentially, allow

neighbourhoods to share energy services, both

for consumption and local generation. The

projects also make fundamental assumptions

that the home automation/smart home ICT

solutions exist, and that they are robust enough

to be deployed in all dimensions: reliability,

verifiability of applications, interoperability,

trust and security. However, the outcome of FP7

funded work in this area appears to strongly

suggest that, alongside trials and developmentprojects, some of the challenges are more

fundamental and require a strong research

action to enable the expected innovation and

subsequent commercial exploitation of theresults.

Interoperability of communication system

components and distributed systems has

typically been addressed through standardisation

routes. Standards have served reasonably

well in vertical high-volume markets with

relatively well-specied service applications (e.g.

cellular technologies, Wi-Fi, or DLNA for home

entertainment systems), but they appear to have

been only partially successful in the horizontal

multi-service application markets (e.g. smarthome technologies, home automation).

Open interoperability solutions for in-home

systems are needed to enable true innovation

of the energy e ciency services, and more, in

homes and buildings. Initial work on this has

been started by CENELEC6. Its initial point is that

no single specication, standard or technology

is going to win an “interoperability race” in the

home and building electronic systems space.

Therefore, the way forward is the development

of an interoperability ecosystem for the smart

buildings. Participation in this ecosystem isencouraged through peer-to-peer testing; in

such a way standardisation is only needed to test

against requirements and not for each system

component.

2. Political requirements

At the political level the pre-requisite for

becoming a smart city is to identify, monitor

and control the relevant ows (whether energy,

people, service provision, etc.) and set realistic

targets for improvement. Managing them inan integrated manner (e.g. not only electrical

What to include in a Smart Citiesprogramme

21

6 CENELEC — the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization. Interoperability framework requirements

specication for service to the home (IFRS) (CWA 50560:2010) http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:445484274

2787079::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:22584,25

http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:4454842742787079::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:22584,25http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:4454842742787079::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:22584,25http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:4454842742787079::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:22584,25http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:4454842742787079::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:22584,25


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energy but also gas and heat) is the challenge

and is where ICT is expected to provide smart

solutions. The process to follow starts with the

development of a quantied energy plan of the

area (district, city, etc.) leading to developing

more open energy access initiatives such as

smart grid pilots and district heating schemes

and culminates with smart strategies being built

into strategic land use planning.

The process requires the creation of suitable

political structures and building a consensus

that allows a stable framework to be developed

with a suitably long-term perspective. There

is consensus that these structures should

include public private partnerships and be

supported by multidisciplinary thematic project

groups working in collaboration with a wider

sustainability forum.

To summarise, first the requirements to be

met must be dened, agreed politically leading

to institutional commitment to developing

solutions to meet the requirements. Secondly,

participatory structures involving public, private

and community based organisations must be

designed, constituted and consolidated. Only

with these pillars in place, can a realistic plan

for making the city “smarter” be developed.

Relevant political support structures already exist

that oer synergies with Smart Cities objectives.For example, the European Commission

led Covenant of Mayors initiative7 requires

signatories to develop local energy action plans.

Most signatories are now challenged to achieve

the objectives in their plans. This challenge is

driving smart initiatives as they are perceived as

relatively cost eective due to the high degree of

integration and optimisation of various factors

that can be achieved.

There are two conclusions to be made here.

Firstly, as relevant networks and initiatives for

pro-active cities exist, a city or neighbourhoodthat wants to get EU support to be “smart” should

already be on the road, in the right direction, with

a clear idea of where they want to go and good

indications of how to get there. Secondly, the

lead cities in Europe are already demonstrating

the validity of the Smart City concept as their

strategic plans and quantied targets all include

improvements in the operational efficiency

of systems through the application of ICT as

a means of achieving their goals.

Finally, European added value from the politicalpoint of view will come from sharing experiences

in areas such as developing strategic plans, joint

procurement of technologies, economies of scale,

and other activities linking neighbourhoods,

markets, and cities and driving interoperability

of technical solutions.

3. Business requirements

The background for business is the changing

marketplace influenced by climate change

related policy and consequently ruled by carbon

management criteria.

In the urban context, companies with vested

interests, particularly utility companies with

embedded investments in distribution networks,

aim to be market leaders in order to maintain

their share of business, to expand their activities

and to gain a competitive edge. This explains the

motivation of these companies to participate in

Smart Cities initiatives. Their research objectivesinvolve establishing the optimal technical mix of

solutions and devising nancing mechanisms and

viable business models that enable commercial

exploitation in these solutions.

The construction sector

The role of the construction sector is to support

cities in the transition to carbon neutrality,

understand cities’ energy use and requirements,

and provide a portfolio of solutions with as

much added value as possible. This portfolioincludes highly energy-e cient solutions and

the integration of ICT in new buildings and

refurbishment projects. However, it is important

to recognise that there are various economic,

cultural and technical constraints that must be

addressed in order to favour the selection of the

best solutions for developing “smart”, carbon-

neutral, cities.

Although research will continue to oer new

and better solutions, the companies involved in

Smart City initiatives already have considerable

technical and technological capability. Thechallenge is organisational: there are many

stakeholders, clients and actors in a smart city.

This makes it a complex market to target. Given

the fact that the European and global trend is

for population to be increasingly concentrated

in urban areas, there is no doubt that political,

social and business interests coincide with

a focus on the transition towards carbon-neutral

cities.

In summary, cities need to be more e cient

and liveable to be sustainable and that meansbeing “smarter”. In the short term (until 2020),

this means rapid and extensive implementation

7 See Annex 3: Relevant initiatives


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of solutions adapted to restricted budgets,

integrated to cover all needs and exploiting the

best technology currently available.

The Energy sector

One of the peculiarities of utility businesses is

that the specications of the product they are

to deliver are dened and regulated by law as

is the reliability of service that can be expected

(~100% in most cases). New market needs,

such as more sustainable energy, low carbon

energy and energy e ciency, require knowledge

and expertise in long term solutions in order to

continue to respond to customer demands that,

over time, become regulatory requirements,

whilst also fullling shareholders’ expectations.

Conceptual ly , large urban cl ients for

energy companies are: municipalities, localmanufacturing, universities and other public

buildings. Small businesses and the domestic

sector represent dierent challenges as they are

small clients in terms of individual consumption

although collectively they represent the largest

and least controllable part of the client base and

distribution system. The product base consists

of energy supply (conventional generation

and renewable energy sources in the case of

electricity, gas and heating supplies) and of

energy services.

Practically, a smart grid is the nexus of

all initiatives in the electricity sector, with

interoperability a requirement for bilateral

communication allowing consumers to become

“prosumers” and contribute their intelligence to

the “smartness” of the system and the local/

regional marketplace. The ICT sector is included

in this vision as their technology is needed as

an integral part of this smart grid.

In terms of communication, to start to

become “smart”, energy companies need real

time information concerning the operationalaspects of their distribution grid. This requires

ubiquitous, bilateral communication. The ideal

to be pursued is full interoperability of systems

and components. ICT must provide more

ubiquitous connections, enabling more complete

information availability.

In terms of energy generation technology

and management systems, many suitable

substitutes and solutions exist to improve

energy management (in terms of efficiency

improvements and reductions of emissions

and costs. These include renewable energy

sources, CHP/DHC, smart meters, e-mobility,

biomass, energy e ciency solutions, etc. The key

requirement is nancing. Focussing on nancing

highlights attention is needed such as de-risking

investments by providing a stable framework for

collaboration between stakeholders in the urban

environment so that investment in equipment

with a long expected lifetime (such as meters

and street lights) can be nanced on aordable

terms.

The ICT Sector

In terms of ICT applied to the built environment,

the denition of scope agreed at the previous

meeting is still valid as demonstrated by trends

in the reorganisation of the sector. By way of

example, Siemens has recently restructured itsorganisation and has created a new sector called

“Infrastructure and cities” to develop integral

solutions related to Smart Cities.

The key to meeting the 2020 energy objectives

is implementation, starting with manageable,

large scale demonstration as part of a strategic

programme to scale up Smart Cities in order

to develop a European market, foster European

technology applications and support adoption

of technical standards originating in the EU. The

ability to bring together the diverse stakeholdersand organisations with obvious synergies in the

urban environment will be a key factor in the

success of the programme. These include, for

example, relevant trade organisations such as

eu.bac8, the German DIN DKE9 and emerging

networks such as the Covenant of Mayors.

In terms of contributing to standards, there is

a relevant example to be emulated: the success

of the GSM standard, developed in the EU and

now used by about 80% of the global mobile

market. Conversely, lessons should be learnt

from the building sector where the AmericanLEED10 energy certication scheme is globally

recognised as a standard to the detriment of the

opportunities for a unied EU approach to energy

certication oered by the EPBD11. This is a clear

example of where Smart Cities initiatives could

deliver European added value by contributing

to the adoption of standards that serve to drive

down costs for investors and manufacturers

thus giving competitive advantages in terms of

market position and penetration.

8 European Building Automation and Controls Association (eu.bac) http://www.eubac.org/

9 The DKE is the German organization responsible for the elaboration of standards and safety specications covering the

areas of electrical engineering, electronics and information technology. http://www.dke.de

10 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

11 Energy Performance in Buildings Directive (EPBD)

http://www.eubac.org/http://www.dke.de/http://www.dke.de/http://www.eubac.org/


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From the telecoms sector in Italy, the perception

is that the entrance barriers are high and that

the capacity of local authorities to invest in

infrastructure projects is likely to be severely

compromised in the short term by current

economic conditions.

The ambition of the Smart Cities concept requires

a considerable eort in team building in order to

bring together many diverse actors in both the

public and private sectors, oen with competing

competence or business interests.

A real need is identied for a systems approach

to overcome traditional segmentation of urban

elements and develop strong teams to break

down barriers and gain momentum for change.

A portfolio approach is proposed to enable

exibility and creativity in developing solutions

that may be adapted to the unique circumstancesof each neighbourhood, community and city.

The role of the telecoms industry in the smart

city is to continue developing broader bandwidth,

to ensure ubiquitous service provision and

to contribute service enabling platforms and

supporting modular peer-to-peer management

approaches.

Given these barriers and limitations, part of the

Smart Cities approach must be to nd synergies

when renovating existing urban infrastructure,overcoming the traditional segmentation of

utilities in order to provide integrated smart

services through the distribution networks

owned by the utility companies and public

authorities. Management for energy-e ciency

should be integrated across all kinds of energy

distribution networks so that these networks

become increasingly interoperable from the user

perspective and accessible from the company

perspective.

One example from Italian towns is the

opportunity presented by the need for streetlighting renovation. Replacement not only oers

considerable energy saving and cost reduction

potential, but the street lamps can also be

integrated in the data transmission network,

offering Wi-Fi access, and the possibility to

add sensors that could provide information on

everything from tra c ows to environmental

quality factors, and business opportunities for

digital signage, advertising and publicity. This

example illustrates not only the potential for

synergies but also the need for coordination

of all stakeholders to achieve smart solutions.

The list of stakeholders includes equipment

manufacturers, telecoms sector, energy sector

and the various departments with relevant

competence (planning, infrastructure investment,

maintenance, lighting, visual impact, promotion,

environment, etc.).

European added value will come from sharing

pioneering experiences and best practice so that

the coordination and collaboration required to

achieve such progress ceases to be extraordinary

and becomes standard practice with models that

can be copied and adopted in any municipality,

city and region.

4. Reections on projectrequirements, focusand characteristics

It is considered important to achieve a balance

between demand pull and technology push. In

this context the role of public private partnerships

(PPPs) is viewed as very important, facilitating

the growth of demand for smart services and

accelerating the penetration of the available

technology. Evidence was provided to support

both private and public leadership of such

partnerships depending on the circumstances.

In the timeframe of the next framework

programme, it was suggested that 3 focus areascould be promoted: Energy, eServices and ICT,

all with a view towards progressive integration

of the three areas aiming to achieve ubiquitous

communication, seamless connection and

interoperability.

Research into the success factors of existing PPPs

and demonstration projects was presented as

a means to dening the requirements and scope

of such projects. It was observed that opportune

location, in terms of both time and space, for

example coincidence with international events

and with significant infrastructure or urbanregeneration projects, were key success factors.

Projects with these factors have a considerable

advantage in terms of achieving a critical mass

of political momentum and achieving impacts

beyond the project itself. As for project specic

variables it was observed that certain energy

related themes were recurrent in successful

projects suggesting that a non-exclusive, list of

key technologies or systems to be considered

for inclusion could be useful in a programme of

work description.


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Regarding the ambition of present and future

projects, the Advisory Group suggested that

a lack of integration is the factor limiting the

impact of present projects and that a more

integrated approach is therefore needed. It was

also suggested that successfully dening the

ambition of a project involves achieving a balance

between innovation and implementation,

between and research and development.

A key message from the Advisory Group was

that there are many suitable technological

solutions that are mature and commercially

viable for large scale implementation subject

to overcoming barriers related to nance and

communications infrastructures. Therefore the

technological focus should be on implementation

of existing, advanced state of the art products

and services with research focussing mainly

on communications aspects to facilitate

systems integration (see conclusions and

recommendations for a detailed list of suggested

topics), on overcoming nancial barriers and

developing suitable frameworks for public-

private risk sharing enterprises, and on societal

aspects regarding behavioural change.

The goals will move over time. The scale for smart

management systems have already moved from

buildings to neighbourhoods and, within the

lifetime of Horizon 2020, it can be expected to

move neighbourhoods to districts, and cities.

This scaling up will require achievement of

technical objectives in terms of interoperability

and a transition from current pilot experiments/

research projects towards a more holistic

vision encompassing the organisation of urban

patterns, management and costs, renovation and

evolution.


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As mentioned in the preface to this document,

the conclusions of the previous meeting are still

valid and the September 16 th 2011 meeting

sought to review progress and build on them,

oer more detailed insight and give specic

recommendations for initiatives in the period2014-2020.

The scope for Smart Cities should remain wide, in

order to foster creativity and innovation and yet,

in order to maintain a clear direction and focus,

should be guided by the principle that Smart City

initiatives should contribute to the achievement

of the EU 2020 energy objectives, towards

carbon neutral cities and neighbourhoods, and

towards European competitiveness.

Given Europe’s geographical diversity, it is clearthat exibility is required in terms of denition

of city and community.

A key message from the Advisory Group was

that the implementation of existing, advanced

state of the art products and services should

be the top priority for the programme. Research

should focus on communications aspects to

facilitate integration and interoperability, on

overcoming financial barriers, on developing

suitable frameworks for public-private risk

sharing enterprises and on societal aspects

regarding behavioural change (see annexesfor details). Work on standards is also seen

as necessary, in collaboration with trade and

statutory organisations, and in building on

progress already made.

Collaboration with existing networks of towns

and cities to exploit existing knowledge and to

build on work already done is seen as essential.

These networks were also recommended as

suitable channels for promoting Smart Cities

rather than the suggestion of promoting“Champion” Smart Cities.

It was suggested that 3 focus areas, Energy,

eServices and ICT, could be promoted the next

framework programme. The aim should be to

progressively integrate these areas, in order to

achieve ubiquitous communication, seamless

connection and interoperability.

The starting point for potential projects should

be cities in Europe already demonstrating

the validity of the Smart City concept andparticipating in relevant networks and initiatives

for pro-active cities. Their strategic plans and

quantied targets should include improvements

in operational e ciency of systems through the

application of ICT as a means of achieving their

goals. Therefore a city or neighbourhood that

requests EU support should already be on the

road, in the right direction, with a clear idea of

where they want to go and a good plan of how

to get there.

In terms of political and organisation structures,

it is recognised that achieving results requirescreating suitable political structures and building

a consensus that allows a stable framework to be

developed with a suitably long-term perspective.

Public private partnerships have a clear role

to play and the structures developed should

maximise public participation (for example

through thematic project groups working in

collaboration with a wider sustainability forum).

Conclusions and recommendations

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Cities need to be more efficient, to improve

in terms of quality of life indicators, to be

more sustainable and to do so with limited

resources. That means being smarter. In the

short term (until 2020), this involves rapid

and extensive implementation of solutions

adapted to restricted budgets, integrated to

cover all needs and exploiting the best available

technology. In terms of infrastructure, part of

the approach must be to nd synergies when

renovating existing urban networks: overcoming

the traditional segmentation of utilities in order

to provide integrated smart services through

the distribution networks owned by the utility

companies and public authorities. These networks

should become increasingly interoperable and

accessible.

For energy companies, real time information

of the operational aspects of their distributiongrid is needed. This requires ubiquitous, bilateral

communication and increasingly interoperable

systems and components with data handling

and transmission capabilities. The ICT sector

needs to provide more ubiquitous connections

and greater capacity, enabling more complete,

integrated, information availability. Privacy and

data security must be considered carefully in

order to gain broad acceptance of and trust in

the ICT systems.

Energy generation technology and management

systems have suitable existing substitutes and

solutions to deliver the required improvements.

What are needed are suitable financing

mechanisms: innovative ways of de-risking

investments and providing a stable long term

framework must be developed. Also required

are ways of sharing risk between partners in

the urban environment so that investments

with a long expected lifetime can be nanced

on aordable terms.

Work still needs to be done to achieve full

implementation of the EPBD and EED in the EU

member states. There is a need for a European

label for energy efficiency certification in

buildings in order to reduce costs and improve

EU competitiveness.

Buildings built before 1978 account for 80% ofenergy used today and buildings already built

will account for 80% of the buildings stock in

2030 (based on an annual renovation rate of

1.5-2%) so focusing existing buildings is the key

to achieving targets.

Substantial savings of up to 30% can be

achieved with relatively short paybacks by the

improvement of operation, controls and energy

generation appliances. Therefore an ICT based

approach is valid in all buildings, and in particular

commercial/industrial buildings where buildingsmanagement systems are increasingly being

installed as part of refurbishment work.


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National Strategies

• Elena Villalba, Ministry of Science andInnovation, Spain

• Kim Davis, Research Council of Norway

Cities Strategies

• Peter Pluschke, Deputy Mayor for

Environment, City of Nürnberg, Germany

• Alexander (Sandy) Taylor, Head of Climate

Change and Sustainability, Birmingham City

Council, United Kingdom

Academia

• Joe McGeehan , Director, Centre for

Communications Research, University of

Bristol, United Kingdom

The Construction Sector

• Ger Maas, Director for Strategy Royal BAM

Group, Netherlands

• Alain Zarli, Head of Division — Information

Technologies and Knowledge Dissemination

Department, CSTB, France

The Energy Sector

• Anders Johnson, Head of Program Sustainable

Cities, Vattenfall AB, Sweden

• Alain Glatigny, Innovation, Solution & Smart

Grid Manager, Energy Business, Schneider

Electric, France

• Jesus García Martin, Business Manager,

Iberdrola, Spain

The ICT Sector

• Martin Schaer, Vice President, Senior

Advisor to the Management Board, , Building

Technologies Division, Siemens Switzerland

• Andrea Costa, Vice President Vertical

Marketing & Smart Service of the Business

Unit Public Sector, Telecom Italia, Italy• Friedrich Georg Schwarzländer , Industry

Business Development, SAP Deutschland AG

& Co. KG, Germany

Also

• Jan Franke, Eurocities, Belgium

Invitees who could not attend but who

provided position papers

• Kenneth Asp, the Swedish National EnergyAgency, Sweden

• Andreas Goerdeler, Head of Division

“Development of Convergent ICT”, German

Federal Ministry of Economics and

Technology, Germany

• Miguel Angel Sánchez Fornié, Director de

Sistemas de Control y Telecomunicaciones

Iberdrola, Spain

• Maher Chebbo, Vice President Head of

Utilities Industry for EMEA, SAP France

European Commission O cials

• Colette Maloney — DG INFSO, Head of Unit

ICT for Sustainable Growth

• Merce Griera-i-Fisa — DG INFSO, ICT for

Sustainable Growth

• Bernard Barani — DG INFSO, Assistant to

Megan Richards — Director Converged

Networks & Services

• Georg Houben — DG ENER

• Patricia Arsene — DG INFSO, ICT for

Sustainable Growth — Meeting Organiser

and contact person

Rapporteur for the Advisory Group

• Mike Barker, Building Energy and Environment

Group, CIMNE (UPC), Spain

Annex 1:

List of workshop participants

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Annex 2:

Research topicssuggestions

ICT

• Correlation of information to businessprocesses (from data to knowledge)

• Denition of “system-border“ BACS/ EMS and

ICT

• Dynamic discovery of information and

sources (CPS/SoS)

• Federated architectures depending on CPS

and large-scale SoS

• Guarantee Quality of Service (QoS), timely

delivery and processing of key events

• High-volume data management,

• ICT approach in existing commercial/

industrial buildings• Information/Content centric networking

and deep advanced information modelling

(internet of services)

• M2M (Machine-to-Machine or the Internet

of Things)

• Optimisation of connectivity and information

transfer

• Sensor networks (including the use of mesh

networking, cloud computing and relaying)

• System integration (i.e., how to build a smart

city from component systems)

• Systems of systems

• Tap into existing infrastructure (e.g. mobilephones, body to body networks, etc.)

• Temporal and spatial uncertainty

management

• The impact of ICT on the security of energy

supply

Energy

• Battery storage systems and micro energymanagement systems

• E ciency and loss issues related to long

distance energy transmission

• Impact of all energy-storage possibilities

(thermal and power) to EMS and ICT

Monitoring of energy flows and related

Energy-Management System tasks EMS / ICT

• Operational optimisation of multiple factors

(e.g. processes, services, localised/distributed

global/centralised optimisation?) exploiting

predictive energy-demand models for

buildings, neighbourhoods, districts and citiesand integrating of data from other sources

such as LCA, GIS, BEMS and urban planning

tools

• E cient integration of electric vehicles in the

urban infrastructure (interaction with energy

grids, mobility providers, tra c management

etc.)

E-services / other

• Business models — context based solutions

(no one size ts all)

• Criteria for success of “smart” initiatives(learning from completed projects)

• Examination of skills and behavior changes

needed to facilitate change

• Interdisciplinary actions linking ICT with

socio-techno-economic systems thinking —

i.e., how to ‘sell’ smart ideas, which ideas will

have the largest social impact, etc.

• Privacy/Security/Trust

• Self-sustainability (self-* features e.g. self-

management, etc.)

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Annex 3:Relevant

initiatives

Covenant of Mayors

The mainstream European movement involving

local and regional authorities, voluntarily

committing to increasing energy efficiency

and use of renewable energy sources on their

territories. By their commitment, Covenantsignatories aim to meet and exceed the European

Union 20% CO2 reduction objective by 2020.

http://www.eumayors.eu

Green Digital Charter

The Green Digital Charter commits cities to work

together to deliver on the EU climate objectives

using digital technologies that increase energy

e ciency, facilitate emissions reductions and

forestall climate change. So far 24 cities have

signed up to the Green Digital Charter and manyothers are interested committing to:

• Work with Green Digital Charter signatories

on ICT & Energy E ciency;

• Deploy ve large-scale ICT pilots per city

addressing the above areas within 5 years;

• Decrease ICT’s direct carbon footprint per city

by 30% within 10 years.

http://www.greendigitalcharter.eu/

http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/

sustainable_growth/green_digital_charter/

index_en.htm-

European Urban Knowledge Network

The European Urban Knowledge Network (EUKN)

shares knowledge and experience on tackling

urban issues. The key objective is to enhance

the exchange of knowledge and expertise on

urban development throughout Europe, bridging

urban policy, research and practice.

http://www.eukn.org/

JPI Urban Europe

Urban Europe is a research and innovation

initiative of EU Member and Associated States

to the EU Framework Programme and aspires

to rethink and manage the increasing urban

orientation and concentration in Europe in orderto create and exploit synergy in an urbanised

Europe, from an economic, social, environmental

and transport-related perspective, leading to

a strengthened global position of Europe.

http://www.jpi-urbaneurope.eu/

Networking intelligent Cities for Energy

E ciency (NiCE).

In the context of the Green Digital Charter,

a relevant project dened as an accompanying

measure recently started (1/9/2011): Network-ing intelligent Cities for Energy E ciency (NiCE).

NiCE will be used to promote and support the

implementation of Charter commitments, devel-

oping a common implementation framework,

reporting tools and information resources for

classifying, measuring, reporting and support-

ing actions.

NiCE also intends to build links with the Covenant

of Mayors activities.

See Also DG Energy Smart Cities and Communities

initiative:

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/technology/initiatives/

smart_cities_en.htm

33

http://www.eumayors.eu/http://www.greendigitalcharter.eu/http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growth/green_digital_charter/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growth/green_digital_charter/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growth/green_digital_charter/index_en.htmhttp://www.eukn.org/http://www.jpi-urbaneurope.eu/http://ec.europa.eu/energy/technology/initiatives/smart_cities_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/technology/initiatives/smart_cities_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growth/green_digital_charter/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growth/green_digital_charter/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/technology/initiatives/smart_cities_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/energy/technology/initiatives/smart_cities_en.htmhttp://www.jpi-urbaneurope.eu/http://www.eukn.org/http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growth/green_digital_charter/index_en.htmhttp://www.greendigitalcharter.eu/http://www.eumayors.eu/


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Annex 4:

DenitionsSmart City

1) A city can be defined as ‘smart’ when

investments in human and social capital

and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT)

communication infrastructure fuel sustainable

economic development and a high qualityof life, with a wise management of natural

resources, through participatory governance.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city)

2) The “utilisation of networked infrastructure

to improve economic and political e ciency

and enable social, cultural and urban

development” (Hollands, R. G (2008). “Will

the real smart city please stand up?” City 12

(3): 303–320.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Smart_city#cite_ref-Hollands2008_10-0

Interoperability

The ability of two or more (digital) systems or

components to exchange information and to

use the information that has been exchanged

(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

IEEE Standard Computer Dictionary: A Compilationof IEEE Standard Computer Glossaries. New York,

NY: 1990.(iikahr). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Interoperability#cite_note-0

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city#cite_ref-Hollands2008_10-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city#cite_ref-Hollands2008_10-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city#cite_ref-Hollands2008_10-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city#cite_ref-Hollands2008_10-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city


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European Commission

Digitally Driven Smart Cities — Moving Forward to Smarter Communities

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union

2012 — 35 pp. — 21 x 29.7 cm

ISBN ----

doi ./


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For further information

European Commission

Directorate-General Communications Networks, Content & Technology

Smart Cities and Sustainability

B-1049 Brussels

ec.europa.eu/ictforsg

[email protected]

K K - 3 1 -1 1 - 3 8 3 -E N - C

ISBN 978-92-79-21796-8
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Moving Forward Smart

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