Motivation Dr. Urooj Sadiq. What Motivates Us? General Theories of Motivation The Pyramid of Human...
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Transcript of Motivation Dr. Urooj Sadiq. What Motivates Us? General Theories of Motivation The Pyramid of Human...
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Motivation
Dr. Urooj Sadiq
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What Motivates Us?
General Theories of MotivationThe Pyramid of Human Motivation
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Definition of Motivation• The process that initiates, directs, and sustains
behavior to satisfy physiological or psychological needs or wants;
• The energizing and directing of behavior, the force behind our – desire for food, – our longing for sexual intimacy, – desire to achieve.
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Two directions of Motivation
Intrinsic (Internal) Motivation - The desire to perform an act because it is satisfying in its own right.
Extrinsic (External) Motivation - The desire to perform an act to gain a reward or avoid undesirable consequences.
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General Theories of Motivation• Instinct Theory
– The notion that human behavior is motivated by certain innate tendencies, or instincts, shared by all individuals.
• Drive Theory– The notion that physiological needs arouse tension that motivates
action.• Arousal Theory
– The notion that motivation comes from a need to achieve and maintain an optimum level of arousal.
• Incentive Theory– The notion that we behave in ways that produce a valued inducement.
• Need Satisfaction Theory (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs)
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Instinct Theories
Instinct - An inborn, unlearned, fixed pattern of behavior that is characteristic of an entire species.
• Instinct Theory: human behavior is motivated by automatic, involuntary and unlearned responses
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Drive Reduction Theory
• Suggests that a need creates an unpleasant state of arousal or tension which, in turn, creates a drive that impels the organism to engage in behavior that will satisfy the need, reduce tension, and establish homeostasis.
• The Internal Pushes (Biology)- Most physiological needs create psychological drives that motivate need satisfaction.
• The External Pulls (Culture) -- Not only are we pushed by our internal drives, we are also pulled by external incentives.
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Example: • No water for some time• Disturbance in chemical balance of your
body fluid • Creating a biological “NEED” for water • Consequence of need is “ DRIVE” is thirst• Drive motivates you to find and drink water • Need of water is met so the drive of thrist is
reduced • Maintaince of “HOMEOSTASIS”
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• HOMEOSTASIS– tendency of an organisms to keep their
physiological systems at a stable, steady level
– Means “EQUILIBRIUM”
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Arousal Theory
• Arousal theory states that we need to maintain arousal (or, at least, an optimal state of arousal -- which may vary from person to person).
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• We are motivated to behave that maintain or restore an ideal or optimal level of arousal
• We try to increase arousal when it is too low
• And want to decrease it when it is too high
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Incentive Theory
• What motivates people are external rewards, or incentives. What desirable consequences will my behavior produce?