MotivationDr. Amjad Idries

Motivation theories

• Psychological process,

• Role of psychological contract

Satisfaction

• Satisfaction lead to motivation,

• Mental health,

• Productivity

Incentive

• Motivation linked to reward and encouragement,

• Depends on:– individuals valued the reward,– identify the right reward,–performance could be measured,

Fundamentals

• Individual’s expectations and beliefs,

• Depends on different needs within certain order:– Self-actualization,– Esteem,– Belongings,– Safety,– Physiological

Maslow theory – Hierarchy of needs

Known as content theory, needs in order are 9:• Biological,• Safety,• Affiliation,• Esteem,• To know and understand,• Aesthetic,• Transcendence,• Freedom for expression and enquiry,• Self-actualization,

This theory built on:• Need could not motivate unless the lower were

satisfied,• When satisfied will not a motivator,• Lack of satisfaction affect the mental health,• Tendency to go up the hierarchy,• Achieving self-actualization motivate for more.

However:• It is vague, cannot predict behavior, its relevance

in different settings is not clear.

Lawler - Expectancy theory (cognitive)

• Motivators linked to their expected and preferred outcomes from the action and dynamic model,

• Consideration to psychological factors,

Job enrichment• More responsibility,• Promotion,• Sense of achievements,• Planning,• Control of work,• Matching tasks with skills,• Direct contact with costumers,• More autonomy,• Transfer of authorities,

This theory built on:• Persons take conscious and rational decisions

to what matters (more subjectivity), • Explain why there is differences,• Help in measuring the individuals

motivation,• Good performance lead to satisfaction,• Consider the feedback loop,

However:• Focus on the internal world,• What if the work linked to more than one

thing,• Very complex,• Role of coercion and job insecurity

neglected,

Herzberg - Two-factor theory

• Focus on motivators and maintenance (pay, supervision, security, rules),

• Considerations for job enrichment by incorporating motivating factors into the job

Theory X• Autocratic,• People:

must be coerced,need to be led,self-centered,resistant to change, it consider the management as responsible for

production,give directives,

• People need to be: rewarded, punished, controlled

Theory Y

• Humanistic and supportive approach,

• People:

not passive but due to experience,

have the capacity to achieve the goals if motivated,

• Management should organize and harmonize

the efforts,